998 resultados para Bactérias gram-positivas - Aplicações industriais
Resumo:
Um dos maiores desafios da sociedade moderna é a descoberta de novas alternativas para a destinação de resíduos gerados em processos produtivos na indústria, que diminuam a degradação ambiental visando o progresso sustentável. A mudança na forma de enfrentar o problema, passando a valorizar o resíduo tratando-o com “status” de matéria-prima, através da incorporação em misturas asfálticas, minimiza a exploração de matéria-prima natural com ganho ambiental, tecnológico e econômico. Nesta pesquisa, aplicam-se métodos tradicionais de laboratório e de campo, que possibilitam avaliar o comportamento estrutural e ambiental da camada asfáltica com os resíduos industriais incorporados. Apresentam-se as propriedades avaliadas, comparando-as com propriedades usualmente verificadas em misturas do tipo cbuq, analisando as vantagens e desvantagens, a fim de estabelecer metodologia padronizada para avaliação do desempenho das misturas asfálticas estudadas, auxiliando àqueles que tem interesse na utilização de “ melhor compreensão da natureza dos materiais e quais propriedades necessitam ser avaliadas para possibilitar o seu uso em aplicações de pavimentos. A aplicação da metodologia Marshall, de ensaios de resistência à tração e módulo de resiliência mostraram comportamento mecânico adequado, e as relações de MR/Rt forneceram indicativo de leve aumento na rigidez e vida de fadiga semelhante às misturas convencionais Para avaliação ambiental os métodos empregados basearam-se nas exigências preconizadas pela ABNT, referentes à amostragem, classificação, lixiviação e solubilização de resíduos, não sendo observadas alterações na emissão de contaminantes. Os resultados mostraram o potencial da abordagem realizada, demonstrando que podem ser aplicados os mesmos métodos, procedimentos e equipamentos usualmente empregados na pavimentação rodoviária. Por fim, apresentam-se metodologia empregada na implantação de um trecho experimental, sob ação de cargas reais de tráfego e variações climáticas, e proposta de monitoramento ao longo da vida útil do pavimento, a fim de verificar o comportamento e estabelecer padrões de desempenho de misturas asfálticas incorporadas com resíduos industriais.
Resumo:
Nas indústrias de processo, algumas variáveis como as composições de topo de colunas de destilação são quantificadas através de análises laboratoriais e ou de analisadores em linha. Este tipo de controle apresenta algumas limitações tais como custos de manutenção e o tempo de amostragem (em geral análises laboratoriais ocorrem de 1 a 3 vezes ao dia). Para melhoria destes métodos, as variáveis podem ser continuamente estimadas a partir de sua relação com as variáveis medidas diretamente no processo. Através de um algoritmo matemático, um analisador virtual de propriedades pode ser construído, sendo necessário para o seu desenvolvimento um modelo simplificado do processo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a construção de dois analisadores virtuais para estimação das composições de topo de duas colunas fracionadoras de tolueno presentes em uma indústria petroquímica. Para tal, estudou-se as metodologias existentes para construção de analisadores voltados para aplicações em colunas de destilação. O desenvolvimento de analisadores virtuais tem como base três etapas: seleção de variáveis secundárias, construção de modelos e correção/adaptação de modelos. Tais etapas, baseadas principalmente em métodos estatísticos, foram estudadas e as técnicas que melhor se adaptaram ao caso em questão foram empregadas com resultados satisfatórios. Realizaram-se também estudos comparativos entre modelos estacionários e dinâmicos e modelos construídos a partir de dados de simulação e de processo. As simulações foram conduzidas nos softwares Aspen PlusÒ e Aspen DynamicsÒ e o software usado para implementação dos analisadores na indústria foi o Aspen IQÒ.
Resumo:
A partir principalmente dos anos 1990s, revigoram-se discussões sobre a distribuição desigual atividades industriais formando aglomerações, algumas especializadas em produtos ou linhas de produtos específicos. Esse é um fato universal, cuja explicação se fundamenta na existência de desdobramentos operacionais e competitivos sobre as firmas aglomeradas, devidos à maior densidade com que atividade econômica é exercida no local, produzindo economias externas ou externalidades positivas. Porém, as argumentações teóricas seguem diferentes cursos. Uma abordagem aponta para as vantagens pecuniárias em custos associados a ambientes economicamente mais dinâmicos, densos e diversificados. Outras vertentes indicam efeitos positivos tirados da especialização regional, enfatizando ganhos de caráter dinâmico e tecnológico. Algumas se explicam pela formação de um complexo sistêmico de relacionamentos verticais e horizontais que incitam a rivalidade e impulsionam a inovação e o aprimoramento. Outras interpretações destacam aspectos sócio-culturais, em que as relações cooperativas dos agentes promovem ganhos em aprendizado e refinamento de técnicas, processos e produtos. Entretanto, a comprovação empírica desse fenômeno é ainda frágil. Sob tal argumento, Este trabalho tem três objetivos básicos: (1) contribuir para um mapeamento das aglomerações industriais no Brasil; (2) aprofundar o conhecimento do crescimento das firmas de manufatura no país; e (3) buscar por relações mais genéricas entre o crescimento das firmas e o grau de aglomeração em que se encontram. Com base em micro-dados da Pesquisa Industrial Anual PIA, do IBGE, foi avaliado o crescimento de 16.140 firmas, em 550 municípios das regiões sul e sudeste, cobrindo 91 atividades industriais diferentes. Os resultados encontrados indicam um quadro de grande concentração espacial da produção manufatureira no Brasil. Os dados mostram que os fatores idiossincráticos das firmas são os principais responsáveis pelos seus crescimentos, seguidos por aspectos ligados à interação atividade e município. Além disso, identificou-se uma correlação positiva e estatisticamente significante entre o Quociente Locacional QL (o indicador de aglomeração de firmas produzindo itens idênticos ou muito semelhantes mais utilizado na literatura), e as taxas de crescimento.
Resumo:
Atualmente, as empresas estão expostas a uma crescente competiçao global. Neste cenário, as informações gerenciais são fundamentais para auxiliar tomada de decisões precisas e eficientes. Este trabalho propõe uma sistemática informatizada de custeio adaptada ao contexto organizacional das pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) industriais. O desenvolvimento desta sistemática ocorreu a partir da identificação das suas necessidades de informação e da análise dos principais métodos de custeio neste tipo de organização. Para testar esta sistemática de custeio foram realizadas aplicações pilotos em três PMEs industriais. Destaca-se como resultado deste trabalho a validação de uma sistemática informatizada de custeio, através da qual os gestores das PMES industriais poderão calcular o custo dos produtos, formar o preço de venda dos mesmos e medir diversos indicadores econômico-financeiros de suas empresas.
Resumo:
A redução do Cr(VI) para Cr(III) diminui a toxidade deste metal no ambiente uma vez que, o Cr(III) é insolúvel às membranas biológicas. Assim a redução microbiana do Cr(VI) é uma alternativa para reduzir os impactos ambientais causados por este metal, utilizado em diversos processos industriais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar microrganismos a partir de solo contaminado com cromo, caracterizar sua capacidade de redução do Cr(VI) durante o crescimento celular e purificar parcialmente a enzima cromo redutase do Bacillus sp. ES29, através da precipitação com sulfato de amônio (45-75%), cromatografia de gel filtração (Sephadex G-25) e cromatografia de interação hidrofóbica (Octyl Sepharose). A atividade de redução do Cr(VI) pelos isolados foi quantificada com o reagente de s-difenilcarbazida. No isolamento, foram obtidas 20 bactérias resistentes a cromo(VI). Seis destas foram capazes de reduzir 100 mg L-1 Cr(VI) em 24 horas. Um dos isolados foi identificado, através de testes bioquímicos, como pertencete ao gênero Bacillus, sendo tolerante a 750 mg L-1 Cr(VI) e reduzindo mais de 40% do Cr(VI) durante o crescimento celular. Na purificação parcial da enzima foi obtido um fator de purificação de 11,2, aumentando a atividade específica da enzima acima de 11 vezes, porém se faz necessário mais passos de purificações para obtenção desta enzima pura. As bactérias selecionadas e a enzima parcialmente purificada, foram eficientes na redução do Cr(VI) e apresentam potencial para outros estudos, visando a aplicação em processos de biorremediação.
Resumo:
The human activities responsible for the ambient degradation in the modern world are diverse. The industrial activities are preponderant in the question of the impact consequences for brazilian ecosystems. Amongst the human activities, the petroliferous industry in operation in Potiguar Petroliferous Basin (PPB) displays the constant risk of ambient impacts in the integrant cities, not only for the human populations and the environment, but also it reaches the native microorganisms of Caatinga ground and in the mangrove sediment. Not hindering, the elaboration of strategies of bioremediation for impacted areas pass through the knowledge of microbiota and its relations with the environment. Moreover, in the microorganism groups associated to oil, are emphasized the sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (SRP) that, in its anaerobic metabolism, these organisms participate of the sulfate reduction, discharging H2S, causing ambient risks and causing the corrosion of surfaces, as pipelines and tanks, resulting in damages for the industry. Some ancestries of PRS integrate the Archaea domain, group of microorganisms whose sequenced genomes present predominance of extremophilic adaptations, including surrounding with oil presence. This work has two correlated objectives: i) the detection and monitoring of the gene dsrB, gift in sulfate-reducing prokaryotes, through DGGE analysis in samples of mDNA of a mangrove sediment and semiarid soil, both in the BPP; ii) to relate genomic characteristics to the ecological aspects of Archaea through in silico studies, standing out the importance to the oil and gas industry. The results of the first work suggest that the petrodegraders communities of SRP persist after the contamination with oil in mangrove sediment and in semiarid soil. Comparing the populations of both sites, it reveals that there are variations in the size and composition during one year of experiments. In the second work, functional and structural factors are the probable cause to the pressure in maintenance of the conservation of the sequences in the multiple copies of the 16S rDNA gene. Is verified also the discrepancy established between total content GC and content GC of the same gene. Such results relating ribosomal genes and the ambient factors are important for metagenomic evaluations using PCR-DGGE. The knowledge of microbiota associated to the oil can contribute for a better destination of resources by the petroliferous industry and the development of bioremediation strategies. Likewise, search to lead to the best agreement of the performance of native microbiota in biogeochemical cycles in Potiguar Petroliferous Basin ecosystem
Resumo:
In a hospital environment, these bacteria can be spread by insects such as ants, which are characterized by high adaptability to the urban environment. Staphylococcus is a leading cause of hospital infection. In Europe, Latin America, USA and Canada, the group of coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) is the second leading cause of these infections, according to SENTRY (antimicrobial surveillance program- EUA). In this study, we investigated the potential of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as vehicle mechanics of Staphylococcus bacteria in a public hospital, in Natal-RN. The ants were collected, day and night, from June 2007 to may 2008, in the following sectors: hospitals, laundry, kitchen, blood bank. The ants were identified according to the identification key of Bolton, 1997. For the analysis of staphylococci, the ants were incubated in broth Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) for 24 hours at 35 º C and then incubated on Mannitol Salt Agar. The typical colonies of staphylococci incubated for 24 hours at 35 ° C in Tryptic Soy Agar for the characterization tests (Gram stain, catalase, susceptibility to bacitracin and free coagulase). The identification of CoNS was performed through biochemical tests: susceptibility to novobiocin, growth under anaerobic conditions, presence of urease, the ornithine decarboxylation and acid production from the sugars mannose, maltose, trehalose, mannitol and xylose. The antimicrobial susceptibility examined by disk-diffusion technique. The technique of Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to confirm the presence of mecA gene and the ability to produce biofilm was verified by testing in vitro using polystyrene inert surface, in samples of resistant staphylococci. Among 440 ants, 85 (19.1%) were carrying coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) of the species Staphylococcus saprophyticus (17), Staphylococcus epidermidis (15), Staphylococcus xylosus (13), Staphylococcus hominis hominis (10), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (10), Staphylococcus warneri (6), Staphylococcus cohnii urealyticum (5), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (3), Staphylococcus simulans (3), Staphylococcus cohnii cohnii (2), and Staphylococcus capitis (1). No Staphylococcus aureus was found. Among the isolates, 30.58% showed resistance to erythromycin. Two samples of CoNS (2.35%), obtained from the ant Tapinoma melanocephalum collected in the post-surgical female ward, S. Hominis hominis and S. lugdunensis harbored the mecA gene and were resistant to multiple antibiotics, and the specie S. hominis hominis even showed to be a biofilm producer. This study proves that ants act as carriers of multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci and biofilm producers and points to the risk of the spreading of pathogenic microorganisms by this insect in the hospital environment
Resumo:
Industrial development experienced by Brazil from the 1950s, changed the concentration of population in the country. The process of development of domestic industry, concentrated in urban areas, crowded growing portion of the population.The Southeast region during the first stage of industrialization driven by the state, with the implementation of Plan goals, captained the major industrial projects implemented in the period and became the main industrial center of the country.In the decade from 1960 to 1980 the state action was marked by numerous regional development projects, softening the industrial concentration and Brazilian investment redirected to the Northeast.The second National Development Plan implemented in the 1970s led to major investments Northeast.This period marked the widespread urban growth and institutionalization of the first metropolitan areas in Brazil.The change of this developmental process is altered with the fiscal and financial crisis of the state in the 1980s and 1990s and spending cuts aimed at national development, reorienting the economy to liberal policies of economic liberalization and reduction of activity in the economy.Industrial policy was relegated to local development plans from the 1990s to the federating units fitting the wide use of tax incentives, the "war tax" to the continued industrialization process.In this context of the national economy work seeks to analyze the industrial setting in the metropolitan areas of Fortaleza, Recife and Salvador between 1995 and 2010.Although the metropolitan areas of Fortaleza, Recife and Salvador are the main urban centers of the Northeast, responsible for the advancement of industrial development, reconfigurations occurred between 1995 and 2010 by changing the level of industrial specialization built by regional division of labor in these regions.The work will be carried out by the method of descriptive analysis of the literature review on regional and urban development.Constitute quantitative method as the secondary data analysis of formal employment from the Annual Social Information (RAIS) Ministry of Labour and Employment (MTE).Using data RAIS / MTE analyzes the industrial specialization index using the Locational Quotient (LQ).Thus, it is assumed as a parameter analysis QL> 1, when the region has become specialized in a particular sector or QL <1, when the region does not have expertise in industrial sector analyzed.The conclusion of study indicates that there was in these metropolitan areas maintained the same bias hub.Fiscal policies, the states, was not successful in diversifying the productive structure and the Northeast region itself.This result is demonstrated by the need and dependence on state investments in the region to promote development.Industrial policies of recent years have been positive to meet the objectives of employment generation, but there must be specific policies for better diversification of production, in addition to integrating the economy of the Northeast sector and regionally
Resumo:
The industrial automation is directly linked to the development of information tecnology. Better hardware solutions, as well as improvements in software development methodologies make possible the rapid growth of the productive process control. In this thesis, we propose an architecture that will allow the joining of two technologies in hardware (industrial network) and software field (multiagent systems). The objective of this proposal is to join those technologies in a multiagent architecture to allow control strategies implementations in to field devices. With this, we intend develop an agents architecture to detect and solve problems which may occur in the industrial network environment. Our work ally machine learning with industrial context, become proposed multiagent architecture adaptable to unfamiliar or unexpected production environment. We used neural networks and presented an allocation strategies of these networks in industrial network field devices. With this we intend to improve decision support at plant level and allow operations human intervention independent
Resumo:
This work proposes the specification of a new function block according to Foundation Fieldbus standards. The new block implements an artificial neural network, which may be useful in process control applications. The specification includes the definition of a main algorithm, that implements a neural network, as well as the description of some accessory functions, which provide safety characteristics to the block operation. Besides, it also describes the block attributes emphasizing its parameters, which constitute the block interfaces. Some experimental results, obtained from an artificial neural network implementation using actual standard functional blocks on a laboratorial FF network, are also shown, in order to demonstrate the possibility and also the convenience of integrating a neural network to Fieldbus devices
Resumo:
In recent years, the radio frequency identification technology (RFID) has gained great interest both industrial communities as scientific communities. Its ability to locate and monitor objects, animals and persons with active or passive tags allows easy development, with good cost-benefice and still presents undeniable benefits in applications ranging from logistics to healthcare, robotics, security, among others. Within this aspect what else comes excelling are RFID tags and the antennas used in RFID readers. Most tags have antennas omnidirectional and are usually manufactured as dipoles modified printed. The primary purpose of a project of antenna for tag is to achieve the required input impedance to perform a good marriage impedance with the load impedance of the chip. Already the objective principal in project of antennas for readers is to achieve reduced sizes and structures with good data transmission capacity. This work brings the numerical characterization of antennas for RFID applications, being these divided into tags RFID and antennas for RFID readers. Three tags RFID and two antennas for RFID readers, found in literature, are analyzed. The analysis of these structures is made using the Method of Waves - WCIP. Initial results found in the literature are compared with those obtained through simulations in WCIP with objective to show that the Method of Waves is able to analyze such structures. To illustrate the results obtained in simulations is presented the behavior of electric and magnetic fields. It also performed a literature review on the characteristics and principles of RFID technology. Suggestions for continuity to this work are presented
Resumo:
Industrial automation networks is in focus and is gradually replacing older architectures of systems used in automation world. Among existing automation networks, most prominent standard is the Foundation Fieldbus (FF). This particular standard was chosen for the development of this work thanks to its complete application layer specification and its user interface, organized as function blocks and that allows interoperability among different vendors' devices. Nowadays, one of most seeked solutions on industrial automation are the indirect measurements, that consist in infering a value from measures of other sensors. This can be made through implementation of the so-called software sensors. One of the most used tools in this project and in sensor implementation are artificial neural networks. The absence of a standard solution to implement neural networks in FF environment makes impossible the development of a field-indirect-measurement project, besides other projects involving neural networks, unless a closed proprietary solution is used, which dos not guarantee interoperability among network devices, specially if those are from different vendors. In order to keep the interoperability, this work's goal is develop a solution that implements artificial neural networks in Foundation Fieldbus industrial network environment, based on standard function blocks. Along the work, some results of the solution's implementation are also presented
Resumo:
Operating industrial processes is becoming more complex each day, and one of the factors that contribute to this growth in complexity is the integration of new technologies and smart solutions employed in the industry, such as the decision support systems. In this regard, this dissertation aims to develop a decision support system based on an computational tool called expert system. The main goal is to turn operation more reliable and secure while maximizing the amount of relevant information to each situation by using an expert system based on rules designed for a particular area of expertise. For the modeling of such rules has been proposed a high-level environment, which allows the creation and manipulation of rules in an easier way through visual programming. Despite its wide range of possible applications, this dissertation focuses only in the context of real-time filtering of alarms during the operation, properly validated in a case study based on a real scenario occurred in an industrial plant of an oil and gas refinery
Resumo:
The control of industrial processes has become increasingly complex due to variety of factory devices, quality requirement and market competition. Such complexity requires a large amount of data to be treated by the three levels of process control: field devices, control systems and management softwares. To use data effectively in each one of these levels is extremely important to industry. Many of today s industrial computer systems consist of distributed software systems written in a wide variety of programming languages and developed for specific platforms, so, even more companies apply a significant investment to maintain or even re-write their systems for different platforms. Furthermore, it is rare that a software system works in complete isolation. In industrial automation is common that, software had to interact with other systems on different machines and even written in different languages. Thus, interoperability is not just a long-term challenge, but also a current context requirement of industrial software production. This work aims to propose a middleware solution for communication over web service and presents an user case applying the solution developed to an integrated system for industrial data capture , allowing such data to be available simplified and platformindependent across the network
Resumo:
Desenvolveu-se um método rápido para extração de DNA de bactérias, que ao contrário de outros métodos, não requer o uso de enzimas, como lisozima e proteinase K, previamente, utilizado-se o carbonato de silício (carborundum) como agente físico para efetuar a quebrar da parede celular da bactéria. Com este método conseguiu-se extrair DNA bacteriano num menor tempo, além de mais rápido, ele mostrou-se mais simples e econômico, quando comparado aos métodos convencionais. O DNA obtido pode ser utilizado para diversas finalidades relacionadas ao DNA de bactérias, obtendo-se uma quantidade razoável de DNA, que varia de 725 µg/mL a 1170 µg/mL por cada 0,1 g de célula bacteriana, com ótima qualidade.