Manual de botánica para uso de las personas que se dedican al estudio de la botánica de ampliación, y de la organografía y fisiologia vegetal /

Mode of access: Internet.

Physica de los arboles, en la qual se trata de la anatomia de las plantas y de la economia vegetal, ó sea introducción al tratado general de los bosques y montes : con una disertación sobre la utilidad de los métodos botánicos /

Mode of access: Internet.

Compendio de observaciones que forman el plano de un viage político y filosófico que debe hacerse dentro y fuera del reyno ... en el que se trata de las excelencias, riquezas y origen de las artes : de los tres reynos de la naturaleza ; y de toda la economía Animal, vegetal y mineral... /

MTSD 0419.

Materia farmacéutica vegetal ó Botánica médica ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

[Hechos en que se funda la teoría que considera a todos los órganos del vegetal como modificaciones de los que De-Candolle llama fundamentales, y ventajas de su admisión] /

Tesis de la Universidad Central (Madrid), Facultad de Farmacia, leída el 25-11-1862.

[Paralelo entre los sistemas y métodos llamados naturales en botánica para deducir las ventajas de estos últimos en el estudio de la materia farmacéutica vegetal] /

Tesis de la Universidad Central (Madrid), Facultad de Farmacia, leída el 25-06-1861.

Tratado de química mineral, vegetal y animal /

Mode of access: Internet.

[De los medios que pueden emplearse par apreciar la naturaleza y virtudes de los materiales medicinales procedentes del reino vegetal] : discursos leídos ante la Real Academia de Medicina de Madrid, en la recepción pública del Dr. Pedro Lletget y Díaz-Ropero, el día 11 de febrero de 1866 ; Contestación del Sr. Nemesio de Lallana.

Mode of access: Internet.

Contestación de los señores Lletget, Masarnau y Blesa, al folleto que ha publicado el señor Bert contra el dictamen que dieron al tribunal eclesiásticio, sobre el producto titulado cera vegetal /

Mode of access: Internet.

Tratado de química mineral, vegetal y animal /

Contiene: v. 3 a 15.

[¿Pueden la sensibilidad y la movilidad servir por si solos de caractéres distintivos entre el reino animal y el vegetal?] : discurso pronunciado en la Universidad Central /

Mode of access: Internet.

Respuesta por el señor Bert a la contestación de los señores Lletget, Masarnau y Blesa al folleto que ha publicado el señor Bert contra el dictámen que dieron al Tribunal Eclesiástico, sobre el producto titulado cera vegetal / Respuesta del señor Escosura a la contestación de los señores Lletget, Masarnau y Blesa al folleto publicado por el señor Bert sobre el producto titulado cera vegetal ; Luis de la Escosura.

Mode of access: Internet.

Desenvolvimento e avaliação tribológica de emulsão O/A a partir de óleo vegetal epoxidado para aplicação em fluídos de corte

The cutting fluids are lubricants used in machining processes, because they present many benefits for different processes. They have many functions, such as lubrication, cooling, improvement in surface finishing, besides they decreases the tool wear and protect it against corrosion. Therefore due to new environment laws and demand to green products, new cutting fluids must be development. These shall be biodegradable, non-toxic, safety for environment and operator healthy. Thus, vegetable oils are a good option to solve this problem, replacing the mineral oils. In this context, this work aimed to develop an emulsion cutting fluid from epoxidized vegetable oil, promoting better lubrication and cooling in machining processes, besides being environment friendly. The methodology was divided in five steps: first one was the biolubricant synthesis by epoxidation reaction. Following this, the biolubricant was characterized in terms of density, acidity, iodo index, oxirane index, viscosity, thermal stability and chemical composition. The third step was to develop an emulsion O/A with different oil concentration (10, 20 and 25%) and surfactant concentration (1, 2.5 and 5%). Also, emulsion stability was studied. The emulsion tribological performance were carried out in HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig), it consists in ball-disc contact. Results showed that the vegetable based lubricant may be synthesized by epoxidationreaction, the spectra showed that there was 100% conversion of the epoxy rings unsaturations. In regard the tribological assessment is observed that the percentage of oil present in the emulsion directly influenced the film formation and coefficient of friction for higher concentrations the film formation process is slow and unstable, and the coefficient of friction. The high concentrations of surfactants have not improved the emulsions tribological performance. The best performance in friction reduction was observed to emulsion with 10% of oil and 5% of surfactant, its average wear scar was 202 μm.

Degradação fotocatalítica oxidativa do fenol utilizando carvão obtido da pirólise de diferentes biomassas

The modern industrial progress has been contaminating water with phenolic compounds. These are toxic and carcinogenic substances and it is essential to reduce its concentration in water to a tolerable one, determined by CONAMA, in order to protect the living organisms. In this context, this work focuses on the treatment and characterization of catalysts derived from the bio-coal, by-product of biomass pyrolysis (avelós and wood dust) as well as its evaluation in the phenol photocatalytic degradation reaction. Assays were carried out in a slurry bed reactor, which enables instantaneous measurements of temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. The experiments were performed in the following operating conditions: temperature of 50 °C, oxygen flow equals to 410 mL min-1 , volume of reagent solution equals to 3.2 L, 400 W UV lamp, at 1 atm pressure, with a 2 hours run. The parameters evaluated were the pH (3.0, 6.9 and 10.7), initial concentration of commercial phenol (250, 500 and 1000 ppm), catalyst concentration (0, 1, 2, and 3 g L-1 ), nature of the catalyst (activated avelós carbon washed with dichloromethane, CAADCM, and CMADCM, activated dust wood carbon washed with dichloromethane). The results of XRF, XRD and BET confirmed the presence of iron and potassium in satisfactory amounts to the CAADCM catalyst and on a reduced amount to CMADCM catalyst, and also the surface area increase of the materials after a chemical and physical activation. The phenol degradation curves indicate that pH has a significant effect on the phenol conversion, showing better results for lowers pH. The optimum concentration of catalyst is observed equals to 1 g L-1 , and the increase of the initial phenol concentration exerts a negative influence in the reaction execution. It was also observed positive effect of the presence of iron and potassium in the catalyst structure: betters conversions were observed for tests conducted with the catalyst CAADCM compared to CMADCM catalyst under the same conditions. The higher conversion was achieved for the test carried out at acid pH (3.0) with an initial concentration of phenol at 250 ppm catalyst in the presence of CAADCM at 1 g L-1 . The liquid samples taken every 15 minutes were analyzed by liquid chromatography identifying and quantifying hydroquinone, p-benzoquinone, catechol and maleic acid. Finally, a reaction mechanism is proposed, cogitating the phenol is transformed into the homogeneous phase and the others react on the catalyst surface. Applying the model of Langmuir-Hinshelwood along with a mass balance it was obtained a system of differential equations that were solved using the Runge-Kutta 4th order method associated with a optimization routine called SWARM (particle swarm) aiming to minimize the least square objective function for obtaining the kinetic and adsorption parameters. Related to the kinetic rate constant, it was obtained a magnitude of 10-3 for the phenol degradation, 10-4 to 10-2 for forming the acids, 10-6 to 10-9 for the mineralization of quinones (hydroquinone, p-benzoquinone and catechol), 10-3 to 10-2 for the mineralization of acids.

Análise do impacto do sombreamento vegetal no conforto termo-luminoso em edificações no clima quente e úmido

Este trabalho visa analisar o potencial do sombreamento vegetal no edifício para promover conforto térmico, luminoso e eficiência energética, a partir de simulações computacionais nos softwares DesignBuilder e Daysim. Foram simuladas diferentes combinações de fator de céu visível (FCV), transparência da copa vegetal e percentual de abertura da fachada (PAF) para edificação residencial térrea em Nata/RN, a fim de quantificar os impactos e propor recomendações projetuais. Os modelos foram analisados por meio do método de conforto adaptativo indicado pela ASHRAE Standard 55 (ASHRAE, 2010), classificação do nível de eficiência energética do Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade para o Nível de Eficiência Energética de Edificações Residenciais (RTQ-R), resultados de Daylight autonomy (DA) e uniformidade da luz natural para as exigências lumínicas de 100-300-500 lux. Os resultados demonstram grande potencial para integração da vegetação na edificação, principalmente para os fatores de céu médio e grande, e falta de coerência do RTQ-R para classificar as edificações da Zona bioclimática 08 pelo método de simulação.