Hiperlordose Lombar

Objectivos: Pretendeu-se fazer uma revisão da literatura disponível sobre hiperlordose lombar: apresentar uma definição, abordar a etiopatogenia, o diagnóstico e enunciar a classificação etiológica, descrevendo para cada forma as suas particularidades, fisiopatologia, clínica e tratamento, incidindo na reabilitação. Material e Métodos: Foram pesquisados livros de texto de referência de Medicina Física e de Reabilitação (MFR) e artigos de bases de dados electrónicas, utilizando os termos “hiperlordose lombar”, “hiperlordose”, “lordose lombar” e “lordose”. Limitou-se a procura a artigos de revisão publicados na língua inglesa ou francesa, em que o termo utilizado constasse no título, resumo e/ou palavras-chave e em que estivesse disponível o resumo e o artigo completo. Após a selecção de informação, o suporte bibliográfico constou em 4 capítulos de livros de texto e 40 artigos científicos. Resultados: A lordose lombar é uma curva no plano sagital da coluna lombar com vértice anterior, que pode ser medida na radiografia de perfil, utilizando o método de Cobb. A Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) estipulou como ângulos fisiológicos o intervalo entre 31º e 79º. O diagnóstico de hiperlordose lombar é estabelecido quando se identifica uma curva com um ângulo superior ao fisiológico. Esta patologia é mais frequentemente assintomática, embora se possa manifestar por lombalgia e diminuição da flexibilidade da coluna lombar. De acordo com a SRS, pode ser classificada em postural (forma mais frequente), congénita (devido a anomalias do desenvolvimento embrionário vertebral), pós-laminectomia (iatrogénica), neuromuscular (resultando de desequilíbrios do tónus e da força muscular), secundária a contractura em flexão da anca e associada a outras causas. As formas associadas a espondilólise (frequente em adolescentes que praticam desportos que envolvem hiperextensão lombar repetitiva) e espondilolistese (atribuível a múltiplas etiologias) foram incluídas na classificação por vários autores. A abordagem da MFR no tratamento da hiperlordose lombar pode envolver medidas gerais, cinesiterapia e utilização de ortóteses; alguns casos têm indicação cirúrgica. Conclusões: A hiperlordose lombar é uma alteração estática da coluna de diagnóstico simples, assente no exame físico e confirmação radiológica. A intervenção da MFR tem um papel preponderante na detecção desta patologia e no benefício das suas opções terapêuticas, visando a melhoria da qualidade de vida dos doentes.

SEROVARS AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF Salmonella spp. ISOLATED FROM TURKEY AND BROILER CARCASSES IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL BETWEEN 2004 AND 2006

Salmonella spp. causes diseases in fowls, when species-specific serovars (Salmonella Pullorum and S.Gallinarum) are present in flocks, and public health problems, when non-typhoid serovars are isolated, as well as possible bacterial resistance induced by the preventive and therapeutic use of antimicrobials in animal production. This study describes the serovars and bacterial resistance of 280Salmonella spp. strains isolated from turkey and broiler carcasses in Southern Brazil between 2004 and 2006. SalmonellaEnteritidis was the most prevalent serovar (55.7%), followed by Heidelberg (5.0%), Agona (4.3%), Bredeney (3.9%), Hadar (3.2%), and Typhimurium (2.9%). Tennessee and S. Enterica subspecies enterica(O: 4.5) were isolated only in turkeys, and Hadar (18.6%) was the most prevalent serovar in this species. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed in 178 isolates (43 from turkeys and 135 from broilers). All isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, polymyxin B, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin, and were resistant to bacitracin and penicillin. Broiler carcass isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid (48.9%), nitrofurantoin (34.3%), neomycin (9.6%), tetracycline (5.2%), and kanamycin (8.9%); and turkey carcass isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid (62.8%), tetracycline (34.9%), and neomycin (30.2%), with a significant difference in turkeys when compared to broiler carcass isolates. These results indicate the need for judicious use of antimicrobials in livestock production, given that the serovars identified are potential causes of food poisoning.

Broiler chicken ileal apparent digestibility of calcium and phosphorus from microalgae spirulina maxima.

2016

APOPTOSIS PRODUCIDA POR SALES BILIARES EN EL EPITELIO INTESTINAL. IMPLICANCIAS EN LA ABSORCIÓN INTESTINAL DE CALCIO

En altas concentraciones, el deoxicolato de sodio (DXCS, sal biliar) produce daño hepático durante la colestasis y actúa como promotor de cáncer de colon en animales de experimentación. El estrés oxidativo que el DXCS desencadena produce alteraciones mitocondriales y del retículo endoplásmico, las cuales pueden llevar a la apoptosis. Las dietas occidentales, ricas en grasas y pobres en fibras, y el incremento de las expectativas de vida hacen que el DXCS circule mayor número de veces por el circuito enterohepático aumentando, en consecuencia, sus efectos citotóxicos. Dado que el intestino constituye la única puerta de entrada de calcio al organismo y que la absorción intestinal del catión es sensible al estrés oxidativo nos planteamos como HIPÓTESIS que el DXCS, en concentraciones fisiológicas altas, podría alterar la absorción intestinal de Ca2+, quizás por desencadenamiento de estrés oxidativo que estimularía los procesos apoptóticos de las células epiteliales, resultando en una disminución de la capacidad de transporte del catión. Para demostrar esta hipótesis, se plantearon los siguientes objetivos. OBJETIVO GENERAL: Conocer los mecanismos moleculares que pueden desencadenar altas concentraciones de DXCS en el duodeno y sus implicancias sobre la absorción intestinal de calcio. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS: 1) Analizar la histología del intestino en presencia y ausencia de altas concentraciones de DXCS.2) Determinar el efecto del DXCS sobre la absorción intestinal de calcio en función del tiempo de exposición y la dosis. 3) Evaluar el efecto del DXCS sobre la expresión de genes relacionados con la absorción intestinal de calcio. 4) Analizar la expresión de proteínas que participan en la absorción intestinal de calcio tales como Ca2+-ATPasa, intercambiador Na+/Ca2+ y CB28k. 5) Estudiar el efecto del DXCS sobre el sistema redox intestinal, a través de la cuantificación del contenido de glutatión y carbonilos, de la medición de radicales libres hidroxilo y de las actividades de las enzimas del sistema antioxidante.6) Determinar la localización subcelular y la expresión de moléculas proapoptóticas de la vía intrínseca (Bax, citocromo c) y la fragmentación del ADN como indicadores de apoptosis en enterocitos expuestos a altas concentraciones de DXCS. 7) Analizar la expresión de moléculas proapoptóticas de la vía extrínseca (Fas, FasL, etc) en enterocitos tratados con DXCS.8) Interpretar los posibles mecanismos moleculares desencadenados por el DXCS que podrían afectar el proceso global de la absorción intestinal de calcio. Metodología: Se utilizarán pollos Cobb, los cuales serán alimentados con una dieta comercial. Al cabo de cuatro semanas de edad, se dividirán en dos grupos: a) controles y b) tratados con DXCS en el lumen intestinal a diferentes tiempos y concentraciones (1-100 mM). En ellos se medirá la absorción intestinal de calcio mediante la técnica del asa intestinal ligada in situ utilizando 45Ca2+ como trazador .Se medirá la expresión de genes y proteínas que participan en la vía transcelular de calcio por RT-PCR y Western blot, respectivamente. Se estudiarán variables asociadas al estres oxidativo tales como grupos carbonilos, radicales libres hidroxilos, niveles de glutatión y se medirá la actividad de enzimas del sistema antioxidante. Se evaluarán moléculas de las vías apoptóticas extrínseca e intrínseca. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizará ANOVA seguido del test de Bonferroni en la mayoría de los estudios. El estudio de la absorción intestinal de calcio bajo la influencia del DXCS, sal biliar no conjugada que está en gran proporción en el líquido fecal, arrojará información no sólo sobre los factores moleculares que influyen sobre la absorción intestinal del Ca2+ sino también puede brindar elementos que orienten hacia el conocimiento de la etiopatogenia de enfermedades que transcurren con alteraciones en la absorción del catión como es el caso de la osteoporosis o de otras patologías óseas.

Nota sôbre o gênero Mononchus de nematódeos predadores

Seven species of the nematode genus Mononchus Bastian, 1865, were found in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Such are: M. subsimilis Cobb, 1917; M. ibitiensis Carvalho, 1951; M. piracicabae Lordello, 1953; M. risoceiae Carvalho, 1955; M. soutoi Carvalho, 1956; M. coronatus Carvalho, 1956; and M. jairi n. sp. Outside the State, the following species have been found: M. papillatus (Bastian, 1865) Cobb, 1916; M. monhystera Cobb, 1917; M. muscorum (Dujardin, 1845) Cobb, 1916; M. gymnolaimus (Cobb, 1893) Cobb, 1916; M. consimilis Cobb, 1917; M. trichurus Cobb, 1917; M. reversus Cobb, 1917; and M. dentatus Cobb, 1917 (LORDELLO, 1953). This field of investigation has scarcely been touched and additional collections will doubtless add new forms to the number of species known as yet. M. jairi n. sp. most closely resembling species is M. monhystera Cobb, 1917, from which it differs in having: a) labial region more expanded, set off from neck by a broad shallow depression; b) anterior portion of the pharynx-wall rather thinner and directed outward; and, c) smaller dimensions (788.0-924.0: 1,100.0 micros).

Novo gênero de nematóide do solo da família Actinolaimidae

Caryboca paranaensis n.g., n.sp. (Nemata, Actinolaimidae) was found inhabiting soil around coffee roots sent in from Cornélio Procópio, State of Paraná, Brazil. Definition of the new genus: Actinolaimidae, Actinolaiminae. Lip region distinctly offset by a constriction and showing a cuticularized basket-like structure provided with lateral denticles and two rather strong teeth pointing forwards. Cuticular rod-like thickenings extending back from the basket-like structure to the guiding-ring. Anterior part of oesophagus a non-muscular, narrow tube; posterior part wider and provided with strongly developed radial musculature. Gonads paired and reflexed. Tail attenuated, pointed. Males and food habits unknown. Caryboca n.g. differs from Actinolaimus Cobb, 1913, by having a labial basket-like structure as well as by the non-muscular nature of the anterior part of oesophagus. Caryboca n.g. differs from Carcharolaimus Thome, 1939, by having two strong pharingeal teeth and pointed tail.

Sobre um gênero e três espécies de nematóides da família Dorylaimidae

This paper deals with one genus and three species of dorylaimid nematodes found inhabiting soil in Brazil, as follows: Eudorylaimus ibiti Lordello, 1965. Closely resembling E. ibiti are E. humilis (Thorne & Swanger, 1936) Andrássy, 1959, E. diadematus (Cobb, 1936) Andrássy, 1959, and E. santosi (Meyl, 1957) Andrássy, 1959. it differs from E. humilis in the following aspects: a) longer and thicker body (1,126.0-1,520.8: 1,000 microns; a=21.0-26.0 : a= 31); b) less prominent lips; and, c) tail terminus decidedly acute; differs from E. diadematus in having: a) less prominent lips; b) posterior region of body ventrally concave; and, c) a different organization in the walls of the pre-rectum; differs from E. santosi in having: a) longer body (1,126.0-1,520.8 : 900-1,000 microns); b) spear with undiscernible aperture; c) a different organization in the guiding-ring of spear; and, d) caudal papillae closer together and located in front of the middle of the tail. Mesodorylaymus pizai Lordello, 1965. M. pizai most closely resembling species is M. mesonyctius (Kreis, 1930) Andrássy, 1959, from which it differs in having: a) lip region amalgamated, continuous with neck contour (lateral view); b) males with 11-12 supplements; and, c) females with longitudinal vulva. Metaporcelaimus Lordello, 1965. This genus differs from Aporcelaimus Thorne & Swanger, 1936, in having oesophagus made up of three regions, a cardia like structure being seen between the posterior and middle parts. Type species: M.mombucae Lordello, 1965.

Nueva especie de Cephalobium (Rhabditida, Diplogasteridae) parasito de ninfas de Gryllodes Laplatae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) en la Argentina

Cephalobium bidentatum sp. nov., parasitizing nymphs of Gryllodes laplatae Sauss (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) from Argentina, is described and illustrated. It is distinguished from other members of the genus Cephalobium COBB, 1920, by having the buccal cavity very sclerotized with two hook-shaped teeth, vagina short and muscular, male has two spicules with hook-shaped tips, and by the distribution pattern of the postanal papillae: one pair under the anus, three pairs between the anus and the tail, and two pairs at the base of the tail appendage.

Three new species of Cephalobium (Nematoda, Cephalobiidae) parasites of Gryllodes laplatae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) from Argentina

Three new species of Cephalobium Cobb, 1920, C. laplata from City Bell, C. polidentatum from Lincoln and C. dispar from Gorina, parasites of Gryllodes laplatae Saussure, 1877 from Buenos Aires, Argentina, are described and illustrated. Cephalobium laplata can be differentiated by having the cheilostom with a dorsal unmovable tooth, telostom with three ventral little teeth and two ventral movable claw teeth and gubernaculum triangular and five pairs of genital papillae. Cephalobium polidentatum has cheilostom with a movable ventral tooth, prostom with four dorsal movable teeth and telostom with three teeth; gubernaculum triangular with projections and with one pair of preanal and six pairs of postanal papillae. Cephalobium dispar is characterized by having telostom with two wings around the spicules and one pair of preanal and six pairs postanal papillae.

Aplicación del DEA en el análisis de beneficios en un sistema integrado verticalmente hacia adelante

En el presente trabajo se diseñan tres modelos DEA a partir de un sistema de producción cuyos componentes están colocados en un arreglo en serie que se integran verticalmente hacia adelante. El primer modelo busca optimizar los beneficios del sistema agregado, así como la mejora de los mismos en cada uno de los subsistemas. En el segundo de los modelos, además del objetivo anterior, se incluyen restricciones de transferencia de los recursos específicos asociados a cada subsistema, y en el tercer modelo se estima el intervalo de variación para los precios de transferencia de los inputs intermedios entre ambos subsistemas. Los modelos han sido programados y simulados en el software GAMS a partir de datos generados por una función de producción Cobb-Douglas para los inputs intermedios y los outputs finales.

Human capital in growth regressions: how much difference does data quality make? An update and further results

We construct estimates of educational attainment for a sample of OECD countries using previously unexploited sources. We follow a heuristic approach to obtain plausible time profiles for attainment levels by removing sharp breaks in the data that seem to reflect changes in classification criteria. We then construct indicators of the information content of our series and a number of previously available data sets and examine their performance in several growth specifications. We find a clear positive correlation between data quality and the size and significance of human capital coefficients in growth regressions. Using an extension of the classical errors in variables model, we construct a set of meta-estimates of the coefficient of years of schooling in an aggregate Cobb-Douglas production function. Our results suggest that, after correcting for measurement error bias, the value of this parameter is well above 0.50.

Occurrence and bioaccumulation study of PCDD and PCDF from mineral feed additives

Occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) was evaluated in sepiolite as a widely employed binder and anti-caking agent for animal feed. Also, naturally contaminated kaolinitic clay was used for comparative purposes. Since sepiolite shows remarkable adsorption properties, particular interest was paid to the extraction steps as they become critical for the final determination of these pollutants in such matrixes. Furthermore, classical Soxhlet extraction using different extracting strategies as well as acid treatment were carried out with simultaneous liquid-liquid extraction. Results obtained depended on the extraction procedure applied. Acid treatment or Soxhlet extraction using a mixture of toluene:ethanol as solvent allowed to reach the minimum requirements of recovery rates. However, Soxhlet extraction using a mixture cyclohexane:toluene as extracting solvent did not allow to comply with minimum specifications for recovery. Significant differences were obtained in TEQ units when acid treatment was applied in comparison to Soxhlet extraction. This fact can be explained because the use of drastic acid conditions allows removing strongly adsorbed analytes which can be uniquely extracted after a total destruction of the crystalline structure of sepiolite. On the contrary, Soxhlet extraction was not able to destroy the structure of sepiolite and as a consequence the PCDDs/Fs were strongly adsorbed in the internal structure of the mineral. From biological point of view the availability of these toxicants constitutes a critical aspect playing an important role in the final decision choosing particular analytical procedures. Then, acid conditions in the digestive tract should be taken into account. In this scenario, a bioaccumulation study was conducted to evaluate the transference of PCDDs/PCDFs from the sepiolite into the animal tissues when fed with feed containing sepiolite. To this end, chickens were used as a model to examine the bioavailability of PCDDs/PCDFs. Four groups of chickens were exposed through their diet to a control feed, feed with 3% w/w sepiolite as additive, feed contaminated with PCDDs/PCDFs at concentration around 2.8 pg WHO-TEQ/g and feed with 2% of a contaminated kaolinitic clay (460 pg TEQ/g mineral). Livers of the four studied groups were analyzed throughout the exposure period. Results of this trial showed that the performance of broilers was not affected by the presence of dioxins at levels tested, and chickens did not show any abnormal behaviour. Dioxins intentionally added to the diet were absorbed and accumulated in the liver in a significant manner, whereas the PCDDs/Fs from sepiolite were not available for chickens since livers from broilers fed 3% sepiolite presented similar WHO-TEQ values than those from broilers fed control diet.

Monopolistic competition and different wage setting systems

In this paper we match the static disequilibrium unemployment model without frictions in the labor market and monopolistic competition with an infinite horizon model of growth. We compare the wages set at the firm, sector and national (centralized) levels, their unemployment rates and growth of the economic variables, for the Cobb-Douglas production function, in order to see under wich conditions the inverse U hypothesis between unemployment and centralization of wage bargain is confirmed. We also analyze, in the three wage setting systems, the effect of an increase in the monopoly power on employment and growth.

Reconsideration of dimensions and curve fitting practice in economics ellaborating on Georgescu-Roegen’s economic methodology

This paper is to examine the proper use of dimensions and curve fitting practices elaborating on Georgescu-Roegen’s economic methodology in relation to the three main concerns of his epistemological orientation. Section 2 introduces two critical issues in relation to dimensions and curve fitting practices in economics in view of Georgescu-Roegen’s economic methodology. Section 3 deals with the logarithmic function (ln z) and shows that z must be a dimensionless pure number, otherwise it is nonsensical. Several unfortunate examples of this analytical error are presented including macroeconomic data analysis conducted by a representative figure in this field. Section 4 deals with the standard Cobb-Douglas function. It is shown that the operational meaning cannot be obtained for capital or labor within the Cobb-Douglas function. Section 4 also deals with economists "curve fitting fetishism". Section 5 concludes thispaper with several epistemological issues in relation to dimensions and curve fitting practices in economics.