Can we characterise ‘openness’ in the Holocene palaeoenvironmental record? Modern analogue studies of insect faunas and pollen spectra from Dunham Massey deer park and Epping Forest, England

This paper examines the degree to which tree-associated Coleoptera (beetles) and pollen could be used to predict the degree of ‘openness’ in woodland. The results from two modern insect and pollen analogue studies from ponds at Dunham Massey, Cheshire and Epping Forest, Greater London are presented. We explore the reliability of modern pollen rain and sub-fossil beetle assemblages to represent varying degrees of canopy cover for up to 1000m from a sampling site. Modern woodland canopy structure around the study sites has been assessed using GIS-based mapping at increasing radial distances as an independent check on the modern insect and pollen data sets. These preliminary results suggest that it is possible to use tree-associated Coleoptera to assess the degree of local vegetation openness. Additionally, it appears that insect remains may indicate the relative intensity of land use by grazing animals. Our results also suggest most insects are collected from within a 100m to 200m radius of the sampling site. The pollen results suggest that local vegetation and density of woodland in the immediate area of the sampling site can have a strong role in determining the pollen signal.

THE IMPACT OF BURNING AND GRAZING OF HEATHLAND PLANTS AND INVERTEBRATES IN COUNTRY ANTRIM

The impact of burning and grazing on plant, ground beetle and spider species was investigated experimentally in stands of varying ages (burnt in 1982 and 1988 and unburnt plots) on an area of heather moorland in County Antrim, north-east Ireland. Burning initiated complex succession pathways which appear to have characteristic plant and invertebrate species associations. Removal of Calluna dominance initiated a period of high plant species diversity. Investigation of initial post-fire regeneration suggested that the frequency of occurrence of plant species changed over time and was affected by grazing. Grouping of species by the position of their renewal bud, i.e. their life-form, did not account for all observed interspecific variation. The dominant species after burning were Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium and Vaccinium myrtillus. Studies of vegetation canopy structure showed that, even with the exclusion of the main grazing herbivores, Calluna will not re-establish itself as the dominant species until several years after burning. The ground beetle Nebria salina was trapped more often on plots burnt in 1988 than on unburnt plots or those burnt in 1982. In comparison, Pterostichus niger and Carabus granulatus were trapped in greater numbers on plots burnt in 1982 than on unburnt plots and plots burnt in 1988. The large species Carabus problematicus and Carabus glabratus were trapped in greater numbers on unburnt plots. Similarly, more of the spiders Ceratinella brevipes and Centromerita concinna were trapped on the plots burnt in 1982. In comparison, Lepthyphantes zimmermanni and Robertus lividus were trapped more often on unburnt plots than on plots burnt in 1982 and 1988. Results are discussed with respect to the importance of the continuation of traditional heathland management practices.

Impacts of invasive browsers on demographic rates and forest structure in New Zealand

Background/Question/Methods

Assessing the large scale impact of deer populations on forest structure and composition is important because of their increasing abundance in many temperate forests. Deer are invasive animals and sometimes thought to be responsible for immense damage to New Zealand’s forests. We report demographic changes taking place among 40 widespread indigenous tree species over 20 years, following a period of record deer numbers in the 1950s and a period of extensive hunting and depletion of deer populations during the 1960s and 1970s.

Results/Conclusions

Across a network of 578 plots there was an overall 13% reduction in sapling density of our study species with most remaining constant and a few declining dramatically. The effect of suppressed recruitment when deer populations were high was evident in the small tree size class (30 – 80 mm dbh). Stem density decreased by 15% and species with the greatest annual decreases in small tree density were those which have the highest rates of sapling recovery in exclosures indicating that deer were responsible. Densities of large canopy trees have remained relatively stable. There were imbalances between mortality and recruitment rates for 23 of the 40 species, 7 increasing and 16 in decline. These changes were again linked with sapling recovery in exclosures; species which recovered most rapidly following deer exclusion had the greatest net recruitment deficit across the wider landscape, indicating recruitment suppression by deer as opposed to mortality induced by disturbance and other herbivores. Species are not declining uniformly across all populations and no species are in decline across their entire range. Therefore we predict that with continued deer presence some forests will undergo compositional changes but that none of the species tested will become nationally extinct.

Impacts of invasive browsers on demographic rates and forest structure in New Zealand. Available from: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/267285500_Impacts_of_invasive_browsers_on_demographic_rates_and_forest_structure_in_New_Zealand [accessed Oct 9, 2015].

Replicability of data collected for empirical estimation of relative pollen productivity

The effects of repeated survey and fieldwork timing on data derived from a recently proposed standard field methodology for empirical estimation of Relative Pollen Productivity have been tested. Seasonal variations in vegetation and associated pollen assemblages were studied in three contrasting cultural habitat types; semi-natural ancient woodlands, lowland heaths, and unimproved, traditionally managed hay meadows. Results show that in woodlands and heathlands the standard method generates vegetation data with a reasonable degree of similarity throughout the field season, though in some instances additional recording of woodland canopy cover should be undertaken, and differences were greater for woodland understorey taxa than for arboreal taxa. Large differences in vegetation cover were observed over the field season in the grassland community, and matching the phenological timing of surveys within and between studies is clearly important if RPP estimates from these sites are to be comparable. Pollen assemblages from closely co-located moss polsters collected on different visits are shown to be variable in all communities, to a greater degree than can be explained by the sampling error associated with pollen counting, and further study of moss polsters as pollen traps is recommended.

Conservation status of the endangered chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park : (Republic of Guinea-Bissau)

Tese de doutoramento, Biologia (Ecologia), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

Using non-invasive techniques to examine black bear (Ursus americanus) abundance in the North Cascades Ecosystem, Washington State

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2013

Scenario-based assessment of future land use change on butterfly species distributions

Species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly used to predict environmentally induced range shifts of habitats of plant and animal species. Consequently SDMs are valuable tools for scientifically based conservation decisions. The aims of this paper are (1) to identify important drivers of butterfly species persistence or extinction, and (2) to analyse the responses of endangered butterfly species of dry grasslands and wetlands to likely future landscape changes in Switzerland. Future land use was represented by four scenarios describing: (1) ongoing land use changes as observed at the end of the last century; (2) a liberalisation of the agricultural markets; (3) a slightly lowered agricultural production; and (4) a strongly lowered agricultural production. Two model approaches have been applied. The first (logistic regression with principal components) explains what environmental variables have significant impact on species presence (and absence). The second (predictive SDM) is used to project species distribution under current and likely future land uses. The results of the explanatory analyses reveal that four principal components related to urbanisation, abandonment of open land and intensive agricultural practices as well as two climate parameters are primary drivers of species occurrence (decline). The scenario analyses show that lowered agricultural production is likely to favour dry grassland species due to an increase of non-intensively used land, open canopy forests, and overgrown areas. In the liberalisation scenario dry grassland species show a decrease in abundance due to a strong increase of forested patches. Wetland butterfly species would decrease under all four scenarios as their habitats become overgrown

Irrigation scheduling for Sovereign Coronation grapevine based upon evapotranspiration calculations and crop coefficients /

Several irrigation treatments were evaluated on Sovereign Coronation table grapes at two sites over a 3-year period in the cool humid Niagara Peninsula of Ontario. Trials were conducted in the Hippie (Beamsville, ON) and the Lambert Vineyards (Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON) in 2003 to 2005 with the objective of assessing the usefulness of the modified Penman-Monteith equation to accurately schedule vine irrigation needs. Data (relative humidity, windspeed, solar radiation, and temperature) required to precisely calculate evapotranspiration (ETq) were downloaded from the Ontario Weather Network. One of two ETq values (either 100 or 150%) were used in combination with one of two crop coefficients (Kc; either fixed at 0.75 or 0.2 to 0.8 based upon increasing canopy volume) to calculate the amount of irrigation water required. Five irrigation treatments were: un irrigated control; (lOOET) X Kc =0.75; 150ET X Kc =0.75; lOOET X Kc =0.2-0.8; 150ET X Kc =0.2-0.8. Transpiration, water potential (v|/), and soil moisture data were collected each growing seasons. Yield component data was collected and berries from each treatment were analyzed for soluble solids (Brix), pH, titratable acidity (TA), anthocyanins, methyl anthranilate (MA), and total volatile esters (TVE). Irrigation showed a substantial positive effect on transpiration rate and soil moisture; the control treatment showed consistently lower transpiration and soil moisture over the 3 seasons. Transpiration appeared accurately reflect Sovereign Coronation grapevines water status. Soil moisture also accurately reflected level of irrigation. Moreover, irrigation showed impact of leaf \|/, which was more negative throughout the 3 seasons for vines that were not irrigated. Irrigation had a substantial positive effect on yield (kg/vine) and its various components (clusters/vine, cluster weight, and berries/cluster) in 2003 and 2005. Berry weights were higher under the irrigated treatments at both sites. Berry weight consistently appeared to be the main factor leading to these increased yields, as inconsistent responses were noted for some yield variables. Soluble solids was highest under the ET150 and ET100 treatments both with Kc at 0.75. Both pH and TA were highest under control treatments in 2003 and 2004, but highest under irrigated treatments in 2005. Anthocyanins and phenols were highest under the control treatments in 2003 and 2004, but highest under irrigated treatments in 2005. MA and TVE were highest under the ET150 treatments. Vine and soil water status measurements (soil moisture, leaf \|/, and transpiration) confirmed that irrigation was required for the summers of 2003 and 2005 due to dry weather in those years. They also partially supported the hypothesis that the Penman-Monteith equation is useful for calculating vineyard water needs. Both ET treatments gave clear evidence that irrigation could be effective in reducing water stress and for improving vine performance, yield and fruit composition. Use of properly scheduled irrigation was beneficial for Sovereign Coronation table grapes in the Niagara region. Findings herein should give growers some strong guidehnes on when, how and how much to irrigate their vineyards.

Garden party at Charles C. Chapman's home, Fullerton, California, 1914

Garden party at Charles C. Chapman's home, Fullerton, California, September 5, 1914. Seated under a canopy with unidentified others are Mr. Harry Dierker and Mrs. C. O. Goodwin.

Impact of different irrigation strategies on grapes and wine quality of four grapevine cultivars (Vitis sp.) in cool climate conditions. An investigation into the relationships among ABA, water status, grape cultivar and wine quality

Niagara Peninsula of Ontario is the largest viticultural area in Canada. Although it is considered to be a cool and wet region, in the last decade many water stress events occurred during the growing seasons with negative effects on grape and wine quality. This study was initiated to understand and develop the best strategies for water management in vineyards and those that might contribute to grape maturity advancement. The irrigation trials investigated the impact of time of initiation (fruit set, lag phase and veraison), water replacement level based on theoretical loss through crop evapotranspiration (ETc; 100,50 and 25%) and different irrigation strategies [partial root zone drying (PRD) versus regulated deficit irrigation (RD!)] on grape composition and wine sensory profiles. The irrigation experiments were conducted in a commercial vineyard (Lambert Vineyards Inc.) located in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, from 2005 through 2009. The two experiments that tested the combination of different water regimes and irrigation time initiation were set up in a randomized block design as follows: Baco noir - three replicates x 10 treatments [(25%, 50% and 100% of ETc) x (initiation at fruit set, lag phase and veraison) + control]; Chardonnay - three replicates x seven treatments [(25%, 50% and 100% of ETc) x (initiation at fruit set and veraison) + control]. The experiments that tested different irrigation strategies were set up on two cultivars as follows: Sauvignon blanc - four replicates x four treatments [control, fully irrigated (100% ETc), PRD (100% ETc) and RDI (25% ETc)]; Cabemet Sauvignon - four replicates x five treatments [control, fully irrigated (100% ETc), PRD (100% ETc), RDI (50% ETc) and RDI (25% ETc)]. The controls in each experiment were nonirrigated. The irrigation treatments were compared for many variables related to soil water status, vine physiology, berry composition, wine sensory profile, and hormone composition [(abscisic acid (ABA) and its catabolites]. Soil moisture profile was mostly affected by irrigation treatments between 20 and 60 em depth depending on the grapevine cultivar and the regime of water applied. Overall soil moisture was consistently higher throughout the season in 100 and 50% ETc compare to the control. Transpiration rates and leaf temperature as well as shoot growth rate were the most sensitive variables to soil water status. Drip irrigation associated with RDI treatments (50% ETc and 25% ETc) had the most beneficial effects on vine physiology, fruit composition and wine varietal typicity, mainly by maintaining a balance between vegetative and reproductive parts of the vine. Neither the control nor the 100 ETc had overall a positive effect on grape composition and wine sensory typicity. The time of irrigation initiation affected the vine physiology and grape quality, the most positive effect was found in treatments initiated at lag phase and veraison. RDI treatments were overall more consistent in their positive effect on grape composition and wine varietal typicity comparing to PRD treatment. The greatest difference between non-irrigated and irrigated vines in most of the variables studied was found in 2007, the driest and hottest season of the experimental period. Soil water status had a greater and more consistent effect on red grapevine cultivars rather than on white winegrape cultivars. To understand the relationships among soil and plant water status, plant physiology and the hormonal profiles associated with it, abscisic acid (ABA) and its catabolites [phaseic acid (PA), dihydrophaseic acid (DPA), 7-hydroxy-ABA (TOH-ABA), 8' -hydroxy-ABA, neophaseic acid and abscisic acid glucose ester (ABA-GE)] were analyzed in leaves and berries from the Baco noir and Chardonnay irrigation trials over two growing seasons. ABA and some of its catabolites accurately described the water status in the vines. Endogenous ABA and some of its catabolites were strongly affected in Baco noir and Chardonnay by both the water regime (i.e. ET level) and timing of irrigation initiation. Chardonnay grapevines produced less ABA in both leaves and berries compared to Baco noir, which indicated that ABA synthesis is also cultivar dependant. ABA-GE was the main catabolite in treatments with high water deficits, while PA and DPA were higher in treatments with high water status, suggesting that the vine produced more ABA-GE under water deficits to maintain rapid control of the stomata. These differences between irrigation treatments with respect to ABA and catabolites were particularly noticeable in the dry 2007 season. Two trials using exogenous ABA investigated the effect of different concentrations of ABA and organs targeted for spraying, on grape maturation and berry composition of Cabemet Sauvignon grapevines, in two cool and wet seasons (2008-2009). The fIrst experiment consisted of three replicates x three treatments [(150 and 300 mg/L, both applications only on clusters) + untreated control] while the second experiment consisted in three replicates x four treatments [(full canopy, only clusters, and only leaves sprayed with 300 ppm ABA) + untreated control]. Exogenous ABA was effective in hastening veraison, and improving the composition of Cabemet Sauvignon. Ability of ABA to control the timing of grape berry maturation was dependant on both solution concentration and the target organ. ABA affected not only fruit composition but also yield components. Berries treated with ABA had lower weight and higher skin dry mass, which constitutes qualitative aspects desired in the wine grapes. Temporal advancement of ripening through hormonal control can lead to earlier fruit maturation, which is a distinct advantage in cooler areas or areas with a high risk of early frost occurrence. Exogenous ABA could provide considerable benefits to wine industry in terms of grape composition, wine style and schedule activities in the winery, particularly in wet and cool years. These trials provide the ftrst comprehensive data in eastern North America on the response of important hybrid and Vitis vinifera winegrape cultivars to irrigation management. Results from this study additionally might be a forward step in understanding the ABA metabolism, and its relationship with water status. Future research should be focused on ftnding the ABA threshold required to trigger the ripening process, and how this process could be controlled in cool climates.

Understanding the Intersection of Reformed Faith and Dutch Immigrant Culture in Ontario Independent Christian Schools: Principals’ Experiences and Perspectives

In the aftermath of World War II, a wave of Dutch Reformed immigrants arrived in Ontario, many of whom joined the Christian Reformed Church. Following familiar cultural patterns, history, and their Reformed Christian faith, these immigrants settled in Ontario with remarkable institutional completeness (Breton, 1964). They quickly established independent, parent-operated Christian schools across Ontario. The primary purpose of the schools was to educate children through a comprehensive biblically based school program, yet this religious purpose often intersected with a Dutch immigrant ethnic culture. Van Dijk (2001) states that “the schools were the most important organization in maintaining the religious and ethnic identity of Calvinists” (p. 66). In this qualitative study I explore the intersection of Reformed faith and Dutch Canadian immigrant ethnic culture in Christian schools through the experiential and professional lens of eight retired principals. Employing a theoretical framework informed by Berger’s (1967) Sacred Canopy, I suggest that the intersection of faith and culture was experienced in the schools and was embodied by the schools themselves. Findings point to this intersection being located in the participants’ experience of (a) Dutchness, (b) the struggle for Christian education, (c) the ties that bound the school community together, and (d) the cloud of witnesses that founded and continues to support and encourage the Christian school community. The study offers insight into a Dutch Reformed immigrant group’s experience carving out a niche for themselves on the educational landscape in Ontario. This study also offers suggestions on how Christian schools can broaden their canopy and become more ethnically and denominationally diverse in the future.

REFLECT : logiciel de restitution des réflectances au sol pour l’amélioration de la qualité de l'information extraite des images satellitales à haute résolution spatiale

RÉSUMÉ - Les images satellitales multispectrales, notamment celles à haute résolution spatiale (plus fine que 30 m au sol), représentent une source d’information inestimable pour la prise de décision dans divers domaines liés à la gestion des ressources naturelles, à la préservation de l’environnement ou à l’aménagement et la gestion des centres urbains. Les échelles d’étude peuvent aller du local (résolutions plus fines que 5 m) à des échelles régionales (résolutions plus grossières que 5 m). Ces images caractérisent la variation de la réflectance des objets dans le spectre qui est l’information clé pour un grand nombre d’applications de ces données. Or, les mesures des capteurs satellitaux sont aussi affectées par des facteurs « parasites » liés aux conditions d’éclairement et d’observation, à l’atmosphère, à la topographie et aux propriétés des capteurs. Deux questions nous ont préoccupé dans cette recherche. Quelle est la meilleure approche pour restituer les réflectances au sol à partir des valeurs numériques enregistrées par les capteurs tenant compte des ces facteurs parasites ? Cette restitution est-elle la condition sine qua non pour extraire une information fiable des images en fonction des problématiques propres aux différents domaines d’application des images (cartographie du territoire, monitoring de l’environnement, suivi des changements du paysage, inventaires des ressources, etc.) ? Les recherches effectuées les 30 dernières années ont abouti à une série de techniques de correction des données des effets des facteurs parasites dont certaines permettent de restituer les réflectances au sol. Plusieurs questions sont cependant encore en suspens et d’autres nécessitent des approfondissements afin, d’une part d’améliorer la précision des résultats et d’autre part, de rendre ces techniques plus versatiles en les adaptant à un plus large éventail de conditions d’acquisition des données. Nous pouvons en mentionner quelques unes : - Comment prendre en compte des caractéristiques atmosphériques (notamment des particules d’aérosol) adaptées à des conditions locales et régionales et ne pas se fier à des modèles par défaut qui indiquent des tendances spatiotemporelles à long terme mais s’ajustent mal à des observations instantanées et restreintes spatialement ? - Comment tenir compte des effets de « contamination » du signal provenant de l’objet visé par le capteur par les signaux provenant des objets environnant (effet d’adjacence) ? ce phénomène devient très important pour des images de résolution plus fine que 5 m; - Quels sont les effets des angles de visée des capteurs hors nadir qui sont de plus en plus présents puisqu’ils offrent une meilleure résolution temporelle et la possibilité d’obtenir des couples d’images stéréoscopiques ? - Comment augmenter l’efficacité des techniques de traitement et d’analyse automatique des images multispectrales à des terrains accidentés et montagneux tenant compte des effets multiples du relief topographique sur le signal capté à distance ? D’autre part, malgré les nombreuses démonstrations par des chercheurs que l’information extraite des images satellitales peut être altérée à cause des tous ces facteurs parasites, force est de constater aujourd’hui que les corrections radiométriques demeurent peu utilisées sur une base routinière tel qu’est le cas pour les corrections géométriques. Pour ces dernières, les logiciels commerciaux de télédétection possèdent des algorithmes versatiles, puissants et à la portée des utilisateurs. Les algorithmes des corrections radiométriques, lorsqu’ils sont proposés, demeurent des boîtes noires peu flexibles nécessitant la plupart de temps des utilisateurs experts en la matière. Les objectifs que nous nous sommes fixés dans cette recherche sont les suivants : 1) Développer un logiciel de restitution des réflectances au sol tenant compte des questions posées ci-haut. Ce logiciel devait être suffisamment modulaire pour pouvoir le bonifier, l’améliorer et l’adapter à diverses problématiques d’application d’images satellitales; et 2) Appliquer ce logiciel dans différents contextes (urbain, agricole, forestier) et analyser les résultats obtenus afin d’évaluer le gain en précision de l’information extraite par des images satellitales transformées en images des réflectances au sol et par conséquent la nécessité d’opérer ainsi peu importe la problématique de l’application. Ainsi, à travers cette recherche, nous avons réalisé un outil de restitution de la réflectance au sol (la nouvelle version du logiciel REFLECT). Ce logiciel est basé sur la formulation (et les routines) du code 6S (Seconde Simulation du Signal Satellitaire dans le Spectre Solaire) et sur la méthode des cibles obscures pour l’estimation de l’épaisseur optique des aérosols (aerosol optical depth, AOD), qui est le facteur le plus difficile à corriger. Des améliorations substantielles ont été apportées aux modèles existants. Ces améliorations concernent essentiellement les propriétés des aérosols (intégration d’un modèle plus récent, amélioration de la recherche des cibles obscures pour l’estimation de l’AOD), la prise en compte de l’effet d’adjacence à l’aide d’un modèle de réflexion spéculaire, la prise en compte de la majorité des capteurs multispectraux à haute résolution (Landsat TM et ETM+, tous les HR de SPOT 1 à 5, EO-1 ALI et ASTER) et à très haute résolution (QuickBird et Ikonos) utilisés actuellement et la correction des effets topographiques l’aide d’un modèle qui sépare les composantes directe et diffuse du rayonnement solaire et qui s’adapte également à la canopée forestière. Les travaux de validation ont montré que la restitution de la réflectance au sol par REFLECT se fait avec une précision de l’ordre de ±0.01 unités de réflectance (pour les bandes spectrales du visible, PIR et MIR), même dans le cas d’une surface à topographie variable. Ce logiciel a permis de montrer, à travers des simulations de réflectances apparentes à quel point les facteurs parasites influant les valeurs numériques des images pouvaient modifier le signal utile qui est la réflectance au sol (erreurs de 10 à plus de 50%). REFLECT a également été utilisé pour voir l’importance de l’utilisation des réflectances au sol plutôt que les valeurs numériques brutes pour diverses applications courantes de la télédétection dans les domaines des classifications, du suivi des changements, de l’agriculture et de la foresterie. Dans la majorité des applications (suivi des changements par images multi-dates, utilisation d’indices de végétation, estimation de paramètres biophysiques, …), la correction des images est une opération cruciale pour obtenir des résultats fiables. D’un point de vue informatique, le logiciel REFLECT se présente comme une série de menus simples d’utilisation correspondant aux différentes étapes de saisie des intrants de la scène, calcul des transmittances gazeuses, estimation de l’AOD par la méthode des cibles obscures et enfin, l’application des corrections radiométriques à l’image, notamment par l’option rapide qui permet de traiter une image de 5000 par 5000 pixels en 15 minutes environ. Cette recherche ouvre une série de pistes pour d’autres améliorations des modèles et méthodes liés au domaine des corrections radiométriques, notamment en ce qui concerne l’intégration de la FDRB (fonction de distribution de la réflectance bidirectionnelle) dans la formulation, la prise en compte des nuages translucides à l’aide de la modélisation de la diffusion non sélective et l’automatisation de la méthode des pentes équivalentes proposée pour les corrections topographiques.

Impact des coupes partielles sur l’activité de coléoptères phloeophages et xylophages en forêt boréale

Ce projet de recherche évalue la réponse à court terme de coléoptères phloeophages et xylophages (Cerambycidae et Scolytinae) à différentes intensités de coupes partielles (0, 25 et 40% de la surface terrière prélevée) afin de déterminer la viabilité de cette méthode sylvicole en forêt boréale. Disposant de 12 parcelles expérimentales (4 répétitions pour chaque intensité de coupe) dans une sapinière à bouleau blanc située au sud de la forêt boréale (Québec, Canada), nous avons évalué l’abondance, la diversité ainsi que l’établissement (taux d’attaque) de ces deux groupes d’insectes, et ce dès la première année suivant la coupe. L’échantillonnage a été réalisé à l’aide de pièges à interception multidirectionnelle et de l’écorçage de sections de 3 espèces d’arbres exposées dans l’ensemble des parcelles. Nos résultats montrent une plus grande activité/abondance des deux taxons (abondance 5 à 6 fois plus élevée) ainsi qu’une composition en espèces différente et plus diversifiée dans les peuplements partiellement coupés (25 et 40%). De plus, la présence et la distribution d’espèces colonisant habituellement des hôtes affaiblis (e.g., Trypodendron lineatum, Rhagium inquisitor) – et pouvant donc réduire la valeur économique d’arbres résiduels – a été recensée et semble être favorisée entres autres par l’ouverture de la canopée et des blessures physiques faites aux arbres pendant les opérations sylvicoles. Par ailleurs, l’approche combinant différentes techniques d’échantillonnage a permis une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de localisation/sélection d’hôte (variant en fonction de l’espèce), un aspect important de la dynamique des insectes pour l’évaluation des risques suite aux coupes forestières. Sur la base de cette étude à court terme, il ne semblerait pas y avoir de différence significative sur les risques pour le milieu quant à l’augmentation d’activité des Cerambycidae et Scolytinae entre les deux traitements de coupe appliqués. Il reste cependant indispensable de vérifier la validité de ces résultats sur une plus longue période afin d’établir des plans d’aménagement forestier durables pour la forêt boréale.

Aspekte des Prozesses der N-Freisetzung aus Humus-Vorratsabbau

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Auswirkungen von Umweltveränderungen in einem N-gesättigten Buchenwaldökosystem über Basalt (Braunerde) untersucht. Unter veränderten Umweltbedingungen sind hier vor allem Bestandesdachauflösung, immissions- oder waldbaulich bedingt, und Klimaveränderung zu verstehen, die eine Erwärmung des Oberbodens zur Folge haben. Die Änderungen der Umweltbedingungen werden in diesem Versuchsansatz durch einen waldbaulichen Eingriff simuliert, durch den eine Bestandeslücke entsteht, die in einer Erwärmung des Bodens resultieren und damit den Wasser- und Elementhaushalt insgesamt beeinflussen. Es wird deutlich, dass die in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchten Flächen als N-gesättigt bezeichnet werden können, da die N-Verluste aus dem System die Größe der Einträge überschreiten. In der Folge ist es zu einer Entkopplung des Stoffhaushalts und damit zu erhöhter N-Mobilisierung gekommen. Diese konnte vor allem im hydrologischen Jahr 1996 dokumentiert werden; der Überschuss-N-Output liegt auf der Auflichtungsfläche bei bis zu 50 kg N/(ha*a)! Die beobachteten hohen N-Austräge erfolgten trotz eines ebenfalls beobachteten Anwachsens des mikrobiellen Stickstoff-Pools und des Aufwachsens einer krautigen und strauchigen Vegetation auf der Auflichtungsfläche. Im Jahresgang konnten auf der Auflichtungsfläche in 0 - 30 cm Bodentiefe maximale Änderungen im Nmic-Vorrat von 130 kg N/(ha*a) beobachtet werden. Das im Frühjahr beginnende quantitative Anwachsen des mikrobiellen Stickstoff-Pools mit dem Jahresgang zeigt vor allem dessen Temperaturabhängigkeit auf. Die am Ende der Vegetationsperiode deutlich ansteigenden Austragsraten zeigen jedoch an, dass der freigesetzte Stickstoff auch von den Mikroorganismen nicht dauerhaft im System gehalten werden kann, da mit fallender Temperatur auch die Mikroorganismen absterben und der in ihrer Biomasse gespeicherte Stickstoff freigesetzt wird. Aufwachsende Vegetation auf der Auflichtungsfläche konnte einen Großteil des Netto-Stickstoff-Jahreseintrages aufnehmen. Da die "Netto-Jahres-Mineralisation" 1996 leicht über der Wurzelaufnahme liegt, verbleibt ein Rest, der nicht von der aufwachsenden krautigen Vegetation der Auflichtungsfläche aufgenommen werden kann. Ergebnis ist damit, dass die auf Lochhieben aufwachsende krautige und strauchige Vegetation eine temperaturbedingte Stickstoffmobilisierung nur teilweise kompensieren kann. Allein aufwachsende verholzende Vegetation kann Stickstoff langfristig im System binden.

Use of digital camera to assess nitrogen status of winter wheat in the Northern China Plain

The most widely used methods to assess the nitrogen (N) status of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are the determination of plant total N by combustion, the testing of nitrate in the leaf tissue and the use of SPAD readings. However, due to their labor requirements or high costs these methods can hardly be applied to the huge wheat growing areas of the Northern China Plain. This study therefore examined an alternative method to measure the N status of wheat by using a digital camera to record the visible green light reflected from the plant canopy. The experiment was conducted near Beijing in a multi-factorial field trial with three levels of N. The intensity of green light reflected from the wheat canopy was compared to the total N concentration, to the nitrate concentration of the basal stem, and to the SPAD readings of leaves. The results show significant inverse relationships between greenness intensity, canopy total N, and SPAD readings at booting and flowering. At booting, sap nitrate <2000mgL^-1 was inversely related to greenness intensity and to sap nitrate concentration in the basal stem. At sap nitrate ~2000mgL^-1, the greenness intensity reached a plateau. At booting and flowering, significant inverse relationships between greenness intensity and shoot biomass were found. The results show the potential of the new method to assess the N status of winter wheat.