Screening for complex healing processes and psychological intervention in injured individuals

Introduction Injured individuals face a high risk for the development of psychological symptoms such as depression or anxiety, which influences early return to work after an accident. So far, it is unclear to which extent early psychological interventions can improve the ability to return to work. Purpose of the study The aim of the study was to investigate whether an improvement of the treatment-triage (by the screening questionnaire work and health [FAB]) influences early return to work and well being in injured individuals. Methods The study sample consists of injured individuals with different mental health-related or work-related disabilities after an accident. Participants are included eight weeks after an accident. Participants are randomly assigned to the intervention or to the control group. The intervention is an individualized psychotherapy consisting of cognitive-behavioral therapy and work related topics in an individual setting. Well being and work related actors are assessed at baseline and after six months. Results The recruitment is still ongoing. The preliminary results of this randomized controlled study will be presented at the conference. Conclusion An individualized psychotherapy might have the potential to improve the rehabilitation process in injured individuals and improve the ability to return to work.

Psychological intervention in injured individuals

Aim: Injured individuals face a high risk for the development of psychological symptoms such as depression or anxiety, which influences early return to work after an accident. So far, it is unclear to which extent early psychological interventions can improve the ability to return to work. The aim of the study was to investigate whether an improvement of the treatment‐triage influences early return to work and well being in injured individuals. Method: The study sample consists of injured individuals with different mental health-related or work-related disabilities after an accident. Participants are included eight weeks after an accident. Participants are randomly assigned to the intervention or to the control group. The intervention is an individualized psychotherapy consisting of cognitive‐behavioral therapy and work related topics in an individual setting. Wellbeing and work related factors are assessed at baseline and after six months. Result: The recruitment is still ongoing. The preliminary results of this randomized controlled study will be presented at the conference. Discussion: An individualized psychotherapy might have the potential to improve the rehabilitation process in injured individuals and improve the ability to return to work.

A Single-blinded, Randomized Clinical Trial of How to Implement an Evidence-based Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder [IMPLEMENT] — Effects of Three Different Strategies of Implementation

BACKGROUND: Despite long-standing calls to disseminate evidence-based treatments for generalized anxiety (GAD), modest progress has been made in the study of how such treatments should be implemented. The primary objective of this study was to test three competing strategies on how to implement a cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) for out-patients with GAD (i.e., comparison of one compensation vs. two capitalization models). METHODS: For our three-arm, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial (implementation of CBT for GAD [IMPLEMENT]), we recruited adults with GAD using advertisements in high-circulation newspapers to participate in a 14-session cognitive behavioral treatment (Mastery of your Anxiety and Worry, MAW-packet). We randomly assigned eligible patients using a full randomization procedure (1:1:1) to three different conditions of implementation: adherence priming (compensation model), which had a systematized focus on patients' individual GAD symptoms and how to compensate for these symptoms within the MAW-packet, and resource priming and supportive resource priming (capitalization model), which had systematized focuses on patients' strengths and abilities and how these strengths can be capitalized within the same packet. In the intention-to-treat population an outcome composite of primary and secondary symptoms-related self-report questionnaires was analyzed based on a hierarchical linear growth model from intake to 6-month follow-up assessment. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT02039193) and is closed to new participants. FINDINGS: From June 2012 to Nov. 2014, from 411 participants that were screened, 57 eligible participants were recruited and randomly assigned to three conditions. Forty-nine patients (86%) provided outcome data at post-assessment (14% dropout rate). All three conditions showed a highly significant reduction of symptoms over time. However, compared with the adherence priming condition, both resource priming conditions indicated faster symptom reduction. The observer ratings of a sub-sample of recorded videos (n = 100) showed that the therapists in the resource priming conditions conducted more strength-oriented interventions in comparison with the adherence priming condition. No patients died or attempted suicide. INTERPRETATION: To our knowledge, this is the first trial that focuses on capitalization and compensation models during the implementation of one prescriptive treatment packet for GAD. We have shown that GAD related symptoms were significantly faster reduced by the resource priming conditions, although the limitations of our study included a well-educated population. If replicated, our results suggest that therapists who implement a mental health treatment for GAD might profit from a systematized focus on capitalization models. FUNDING: Swiss Science National Foundation (SNSF-Nr. PZ00P1_136937/1) awarded to CF. KEYWORDS: Cognitive behavioral therapy; Evidence-based treatment; Implementation strategies; Randomized controlled trial

The Process-Outcome Mindfulness Effects in Trainees (PrOMET) study: protocol of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial

Background Mindfulness has its origins in an Eastern Buddhist tradition that is over 2500 years old and can be defined as a specific form of attention that is non-judgmental, purposeful, and focused on the present moment. It has been well established in cognitive-behavior therapy in the last decades, while it has been investigated in manualized group settings such as mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. However, there is scarce research evidence on the effects of mindfulness as a treatment element in individual therapy. Consequently, the demand to investigate mindfulness under effectiveness conditions in trainee therapists has been highlighted. Methods/Design To fill in this research gap, we designed the PrOMET Study. In our study, we will investigate the effects of brief, audiotape-presented, session-introducing interventions with mindfulness elements conducted by trainee therapists and their patients at the beginning of individual therapy sessions in a prospective, randomized, controlled design under naturalistic conditions with a total of 30 trainee therapists and 150 patients with depression and anxiety disorders in a large outpatient training center. We hypothesize that the primary outcomes of the session-introducing intervention with mindfulness elements will be positive effects on therapeutic alliance (Working Alliance Inventory) and general clinical symptomatology (Brief Symptom Checklist) in contrast to the session-introducing progressive muscle relaxation and treatment-as-usual control conditions. Treatment duration is 25 therapy sessions. Therapeutic alliance will be assessed on a session-to-session basis. Clinical symptomatology will be assessed at baseline, session 5, 15 and 25. We will conduct multilevel modeling to address the nested data structure. The secondary outcome measures include depression, anxiety, interpersonal functioning, mindful awareness, and mindfulness during the sessions. Discussion The study results could provide important practical implications because they could inform ideas on how to improve the clinical training of psychotherapists that could be implemented very easily; this is because there is no need for complex infrastructures or additional time concerning these brief session-introducing interventions with mindfulness elements that are directly implemented in the treatment sessions.

Internet-based self-help for schizophrenia – risks and chances

Purpose: Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder which is accompanied by an enormous individual and societal burden. Despite established efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for schizophrenia, its dissemination into routine mental health care remains poor. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy in a self-help format helps to narrow the treatment gap in many mental disorders. Are Internet-based self-help programs, which are based on the principles of CBT, also feasible and viable for patients with schizophrenia? Methods: Mental health professionals (target N=50) as well as individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (target N=50) reported their opinion regarding potential chances and risks of Internet-based self-help for schizophrenia in an online survey. Results: The preliminary data analysis of n=30 health professionals revealed a general acceptance of Internet-based programs for schizophrenia (53% acceptable, 47% acceptable after empirical evaluation) and specific contraindications (e.g., severe psychotic symptoms; 73%). People with schizophrenia highlighted the attractiveness of self-help interventions due to a wish for empowerment and for opportunities to strengthen self-efficacy. Conclusions: Risks, limitations and chances of Internet-based programs for patients with schizophrenia will be discussed.

Treatment modalities of female Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of the literature

Objective. To review professional literature regarding treatment modalities of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) amongst female Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) veterans, to assess the efficacy of these treatment options, and to summarize implications of the findings from this literature. Design. Systematic review of published literature. Data sources. Medline, Pubmed, Psycinfo. Review Methods. Articles selected for the literature review pertain to the treatment options of female OIF or OEF veterans who have a diagnosis of PTSD. In addition, other relevant articles, such as articles that discuss the prevalence of the problem, access to care, and similar treatment modalities for PTSD in other war settings, were selected for background information for the review. Results. The search strategy identified 1,305 potential journal articles, taken from thorough searches in Medline, Pubmed, and Psycinfo. These articles were then imported into Refworks. Following final screening, there were 18 articles included in the systematic review and 28 articles used as background information. The remaining articles were excluded following screening of abstract and/or full text of articles. Treatment modalities presented in these trials include: Exposure Therapy (average of 68% reduction in PTSD symptoms), Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (23% reduction), Body-Oriented Therapy (57% reduction), Electroconvulsive Therapy (35% reduction), Holographic Reprocessing (47% reduction), a self-defense training program (13% reduction), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (65% reduction) and a variety of pharmacotherapies (antipsychotics at 81% reduction, sympatholytic drug at 100% reduction). Outcomes of the studies included in this systematic review were measured by using personal assessment of whether there was a reduction in symptoms of PTSD, based on the results in each study. Conclusion. Overall, all of the treatment modalities investigated in the systematic review proved to be somewhat effective in relieving the burden of symptoms of PTSD amongst female veterans of OIF/OEF. In addition to pharmacotherapy, which had the highest reduction in PTSD symptoms, both the Exposure Therapy and the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques proved to have the most positive results. As all of the therapies had a positive effect on this population, to some degree, a study needs to be done in the future to compare and contrast the efficacy of each therapy intervention when applied to a standardized population.^

RELAXAMENTO PSICOFÍSICO EM CRIANÇAS

Trabalho de natureza monográfica bibliográfica investiga o relaxamento psicofísico na área da saúde, em crianças, por um intervalo de oito anos, entre janeiro de 1997 e novembro de 2004. Inicialmente, com base em literatura neuropsicológica, descreve o papel do relaxamento na busca da homeostase e da consciência corporal saudável, enfocando comportamentos de prazer e dor. A seguir, descreve e analisa diversas técnicas de relaxamento, Relaxamento Progressivo de Jacobson, Autógeno de Schultz e Relaxamento de Michaux. A fim de desenvolver sua pesquisa utiliza-se de 27 bases de dados, devido a pouca produção encontrada sobre o tema, por base. Como resultados, levanta ao todo 500 artigos sobre relaxamento, sendo 200 em crianças. São artigos nacionais e internacionais, com predomínio do idioma inglês. A seguir, classifica esses artigos por ano de produção, constatando um crescimento significativo, porém não sistemático em seu número, de 14 artigos em 1997, para 39, em 2004. Quanto à temática, os dados revelam em primeiro lugar, um interesse em dor, em segundo em problemas respiratórios, e, em terceiro lugar, em ansiedade. Os artigos sobre dor, por serem os mais numerosos levantados, sofrem análise mais detalhada, com discriminação da quantidade de artigos por ano e dos tipos de situação e de patologia caracterizados por quadro álgico. Finalmente é feita uma classificação dos artigos segundo a utilização do relaxamento junto à problemática clínica predominantemente física, a de fundo psíquico afetivo-emocional, sem utilização de fármacos e, a de fundo psíquico, com intervenção psiquiátrica farmacológica. Na discussão dos resultados, vários artigos pesquisados são também comentados. Dada a riqueza dos dados, evidenciando interesse crescente de profissionais da área da Saúde na literatura levantada, sugere-se pesquisa complementar.

RELAXAMENTO PSICOFÍSICO EM CRIANÇAS

Trabalho de natureza monográfica bibliográfica investiga o relaxamento psicofísico na área da saúde, em crianças, por um intervalo de oito anos, entre janeiro de 1997 e novembro de 2004. Inicialmente, com base em literatura neuropsicológica, descreve o papel do relaxamento na busca da homeostase e da consciência corporal saudável, enfocando comportamentos de prazer e dor. A seguir, descreve e analisa diversas técnicas de relaxamento, Relaxamento Progressivo de Jacobson, Autógeno de Schultz e Relaxamento de Michaux. A fim de desenvolver sua pesquisa utiliza-se de 27 bases de dados, devido a pouca produção encontrada sobre o tema, por base. Como resultados, levanta ao todo 500 artigos sobre relaxamento, sendo 200 em crianças. São artigos nacionais e internacionais, com predomínio do idioma inglês. A seguir, classifica esses artigos por ano de produção, constatando um crescimento significativo, porém não sistemático em seu número, de 14 artigos em 1997, para 39, em 2004. Quanto à temática, os dados revelam em primeiro lugar, um interesse em dor, em segundo em problemas respiratórios, e, em terceiro lugar, em ansiedade. Os artigos sobre dor, por serem os mais numerosos levantados, sofrem análise mais detalhada, com discriminação da quantidade de artigos por ano e dos tipos de situação e de patologia caracterizados por quadro álgico. Finalmente é feita uma classificação dos artigos segundo a utilização do relaxamento junto à problemática clínica predominantemente física, a de fundo psíquico afetivo-emocional, sem utilização de fármacos e, a de fundo psíquico, com intervenção psiquiátrica farmacológica. Na discussão dos resultados, vários artigos pesquisados são também comentados. Dada a riqueza dos dados, evidenciando interesse crescente de profissionais da área da Saúde na literatura levantada, sugere-se pesquisa complementar.

Esquemas cognitivos, sintomas de ansiedade e depressão em mulheres de um Programa de Cessação de Tabagismo

O tabagismo é um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo. Entre as mulheres, devido ao aumento da prevalência comparada aos homens, o tabagismo feminino tem merecido atenção. Para o enfrentamento, é necessário entender o fenômeno e criar estratégias mais adequadas que incluam aspectos emocionais e sociais da dependência do tabagismo. Este estudo buscou descrever os esquemas cognitivos, sintomas de ansiedade e depressão de 112 mulheres que procuraram tratamento para cessação do tabagismo e sua relação com o insucesso do tratamento. A coleta de dados incluiu roteiro de entrevista estruturada e escalas validadas para a população brasileira que têm o objetivo de avaliar os esquemas cognitivos, sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão, e aspectos da dependência do cigarro. O conhecimento de fatores emocionais envolvidos no tabagismo e sua cessação podem ser úteis às ações de apoio à mudança comportamental do fumante. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil psicológico de mulheres que buscam cessação do tabagismo quanto aos esquemas cognitivos, sintomas de ansiedade e depressão antes e depois do tratamento com Terapia Cognitivo- Comportamental em grupo, e analisar fatores que contribuem para o desfecho de cessação. O desenho do estudo foi longitudinal e transversal. Para avaliar os esquemas cognitivos, o Questionário de Esquemas de Young em sua forma curta foi utilizado. Os grupos de terapia cognitivo-comportamental foram realizados concomitantes ao cuidado usual por médicos do estudo. Esses profissionais foram treinados no protocolo do estudo e o seguimento foi realizado por telefone por um membro do estudo independente e cego. Resultados: Os resultados forneceram evidências de que esquemas cognitivos tiveram relação significativa com os sintomas de depressão e ansiedade, com a adesão e os resultados do tratamento (cessação do tabagismo)

A Meta-analytic Review of Acceptance-Based Behavioral Interventions for the Treatment of Anxiety

The relative popularity of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) has grown in recent years, and inspired the development of contemporary acceptance-based treatment approaches. Acceptance-based therapies differ from traditional cognitive- behavior therapy (CBT) on pragmatic grounds, the import of which implicates the purpose of therapy. CBT utilizes exposure and cognitive change techniques primarily in service of symptom change outcomes; whereas, ACT utilizes exposure and acceptance for purposes of promoting psychological flexibility in the pursuit of personal values. The purpose of this meta-analytic study was to determine the relative efficacy of acceptance- based versus symptom-change behavioral approaches with anxiety disorders and to quantify this impact. A comprehensive literature search turned up 18 studies that met inclusion criteria for this analysis. An effect size was calculated using the standardized mean gain procedure for both the acceptance-based and symptom-change approaches, along with the waitlist control groups. The results demonstrate a large effect size for the acceptance-based approach (Weighted mean ES = .83) and a medium effect size for symptom-change approach (Weighted mean ES = .60). The waitlist control groups demonstrated a small effect size (Weighted mean ES = .24). Based on this review, it is suggested that graduate and internship programs in Clinical Psychology should promote evidence-based training in the use of acceptance-inspired behavioral therapies.

The Perks of Playing Dress-Up: Psychological Impressions of Fashion and Feminism.

Research on the psychological impact of women's fashion has focused on fashion's negative influence over how women think and feel about themselves. Several studies have examined the relationship between fashion and women's self-appraisals (Martin & Gentry, 1997; Pinhas, Toner, Ali, Garfinkel, & Stuckless, 1999; Tiggemann, Polivy, & Hargreaves, 2009), although few investigations have explored the range of viewpoints that arise when women interact with their own personal style or with other forms of fashion media. This paper presents a narrative review of what has been written about fashion in clinical research. I briefly discuss why this is an important topic and why fashion has psychological meaning. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is considered in the exploration of fashion's impact on conjuring unproductive and productive schemas (Beck, 1976; Wright, Basco, & Thase, 2006). This discussion includes a presentation of interviews with female consultants, hypothetical examples, my own accounts, and feminist perspectives. While emphasizing the potential biases of women's interactions with fashion, I discuss matters of gender performance and reflections on clinical work. The purpose of this article is to present a pro-social defense of fashion. I do this by acquiring personal chronicles, applying those findings to the current body of research, and adding to the continued investigation of why women's fashion is still important in a postfeminist world.

Current status of research on school refusal

School refusal behavior refers to the avoidance of a child attending school and/or persistent difficulty staying in the classroom throughout the school day. Based on a review of the scientific literature, the aim of this study is to describe the current state of research on school refusal, differentiating between the findings and progress made in Spain from those achieved in the international field. For this purpose, the significance of this phenomenon, in addition to associated risk factors and variables, will be reviewed in the child and youth population. In turn, the commonly used assessment methods and most recommended treatment proposals, mainly based on cognitive behavioral therapy, are discussed. The results reveal several gaps and subjects for debate in some areas of knowledge about school refusal behavior, with differences being found between Spanish and international studies. In conclusion, future studies and challenges in this field are required.

Doença inflamatória intestinal pediátrica e comorbilidades psiquiátricas

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Guérir avec l'EMDR : preuves et controverses

L'EMDR est une thérapie qui a été développée pour traiter les souvenirs traumatiques, puis proposée pour traiter une variété de troubles psychologiques. Ce texte est le premier à recenser en français les études qui ont évalué l'efficacité de cette forme de thérapie. L'efficacité de l'EMDR est d'abord démontrée à l'aide d'études de cas qui comportent des limites importantes. Les études de cas basées sur un protocole expérimental donnent des résultats plus mitigés. Les études contrôlées qui examinent l'efficacité de l'EMDR sont ensuite décrites en fonction du type de contrôle exercé et du type de trouble traité. L'EMDR est aussi efficace que la thérapie cognitivocomportementale pour traiter le trouble de stress posttraumatique, mais pas pour le traitement de la phobie spécifique ni du trouble panique. De plus, les études montrent de façon répétée que l'absence des mouvements oculaires ne modifie pas l'efficacité de l'EMDR. Une analyse des différences et des similitudes entre l'EMDR et l'approche cognitivo-comportementale est présentée. Les caractéristiques pseudo-scientifiques qui ont marquées le développement et la diffusion de l'EMDR sont aussi abordées.

Guérir avec l'EMDR : preuves et controverses

L'EMDR est une thérapie qui a été développée pour traiter les souvenirs traumatiques, puis proposée pour traiter une variété de troubles psychologiques. Ce texte est le premier à recenser en français les études qui ont évalué l'efficacité de cette forme de thérapie. L'efficacité de l'EMDR est d'abord démontrée à l'aide d'études de cas qui comportent des limites importantes. Les études de cas basées sur un protocole expérimental donnent des résultats plus mitigés. Les études contrôlées qui examinent l'efficacité de l'EMDR sont ensuite décrites en fonction du type de contrôle exercé et du type de trouble traité. L'EMDR est aussi efficace que la thérapie cognitivocomportementale pour traiter le trouble de stress posttraumatique, mais pas pour le traitement de la phobie spécifique ni du trouble panique. De plus, les études montrent de façon répétée que l'absence des mouvements oculaires ne modifie pas l'efficacité de l'EMDR. Une analyse des différences et des similitudes entre l'EMDR et l'approche cognitivo-comportementale est présentée. Les caractéristiques pseudo-scientifiques qui ont marquées le développement et la diffusion de l'EMDR sont aussi abordées.