Effect of Echium oil compared with marine oils on lipid profile and inhibition of hepatic steatosis in LDLr knockout mice

Abstract Background In an effort to identify new alternatives for long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) supplementation, the effect of three sources of omega 3 fatty acids (algae, fish and Echium oils) on lipid profile and inflammation biomarkers was evaluated in LDL receptor knockout mice. Methods The animals received a high fat diet and were supplemented by gavage with an emulsion containing water (CON), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 42.89%) from algae oil (ALG), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 19.97%) plus DHA (11.51%) from fish oil (FIS), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 26.75%) plus stearidonic acid (SDA, 11.13%) from Echium oil (ECH) for 4 weeks. Results Animals supplemented with Echium oil presented lower cholesterol total and triacylglycerol concentrations than control group (CON) and lower VLDL than all of the other groups, constituting the best lipoprotein profile observed in our study. Moreover, the Echium oil attenuated the hepatic steatosis caused by the high fat diet. However, in contrast to the marine oils, Echium oil did not affect the levels of transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism, such as Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor α (PPAR α) and Liver X Receptor α (LXR α), suggesting that it exerts its beneficial effects by a mechanism other than those observed to EPA and DHA. Echium oil also reduced N-6/N-3 FA ratio in hepatic tissue, which can have been responsible for the attenuation of steatosis hepatic observed in ECH group. None of the supplemented oils reduced the inflammation biomarkers. Conclusion Our results suggest that Echium oil represents an alternative as natural ingredient to be applied in functional foods to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Review of experimental models for inducing hepatic cirrhosis by bile duct ligation and carbon tetrachloride injection

PURPOSE: To present a review about a comparative study of bile duct ligation versus carbon tetrachloride Injection for inducing experimental liver cirrhosis. METHODS: This research was made through Medline/PubMed and SciELO web sites looking for papers on the content "induction of liver cirrhosis in rats". We have found 107 articles but only 30 were selected from 2004 to 2011. RESULTS: The most common methods used for inducing liver cirrhosis in the rat were administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and bile duct ligation (BDL). CCl4 has induced cirrhosis from 36 hours to 18 weeks after injection and BDL from seven days to four weeks after surgery. CONCLUSION: For a safer inducing cirrhosis method BDL is better than CCl4 because of the absence of toxicity for researches and shorter time for achieving it.

Melatonin acts through MT1/MT2 receptors to activate hypothalamic Akt and suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis in rats

Melatonin can contribute to glucose homeostasis either by decreasing gluconeogenesis or by counteracting insulin resistance in distinct models of obesity. However, the precise mechanism through which melatonin controls glucose homeostasis is not completely understood. Male Wistar rats were administered an intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of melatonin and one of following: an icv injection of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, an icv injection of a melatonin receptor (MT) antagonist, or an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Anesthetized rats were subjected to pyruvate tolerance test to estimate in vivo glucose clearance after pyruvate load and in situ liver perfusion to assess hepatic gluconeogenesis. The hypothalamus was removed to determine Akt phosphorylation. Melatonin injections in the central nervous system suppressed hepatic gluconeogenesis and increased hypothalamic Akt phosphorylation. These effects of melatonin were suppressed either by icv injections of PI3K inhibitors and MT antagonists and by ip injection of a muscarinic receptor antagonist. We conclude that melatonin activates hypothalamus-liver communication that may contribute to circadian adjustments of gluconeogenesis. These data further suggest a physiopathological relationship between the circadian disruptions in metabolism and reduced levels of melatonin found in type 2 diabetes patients.

Hypervitaminosis A-induced hepatic fibrosis in a cat

Rationale: The excessive intake of vitamin A in the form of vitamin concentrate, supplement or vitamin-rich liver can result in hypervitaminosis A in man and animals. Although osteopathologies resulting from chronic vitamin A intoxication in cats are well characterized, no information is available concerning feline hypervitaminosis A-induced liver disease. Clinical summary: We report the first case of hepatic stellate cell lipidosis and hepatic fibrosis in a domestic cat that had been fed a diet based on raw beef liver. Radiographic examination revealed exostoses and ankylosis between vertebrae C1 and T7, compatible with deforming cervical spondylosis. Necropsy showed a slightly enlarged and light yellow to bronze liver. Microscopic and ultrastructural analyses of liver tissues revealed diffuse and severe liver fibrosis associated with hepatic stellate cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy. These cells showed immunopositive staining for α-smooth muscle actin and desmin markers. The necropsy findings of chronic liver disease coupled with osteopathology supported the diagnosis of hypervitaminosis A. Practical relevance: As in human hepatology, if there is dietary evidence to support increased intake of vitamin A, then hypervitaminosis A should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic liver disease in cats.

New insights into Socs2 role in hepatic metabolism

Programa de doctorado: Cáncer: Biología y Clínica

Wiederherstellung einer physiologischen Blutzuckerregelung durch Xenotransplantation mikroenkapsulierter Langerhans-Inseln in zwei diabetische Mausmodelle

Wiederherstellung einer physiologischen Blutzuckerregelung durch Xenotransplantation mikroenkapsulierter Langerhans-Inseln in zwei diabetische Maus-modelle. Die Inseltransplantation ist ein vielversprechendes Verfahren zur Behandlung des Typ 1 Diabetes. Das Verfah-ren ist nicht invasiv, erfordert jedoch eine lebenslange Immunsuppression der Patienten. Zudem sind nur be-grenzte Spenderorgane verfügbar. Es wäre ein großer Fortschritt, wenn man transplantierte Inseln im Empfänger von dessen Immunsystem abschirmen könnte. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass es möglich ist, funktionsfähige Inseln von Ratten in Alginatkügelchen (Beads) einzuschließen und in dieser Form in diabetische Mäuse zu trans-plantieren. Mit dem ultrahochviskosem Alginat stand erstmals ein speziell für die klinische Anwendung konzipiertes und hergestelltes Alginat zur Verfügung. Im Gegensatz zu den kommerziell erhältlichen Alginaten konnte dieses Al-ginat in hoher Reinheit reproduzierbar produziert werden. Zudem war es erstmals möglich, durch eine interne Kapselstabilisierung auf die bislang benötigte, äußere Stützmembran zu verzichten. Ziel der Arbeit war es, das ultrahochviskose Alginat und das neue „thermodynamisch-stabilisierte“ Verkapse-lungssystem für die Transplantation der Langerhans-Inseln zu optimieren. In der anschließenden Studie sollten verkapselte Inseln von Ratten in zwei Typen diabetische Mäuse transplantiert werden und Tauglichkeit des Ver-fahren in vivo geprüft werden. In vitro wurden die Parameter (insbesondere die Alginatkonzentration) zur Verkapselung der Langerhans-Inseln optimiert. Die Vitalität (Überleben der Inseln) und die Funktionalität (Sekretion von Insulin) des enkapsulierten Gewebes dienten zur Bewertung der Verkapselungsmethode. Die Zugabe von humanem Serumalbumin führte sowohl zur Langzeitstabilisierung der Alginatbeads als auch zur Verbesserung der Nährstoffversorgung des enkapsulierten Gewebes. Durch Transplantationen von Leerkapseln mit verschiedenen Albumin-Konzentrationen wurde die benötigte Albumin-Supplementation bestimmt. Als Empfänger dienten Streptozotozin-diabetische Balb/c- und spontan diabetische NOD-Mäuse. Die intraperitoneale Transplantation von 1.800 mikroenkapsulierten, adulten Ratteninseln bewirkten in Streptozotozin-diabetischen Balb/c-Mäusen eine langanhaltende (>30 Wochen) Normalisierung des Blutzuckerspiegels. Die Glucose-Clearance-Raten des intraperitonealen-Glucose-Toleranz-Tests in der 3., 9. und 16. Woche zeigten aber einen sukzes-siven Verlust der Transplantatfunktion, der aber in den „non fasting“ Blutzuckerwerten nicht evident wurde. Der Diabetes der NOD-Maus wird durch eine autoimmunogene Zerstörung der ß-Zellen durch ein hyperkompe-tentes Immunsystem ausgelöst, da die NOD-Tiere schon auf ß-zellspezifische Antigene konditioniert waren. Auch hier führte die Alginatkapsel zu einem deutlich verlängerten Überleben des Transplantates im Vergleich zu den unverkapselten Kontrollzellen. Jedoch trat dann nach 4-5 Wochen ein spontanes Transplantatversagen auf. Konventionell polymerisierte Kapseln zeigten inhomogene Vernetzungen des Alginates. Dies führte mit zunehmender Transplantationsdauer zu Instabilitäten der Alginatbeads, so dass schließlich Inselgewebe oder ß-Zell-spezifische Antigene frei wurden. Diese Antigene induzierten im hyperkompetenten Immunsystem der NOD-Mäuse eine massive Abwehrreaktion mit rascher Zerstörung der transplantierten Inseln. Im Rahmen der Weiterentwicklung der Verkapselungstechnik konnte mit Hilfe der neuen „Crystal Gun Verkap-selung“ erstmals eine homogene Vernetzung des gesamten Alginatbeads sichergestellt werden. Gegen Ende die-ser Arbeit konnte bei einer dreiwöchigen Kultur in vitro gezeigt werden, dass das „Crystal Gun Verfahren“ zur Mikroenkapsulierung von Langerhans-Inseln geeignet ist. Daher ist zu erwarten, dass mit Hilfe des „Crystal Gun Verfahrens“ auch ein Durchbruch bei der Transplantation von Inseln in NOD-Mäusen zu erreichen sein wird.

Deletion of CD39 on natural killer cells attenuates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice

Natural killer (NK) cells play crucial roles in innate immunity and express CD39 (Ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 [E-NTPD1]), a rate-limiting ectonucleotidase in the phosphohydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides to adenosine. We have studied the effects of CD39 gene deletion on NK cells in dictating outcomes after partial hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). We show in mice that gene deletion of CD39 is associated with marked decreases in phosphohydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate to adenosine monophosphate on NK cells, thereby modulating the type-2 purinergic (P2) receptors demonstrated on these cells. We note that CD39-null mice are protected from acute vascular injury after single-lobe warm IRI, and, relative to control wild-type mice, display significantly less elevation of aminotransferases with less pronounced histopathological changes associated with IRI. Selective adoptive transfers of immune cells into Rag2/common gamma null mice (deficient in T cells, B cells, and NK/NKT cells) suggest that it is CD39 deletion on NK cells that provides end-organ protection, which is comparable to that seen in the absence of interferon gamma. Indeed, NK effector mechanisms such as interferon gamma secretion are inhibited by P2 receptor activation in vitro. Specifically, ATPgammaS (a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog) inhibits secretion of interferon gamma by NK cells in response to interleukin-12 and interleukin-18, providing a mechanistic link between CD39 deletion and altered cytokine secretion. CONCLUSION: We propose that CD39 deficiency and changes in P2 receptor activation abrogate secretion of interferon gamma by NK cells in response to inflammatory mediators, thereby limiting tissue damage mediated by these innate immune cells during IRI.

Hepatic-portal vein infusions of glucagon-like peptide-1 reduce meal size and increase c-Fos expression in the nucleus tractus solitarii, area postrema and central nucleus of the amygdala in rats

We recently reported that brief, remotely controlled intrameal hepatic-portal vein infusions of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) reduced spontaneous meal size in rats. To investigate the neurobehavioural correlates of this effect, we equipped male Sprague-Dawley rats with hepatic-portal vein catheters and assessed (i) the effect on eating of remotely triggered infusions of GLP-1 (1 nmol/kg, 5 min) or vehicle during the first nocturnal meal after 3 h of food deprivation and (ii) the effect of identical infusions performed at dark onset on c-Fos expression in several brain areas involved in the control of eating. GLP-1 reduced (P < 0.05) the size of the first nocturnal meal and increased its satiety ratio. Also, GLP-1 increased (P < 0.05) the number of c-Fos-expressing cells in the nucleus tractus solitarii, the area postrema and the central nucleus of the amygdala, but not in the arcuate or paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei. These data suggest that the nucleus tractus solitarii, the area postrema and the central nucleus of the amygdala play a role in the eating-inhibitory actions of GLP-1 infused into the hepatic-portal vein; it remains to be established whether activation of these brain nuclei reflect satiation, aversion, or both.

Effects of short-term overfeeding with fructose, fat and fructose plus fat on plasma and hepatic lipids in healthy men

The present study aimed to assess the effects of excess fat, fructose and fat-plus-fructose intakes on intrahepatocellular lipid (IHCL).

Hepatic gene expression profile in mice perorally infected with Echinococcus multilocularis eggs

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a severe chronic hepatic parasitic disease currently emerging in central and eastern Europe. Untreated AE presents a high mortality (>90%) due to a severe hepatic destruction as a result of parasitic metacestode proliferation which behaves like a malignant tumor. Despite this severe course and outcome of disease, the genetic program that regulates the host response leading to organ damage as a consequence of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis is largely unknown.

INI1 (BAF 47) immunohistochemistry is an essential diagnostic tool for children with hepatic tumors and low alpha fetoprotein

Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) of the liver is a rare malignancy with grave prognosis. This entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any aggressive liver tumor with low levels of alpha fetoprotein. We report 2 cases of hepatic MRT presenting in infancy. In these 2 cases, we show that loss of INI1 facilitates making the correct diagnosis of primary hepatic MRT utilizing BAF 47 (INI1 gene product) immunostains. Difficulty encountered in making this rare diagnosis, including the need for repeated biopsies, can be avoided if MRT is considered in the differential diagnosis early on and BAF 47 immunohistochemistry is ordered.

Mortality associated with discordant responses to antiretroviral therapy in resource-constrained settings

Objectives: We assessed mortality associated with immunologic and virologic patterns of response at 6 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-infected individuals from resource-limited countries in Africa and South America. Methods: Patients who initiated HAART between 1996 and 2007, aged 16 years or older, and had at least 1 measurement (HIV-1 RNA plasma viral load or CD4 cell count) at 6 months of therapy (3-9 month window) were included. Therapy response was categorized as complete, discordant (virologic only or immunologic only), and absent. Associations between 6-month response to therapy and all-cause mortality were assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression. Robust standard errors were calculated to account for intrasite correlation. Results: A total of 7160 patients, corresponding to 15,107 person-years, were analyzed. In multivariable analysis adjusted for age at HAART initiation, baseline clinical stage and CD4 cell count, year of HAART initiation, clinic, occurrence of an AIDS-defining condition within the first 6 months of treatment, and discordant and absent responses were associated with increased risk of death. Conclusions: Similar to reports from high-income countries, discordant immunologic and virologic responses were associated with intermediate risk of death compared with complete and no response in this large cohort of HIV-1 patients from resource-limited countries. Our results support a recommendation for wider availability of plasma viral load testing to monitor antiretroviral therapy in these settings.

Atorvastatin attenuates hepatic fibrosis in rats after bile duct ligation via decreased turnover of hepatic stellate cells

Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts following liver injury is the main culprit for hepatic fibrosis. Myofibroblasts show increased proliferation, migration, contraction, and production of extracellular matrix (ECM). In vitro, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of myofibroblastic HSC. To investigate the antifibrotic effects of atorvastatin in vivo we used bile duct ligated rats (BDL).