Fundamental considerations of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes in human heart failure

beta-Adrenoceptor antagonists have revolutionized the management of heart failure in humans. However, fundamental questions remain concerning their use. Currently, there is considerable debate about the role of beta(2)-adrenoceptors in heart failure and whether incremental clinical benefit can be obtained by blockade of beta(2)-adrenoceptors in addition to beta(1)-adrenoceptors. Polymorphic forms of beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenoceptors exist, which might contribute to the variable clinical outcomes that are observed with P-adrenoceptor antagonists. There is evidence for a low-affinity state of beta(1)-adrenoceptors and ventricular beta(3)-adrenoceptors, and these are discussed in the context of heart failure. Finally, there is seemingly paradoxical evidence that restoration and normalization of the beta-adrenoceptor system is beneficial in animal models of heart failure. We reconcile this view with the current clinical use and proven benefit of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists.

Activation of calcineurin in human failing heart ventricle by endothelin-1, angiotensin II and urotensin II

1 The calcineurin (CaN) enzyme-transcriptional pathway is critically involved in hypertrophy of heart muscle in some animal models. Currently there is no information concerning the regulation of CaN activation by endogenous agonists in human heart. 2 Human right ventricular trabeculae from explanted human ( 14 male/2 female) failing hearts were set up in a tissue bath and electrically paced at 1Hz and incubated with or without 100 nM endothelin-1 (ET-1), 10 mu M, angiotensin-II (Ang II) or 20 nM human urotensin-II (hUII) for 30 min. Tissues from four patients were incubated with 200 nM tacrolimus (FK506) for 30 min and then incubated in the presence or absence of ET-1 for a further 30 min. 3 ET-1 increased contractile force in all 13 patients (P < 0.001). Ang II and hUII increased contractile force in three out of eight and four out of 10 patients but overall nonsignificantly (P > 0.1). FK506 had no effect on contractile force (P = 0.12). 4 ET-1, Ang II and hUII increased calcineurin activity by 32, 71 and 15%, respectively, while FK506 reduced activity by 34%. ET-1 in the presence of FK506 did not restore calcineurin activity (P = 0.1). 5 There was no relationship between basal CaN activity and expression levels in the right ventricle. Increased levels of free phosphate were detected in ventricular homogenates that were incubated with PKC epsilon compared to samples incubated without PKCe. 6 Endogenous cardiostimulants which activate G alpha q-coupled receptors increase the activity of calcineurin in human heart following acute (30 min) exposure. PKC may contribute to this effect by increasing levels of phosphorylated calcineurin substrate.

The orphan nuclear receptor, NOR-1, is a target of beta-adrenergic signaling in skeletal muscle

beta-Adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) agonists induce Nur77 mRNA expression in the C2C12 skeletal muscle cell culture model and elicit skeletal muscle hypertrophy. We previously demonstrated that Nur77 (NR4A1) is involved in lipolysis and gene expression associated with the regulation of lipid homeostasis. Subsequently it was demonstrated by another group that beta-AR agonists and cold exposure-induced Nur77 expression in brown adipocytes and brown adipose tissue, respectively. Moreover, NOR-1 (NR4A3) was hyperinduced by cold exposure in the nur77(-/-) animal model. These studies underscored the importance of understanding the role of NOR-1 in skeletal muscle. In this context we observed 30-480 min of beta-AR agonist treatment significantly and transiently increased expression of the orphan nuclear receptor NOR-1 in both mouse skeletal muscle tissue (plantaris) and C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Specific beta(2)-and beta(3)-AR agonists had similar effects as the pan-agonist and were blocked by the beta-AR antagonist propranolol. Moreover, in agreement with these observations, isoprenaline also significantly increased the activity of the NOR-1 promoter. Stable exogenous expression of a NOR-1 small interfering RNA (but not the negative control small interfering RNA) in skeletal muscle cells significantly repressed endogenous NOR-1 mRNA expression and led to changes in the expression of genes involved in the control of lipid use and muscle mass underscored by a dramatic increase in myostatin mRNA expression. Concordantly the myostatin promoter was repressed by NOR-1 expression. In conclusion, NOR-1 is highly responsive to beta-adrenergic signaling and regulates the expression of genes controlling fatty acid use and muscle mass.

VIP and PACAP potentiation of nicotinic ACh-evoked currents in rat parasympathetic neurons is mediated by G-protein activation

The effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP27 and PACAP38) on isolated parasympathetic neurons of rat intracardiac and submandibular ganglia were examined under voltage clamp using whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques. VIP and PACAP (less than or equal to 10 nm) selectively and reversibly increased the affinity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels (nAChRs) for their agonists resulting in a potentiation of acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked whole-cell currents at low agonist concentrations. VIP-induced potentiation was observed with either ACh or nicotine as the cholinergic agonist. The VIP- but not the PACAP-induced potentiation of ACh-evoked currents was inhibited by [Ac-Tyr(1), D-Phe(2)]-GRF 1-29, amide (100 nm), a selective antagonist of VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) receptors; whereas the PACAP38- but not the VIP-induced potentiation was inhibited by 100 nm PACAP6-38, a PAC(1) and VPAC(2) receptor antagonist. The signal transduction pathway mediating VIP- and PACAP-induced potentiation of nicotinic ACh-evoked currents involves a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G-protein. Intracellular application of 200 mu m GTP gamma S or GDP beta S inhibited VIP-induced potentiation of ACh-evoked whole-cell currents. GTP gamma S alone potentiated ACh- and nicotine-evoked currents and the magnitude of these currents was not further increased by VIP or PACAP. The G-protein subtype modulating the neuronal nAChRs was examined by intracellular dialysis with antibodies directed against alpha(o), alpha(i-1,2), alpha(i-3) or beta G-protein subunits. Only the anti-G alpha(o) and anti-G beta antibodies significantly inhibited the effect of VIP and PACAP on ACh-evoked currents. The potentiation of ACh-evoked currents by VIP and PACAP may be mediated by a membrane-delimited signal transduction cascade involving the PTX-sensitive G(o) protein.

Antidiabetic properties of zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein in ob/ob mice

Zinc-alpha(2)-glycoprotein (ZAG) is an adipokine associated with fat loss in cancer cachexia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of recombinant human ZAG to attenuate type 2 diabetes in the ob/ob mouse model. ZAG (50 microg daily, iv) induced a progressive loss of body weight (3.5 g in 5 d), without an effect on food or water intake but with a 0.4 C rise in body temperature, suggesting an increased energy expenditure. Despite an increased plasma glycerol, indicative of increased lipolysis, levels of glucose, triglycerides, and nonesterified fatty acids were decreased by 17, 25, and 62%, respectively, due to an increased use of both glucose and lipids by muscle and brown adipose tissue. The weight of the latter increased 2-fold, and there was increased expression of uncoupling proteins-1 and -3. Plasma insulin levels were reduced by 36%, whereas pancreatic insulin was increased 4-fold, and there was a 53% decrease in the total area under the glucose curve in the glucose tolerance test and reduced insulin requirement. There was an increase in skeletal muscle mass due to an increase in protein synthesis and a decrease in protein degradation. These results suggest that ZAG may potentially be effective in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Budowa, asymetria i dymorfizm płciowy stawu ramiennego w populacji średniowiecznej i współczesnej

Wydział Biologii: Instytut Antropologii

Synthèses et propriétés thermiques et photophysiques de nouveaux polymères de coordination à base de CuX (X = Cl, Br, I) et de ligands mono- ou dithioéthers

La recherche sur la conception de nouveaux matériaux, dits intelligents, est en constant progrès depuis plus de 30 ans. Historiquement, les premiers matériaux utilisés et transformés par l’homme étaient le bois, les minéraux et ses dérivés (pierre, métaux, etc.). C’est à la fin du 19e siècle que la synthèse des polymères organiques et inorganiques ainsi que leurs utilisations se développèrent. Ce progrès continue de nos jours. Ainsi, c’est dans cette direction que cette thèse fut rédigée, l’étude de polymères de coordination basés sur le cuivre(I). Elle s’orchestra en six principales sections de recherche. La première section, i.e. le chapitre 2 traite de la coordination de différents ligands monothioéthers sur du CuX (X = I, Br) pour former plusieurs types de polymères de coordination (CPs). Ainsi, le CP 1D [(Me[indice inférieur 2]S)[indice inférieur 3]{Cu[indice inférieur 2]([mu]-I)[indice inférieur 2}][indice inférieur n] est obtenu quand CuI et Sme[indice inférieur 2] réagissent ensemble dans le n-heptane, alors qu’ils entrainent la formation du CP 2D [(Me[indice inférieur 2]S) [indice inférieur 3] {Cu[indice inférieur 4]([mu]-I) [indice inférieur 4]}] [indice inférieur n] dans le MeCN. Ce dernier contient des unités de construction secondaire (SBU ; Secondary Building Units en anglais) en forme de cluster Cu[indice inférieur 4]I[indice inférieur 4] « cubane partiellement ouvert ». En faisant réagir le MeSEt avec du CuI, le CP 2D [(MeSEt) [indice inférieur 2]{Cu[indice inférieur 4] ([mu][indice inférieur 3]-I) [indice inférieur 2] ([mu][indice inférieur 2]-I) [indice inférieur 2]}(MeCN) [indice inférieur 2]] [indice inférieur n] contenant des SBUs de type Cu[indice inférieur 4]I[indice inférieur 4] « cubanes en escalier » a été isolé dans MeCN, alors qu’ils entrainent l’obtention du polymère 1D [(MeSEt) [indice inférieur 3]{Cu[indice inférieur 4] ([mu][indice inférieur 3]-I) [indice inférieur 4]}] [indice inférieur n] dans le n-heptane contenant quant à lui des clusters de types Cu[indice inférieur 4]I[indice inférieur 4] « cubanes fermés ». Alors que le traitement de MeSPr avec du CuI forme le CP 1D [(MeSPr) [indice inférieur 3]{Cu[indice inférieur 4] ([mu][indice inférieur 3]-I) [indice inférieur 4]}] [indice inférieur n], les composés [(L) [indice inférieur 4]{Cu[indice inférieur 4] ([mu][indice inférieur 3]-I) [indice inférieur 4]}] (L = EtSPr, Pr[indice inférieur 2]S) sont respectivement obtenus avec le EtSPr et le Pr[indice inférieur 2]S. À partir du [indice supérieur i]Pr[indice inférieur 2]S et de CuI, le cluster [([indice supérieur i]Pr[indice inférieur 2]S) [indice inférieur 6]{Cu[indice inférieur 8] ([mu][indice inférieur 3]-I) [indice inférieur 3]}([mu][indice inférieur 4]-I) [indice inférieur 2]}] est obtenu alors que l’on forme un CP 2D [(Cu[indice inférieur 3]Br[indice inférieur 3])(MeSEt) [indice inférieur 3]] [indice inférieur n] à partir de CuBr et MeSEt dans l’heptane. Ce dernier incorpore à la fois des Cu([mu][indice inférieur 2]-Br) [indice inférieur 2]Cu rhomboédriques et des SBUs de type Cu[indice inférieur 4]Br[indice inférieur 4] « cubanes ouverts ». Le MeSPr forme, quant à lui avec le CuBr dans l’heptane, le CP 1D [(Cu[indice inférieur 3]Br[indice inférieur 3])(MeSPr) [indice inférieur 3]] [indice inférieur n] qui, après recristallisation dans le MeCN, est converti en un CP 2D [(Cu[indice inférieur 5]Br[indice inférieur 5])([mu][indice inférieur 2]-MeSPr) [indice inférieur 3]] [indice inférieur n] incorporant des SBUs [(Cu[indice inférieur 5] ([mu][indice inférieur 4]-Br)([mu][indice inférieur 2]-Br)]. Les propriétés de stabilités thermiques et photophysiques de ces matériaux ont aussi été reportées.   Dans la section 2, i.e. au chapitre 3, les réactions entre des ligands dithioétherbutanes (1,4-bis(phénylthio)butane et 1,4-bis(cyclohexylthio)butane) avec CuX (X = Br, I) ont été étudiées. En faisant réagir les CuX avec le 1,4-bis(cyclohexylthio)butane, dans le ratio (1:1), les CPs 1D, peu luminescents, isostructuraux [(Cu[indice inférieur 2]X[indice inférieur 2])([mu]-CyS(CH[indice inférieur 2]) [indice inférieur 4])SCy) [indice inférieur 2]] [indice inférieur n] (X = Br, I) sont obtenus. Inversement, quand CuI réagit avec 1,4-bis(phénylthio)butane, dans le ratio (2:1), il se forme le préalablement reporté CP 2D [(Cu[indice inférieur 4]I[indice inférieur 4])([mu]- PhS(CH[indice inférieur 2]) [indice inférieur 4])SPh) [indice inférieur 2]] [indice inférieur n], alors qu’avec le CyS(CH[indice inférieur 2]) [indice inférieur 4])SCy, un nouveau composé luminescent est obtenu, mais sa structure n’a pas pu être résolue.(1) Les caractérisations habituelles en photophysique et en stabilité thermique ont été menées sur ces matériaux. Dans la troisième section, i.e. dans le chapitre 4, les réactions de coordination de CuX (Br, I) sur les ligands dithioétherbutènes E- et Z-PhS(CH[indice inférieur 2]CH=CHCH[indice inférieur 2])SPh, E- et Z-pTolS(CH[indice inférieur 2]CH=CHCH[indice inférieur 2])S-pTol ont été comparées. Quand les sels CuX réagissent avec E-PhS(CH[indice inférieur 2]CH=CHCH[indice inférieur 2])SPh les CP 2D [Cu[indice inférieur 2]X[indice inférieur 2]{[mu]-E-PhS(CH[indice inférieur 2]CH=CHCH[indice inférieur 2])SPh}[indice inférieur 2]] [indice inférieur n] (X = I, Br), composés isostructuraux, sont obtenus. Incorporant une structure sans-précédente, ces réseaux sont formés à partir de couches 2D en alternance ABAB, contenants des SBUs Cu[indice inférieur 2] ([mu][indice inférieur 2]-X) [indice inférieur 2] rhomboédriques. Inversement, quand l’isomère Z-PhS(CH[indice inférieur 2]CH=CHCH[indice inférieur 2])SPh réagit avec des sels de CuX, deux structures différentes sont obtenues : le CP 2D [Cu[indice inférieur 4] ([mu][indice inférieur 3]-I) [indice inférieur 4] ([mu]-Z-PhS(CH[indice inférieur 2]CH=CHCH[indice inférieur 2])SPh}[indice inférieur 2]] [indice inférieur n] contenant des SBUs de type « cubane fermé » et le complexe 0D [Cu[indice inférieur 2]Br[indice inférieur 2]{[mu]-Z-PhS(CH[indice inférieur 2]CH=CHCH[indice inférieur 2])SPh}[indice inférieur 2]]. De par la réaction de E-pTolS(CH[indice inférieur 2]CH=CHCH[indice inférieur 2])S-pTol avec CuI, le CP 2D [{Cu([mu][indice inférieur 3]-I)} [indice inférieur 2] ([mu]-E-pTolS(CH[indice inférieur 2]CH=CHCH[indice inférieur 2])S-pTol)]n contenant des rubans parallèles en escalier est obtenu, alors que la structure issue de CuBr n’a pas pu être résolue. Finalement, quand CuX réagit avec Z-pTolS(CH[indice inférieur 2]CH=CHCH[indice inférieur 2])S-pTol, les CPs 2D iso-structuraux [Cu[indice inférieur 2]X[indice inférieur 2]{[mu]-Z-pTolS(CH[indice inférieur 2]CH=CHCH[indice inférieur 2])S-pTol}[indice inférieur 2]] (X = I, Br) sont formés. Dans ce cas, contrairement, aux premières structures obtenues, les couches de ces CPs sont composées de grilles incorporant des SBUs rhomboédriques Cu[indice inférieur 2] ([mu][indice inférieur 2]-X) [indice inférieur 2] dont les distances Cu···Cu sont identiques d’une couche à l’autre. Les caractérisations habituelles en photophysique et en stabilités thermiques ont été menées sur ces matériaux. De plus, des calculs théoriques ont été réalisés afin de mieux comprendre les propriétés photophysiques de ces composés. La quatrième section, i.e. le chapitre 5, traite des réactions de CuX (Br, I, Cl) sur des ligands dithioétherbutynes (1,4-bis(pTolthio)but-2-yne et 1,4-bis(benzylthio)but-2-yne. Quand CuBr réagit avec 1,4-bis(pTolthio)but-2-yne, le CP 1D [{Cu([mu][indice inférieur 2]-Br) [indice inférieur 2]Cu}([mu]-pTolSCH[indice inférieur 2]C≡CCH[indice inférieur 2]S-pTol) [indice inférieur 2]] [indice inférieur n] est obtenu, alors que le CP 2D [{Cu[indice inférieur 4] ([mu][indice inférieur 3]-I) [indice inférieur 4]}([mu]-pTolSCH[indice inférieur 2]C≡CCH[indice inférieur 2]S-pTol) [indice inférieur 2]] [indice inférieur n], préalablement reporté, est formé.(2) La réaction des sels CuI et CuCl avec 1,4-bis(benzylthio)but-2-yne engendre la formation de complexes isomorphes 0D [{Cu([mu][indice inférieur 2]-X) [indice inférieur 2]Cu}([mu]-PhCH[indice inférieur 2]SCH[indice inférieur 2]C≡CCH[indice inférieur 2]SCH[indice inférieur 2]Ph) [indice inférieur 2]] (X = I, Br). Contrairement à l’utilisation de CuCl, qui avec PhCH[indice inférieur 2]SCH[indice inférieur 2]C≡CCH[indice inférieur 2]SCH[indice inférieur 2]Ph forme le CP 2D [{Cu[indice inférieur 2] ([mu][indice inférieur 2]-Cl)([mu] [indice inférieur 3]-Cl)}([mu]-PhCH[indice inférieur 2]SCH[indice inférieur 2]C≡CCH[indice inférieur 2]SCH[indice inférieur 2]Ph)] [indice inférieur n]. Notons que ce CP présente des propriétés de photophysique peu communes pour un dérivé chloré, car il émet de la lumière autour de 600 nm. La cinquième section, i.e. le chapitre 6, traite des réactions de CuI avec PhS(CH[indice inférieur 2]) [indice inférieur 8]SPh et pTolS(CH[indice inférieur 2]) [indice inférieur 8]S-pTol qui génèrent respectivement les CPs luminescents 1D [Cu[indice inférieur 4]I[indice inférieur 4]{[mu][indice inférieur 2]-PhS(CH[indice inférieur 2]) [indice inférieur 8]SPh}[indice inférieur 2]] [indice inférieur n] et 2D [Cu8I8{[mu]2-pTolS(CH2)8S-pTol}3(MeCN)2]n. Le CP 2D [Cu8I8{[mu]2-pTolS(CH2)8S-pTol}3 (MeCN)2]n présente un réseau qui n’avait jamais été rencontré dans la littérature auparavant, c.-à-d., des couches de polymère construites à partir de deux cubanes fermés pontés ensemble par un rhomboèdre comme SBUs. Leurs propriétés physiques et de stabilités thermiques ont été étudiées et présentent quelques différences notables. La sixième section, i.e. le chapitre 7, traite des réactions entre CuI avec le ligand flexible pTolS(CH[indice inférieur 2]) [indice inférieur 8]S-pTol dans le MeCN ou EtCN et p-[indice supérieur t]BuC[indice inférieur 6]H[indice inférieur 4]S(CH[indice inférieur 2]) [indice inférieur 8]SC[indice inférieur 6]H[indice inférieur 4]-p-[indice supérieur t]Bu L2 dans EtCN. Les synthèses issues de pTolS(CH[indice inférieur 2]) [indice inférieur 8]S-pTol permettent l’obtention de CPs 2D [Cu[indice inférieur 8]I[indice inférieur 8]{pTolS(CH[indice inférieur 2]) [indice inférieur 8]S-pTol}[indice inférieur 3] (solvant) [indice inférieur 2]] [indice inférieur n] (1•MeCN et 1•EtCN) contenant des nœuds de connexion de type Cu[indice inférieur 8]I[indice inférieur 8]. Par opposition, l’utilisation du ligand p-[indice supérieur t]BuC[indice inférieur 6]H[indice inférieur 4]S(CH[indice inférieur 2]) [indice inférieur 8]SC[indice inférieur 6]H[indice inférieur 4]-p-[indice supérieur t]Bu dans EtCN entraine la formation d’un CP 1D [Cu[indice inférieur 4]I[indice inférieur 4]{p-[indice supérieur t]BuC[indice inférieur 6]H[indice inférieur 4]S(CH[indice inférieur 2]) [indice inférieur 8]SC[indice inférieur 6]H[indice inférieur 4]-p-[indice supérieur t]Bu}[indice inférieur 2] (EtCN) [indice inférieur 2]] [indice inférieur n] incorporant les SBUs de type cubane fermé. Les CPs 2D 1•MeCN et 1•EtCN, contrairement à 2•EtCN, présentent l’habilité de pouvoir perdre le solvant initialement incorporé dans leur structure sous vide et de le readsorber ou d’adsorber un autre solvant, chose qui peut être suivie à l’aide de la variation de la luminescence, la stabilité thermique, ou encore par diffraction des rayons X sur poudre. La septième section, i.e. le chapitre 8 traite des réactions, une fois encore, entre un ligand dithioéther, contenant un pont flexible butane (EtS(CH[indice inférieur 2]) [indice inférieur 4]SEt) et les sels CuX (X = I, Br). Dans ce cas, il se forme avec le CuI un CP luminescent 2D [Cu[indice inférieur 4]I[indice inférieur 4]{[mu]-EtS(CH[indice inférieur 2]) [indice inférieur 4]SEt}[indice inférieur 2]] [indice inférieur n], alors qu’il génère avec CuBr, le CP 3D [(Cu[indice inférieur 2]Br[indice inférieur 2]){[mu]-EtS(CH[indice inférieur 2]) [indice inférieur 4]SEt}][indice inférieur n] faiblement luminescent, construit sur des couches en parallèle pontées par les soufres doublement n-donneurs. Il est intéressant de remarquer qu’une migration de l’énergie d’excitation se produit dans le CP 3D (dérivé bromé) contrairement au CP 2D (dérivé iodé) sous excitation de haute intensité. Très peu d’exemples présentent ce type de processus parmi tous les CPs ( < 10). Pour conclure, les réactions entre les sels CuX (X = Cl, Br, I) avec des ligands thioéthers de types différents (mono-, di-thio, rigide ou flexible) peuvent offrir des matériaux de structures variables (CP 0D, 1D, 2D, 3D avec et sans cavités) présentant leurs propres spécificités (luminescence, stabilité thermique, adsorption de gaz, solvatochromisme, etc.). Le résultat le plus important à noter, en comparaison avec la littérature est, qu’il est très difficile, voire impossible, de pouvoir prédire la dimensionnalité, la structure et les propriétés dont résultera la coordination des ligands thioéthers sur des sels de CuX (X = Cl, Br, I). Par conséquent, de nombreuses combinaisons et études restent encore à être menées pour mieux comprendre ces matériaux et trouver la, ou les meilleures combinaisons possibles pour concevoir des MOFs luminescents à partir de CuX.

The role of indomethacin and tezosentan on renal effects induced by Bothrops moojeni Lys49 myotoxin I

Renal changes determined by Lys49 myotoxin I (BmTx I), isolated from Bothrops moojeni are well known. The scope of the present study was to investigate the possible mechanisms involved in the production of these effects by using indomethacin (10 mu g/mL), a non-selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, and tezosentan (10 mu g/mL), an endothelin antagonist. By means of the method of mesenteric vascular bed, it has been observed that B. moojeni myotoxin (5 mu g/mL) affects neither basal perfusion pressure nor phenylephrine-preconstricted vessels. This fact suggests that the increase in renal perfusion pressure and in renal vascular resistance did not occur by a direct effect on renal vasculature. Isolated kidneys from Wistar rats, weighing 240-280 g, were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution. The infusion of BmTx-I increased perfusion pressure, renal vascular resistance, urinary flow and glomerular filtration rate. Sodium, potassium and chloride tubular transport was reduced after addition of BmTx-I. Indomethacin blocked the effects induced by BmTx-I on perfusion pressure and renal vascular resistance, however, it did not revert the effect on urinary flow and sodium, potassium and chloride tubular transport. The alterations of glomerular filtration rate were inhibited only at 90 min of perfusion. The partial blockade exerted by indomethacin treatment showed that prostaglandins could have been important mediators of BmTx-I renal effects, but the participation of other substances cannot be excluded.The blockage of all renal alterations observed after tezosentan treatment support the hypothesis that endothelin is the major substance involved in the renal pathophysiologic alterations promoted by the Lys49 PLA(2) myotoxin I, isolated from B. moojeni. In conclusion, the rather intense renal effects promoted by B. moojeni myotoxin-I were probably caused by the release of renal endothelin, interfering with the renal parameters studied. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Research Smad2 and Smad6 as predictors of overall survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients

Background: To test if the expression of Smad1-8 mRNAs were predictive of survival in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Patients and Methods: We analyzed, prospectively, the expression of Smad1-8, by means of Ribonuclease Protection Assay in 48 primary, operable, oral SCC. In addition, 21 larynx, 10 oropharynx and 4 hypopharynx SCC and 65 matched adjacent mucosa, available for study, were also included. For survival analysis, patients were categorized as positive or negative for each Smad, according to median mRNA expression. We also performed real-time quantitative PCR (QRTPCR) to asses the pattern of TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2, TGF beta 3 in oral SCC. Results: Our results showed that Smad2 and Smad6 mRNA expression were both associated with survival in Oral SCC patients. Cox Multivariate analysis revealed that Smad6 positivity and Smad2 negativity were both predictive of good prognosis for oral SCC patients, independent of lymph nodal status (P = 0.003 and P = 0.029, respectively). In addition, simultaneously Smad2(-) and Smad6(+) oral SCC group of patients did not reach median overall survival (mOS) whereas the mOS of Smad2(+)/Smad6(-) subgroup was 11.6 months (P = 0.004, univariate analysis). Regarding to TGF beta isoforms, we found that Smad2 mRNA and TGF beta 1 mRNA were inversely correlated (p = 0.05, R = -0.33), and that seven of the eight TGF beta 1(+) patients were Smad2(-). In larynx SCC, Smad7(-) patients did not reach mOS whereas mOS of Smad7(+) patients were only 7.0 months (P = 0.04). No other correlations were found among Smad expression, clinico-pathological characteristics and survival in oral, larynx, hypopharynx, oropharynx or the entire head and neck SCC population. Conclusion: Smad6 together with Smad2 may be prognostic factors, independent of nodal status in oral SCC after curative resection. The underlying mechanism which involves aberrant TGF beta signaling should be better clarified in the future.

Luminescent and thermo-optical properties of Nd(3+)-doped yttrium aluminoborate laser glasses

In this work we performed a thorough spectroscopic and thermo-optical investigation of yttrium aluminoborate glasses doped with neodymium ions. A set of samples, prepared by the conventional melt-quenching technique and with Nd(2)O(3) concentrations varying from 0.1 to 0.75 mol %, were characterized by ground state absorption, photoluminescence, excited state lifetime measurements, and thermal lens technique. For the neodymium emission at 1064 nm ((4)F(3/2) -> (4)I(11/2) transition), no significant luminescence concentration quenching was observed and the experimental lifetime values ranged around 70 mu s. The obtained values of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of approximately 10.3 x 10(-3) W / cm K and 4.0 x 10(-3) cm(2) / s, respectively, are comparable to those of commercial laser glasses. Moreover, the fluorescence quantum efficiency of the glasses, calculated using the Judd-Ofelt formalism and luminescence decay, lies in the range from 0.28 to 0.32, larger than the typical values obtained for Nd(3+) doped YAl(3)(BO(3))(4) crystals. (c) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3176503]

A monohydrate pseudopolymorph of 3,4-dihydroxybenzophenone and the role of water in the crystal assembly of benzophenones

During a polymorphism screening of hydroxybenzophenone derivatives, a monohydrate pseudopolymorph of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)(phenyl)methanone, C(13)H(10)O(3)center dot H(2)O, (I), was obtained. Structural relationships and the role of water in crystal assembly were established on the basis of the known anhydrous form [Cox, Kechagias & Kelly (2008). Acta Cryst. B64, 206-216]. The crystal packing of (I) is stabilized by classical intermolecular O-H...O hydrogen bonds, generating a three-dimensional network.

Double disruption of alpha(2A)- and alpha(2C)-adrenoceptors results in sympathetic hyperactivity and high-bone-mass phenotype

Evidence demonstrates that sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation causes osteopenia via beta(2)-adrenoceptor (beta(2)-AR) signaling. Here we show that female mice with chronic sympathetic hyperactivity owing to double knockout of adrenoceptors that negatively regulate norepinephrine release, alpha(2A)-AR and alpha(2C)-AR(alpha(2A)/alpha(2C)-ARKO), present an unexpected and generalized phenotype of high bone mass with decreased bone resorption and increased formation. In alpha(2A)/alpha(2C)-ARKO versus wild-type (WT) mice, micro-computed tomographic (mu CT) analysis showed increased, better connected, and more plate-shaped trabeculae in the femur and vertebra and increased cortical thickness in the vertebra, whereas biomechanical analysis showed increased tibial and femoral strength. Tibial mRNA expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) and receptor activator of NF-kappa B (RANK), which are osteoclast-related factors, was lower in knockout (KO) mice. Plasma leptin and brain mRNA levels of cocaine amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), which are factors that centrally affect bone turnover, and serum levels of estradiol were similar between mice strains. Tibial beta(2)-AR mRNA expression also was similar in KO and WT littermates, whereas alpha(2A)-, alpha(2B)- and alpha(2C)-AR mRNAs were detected in the tibia of WT mice and in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. By immunohistochemistry, we detected alpha(2A)-, alpha(2B)-, alpha(2C)- and beta(2)-ARs in osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes of 18.5-day-old mouse fetuses and 35-day-old mice. Finally, we showed that isolated osteoclasts in culture are responsive to the selective alpha(2)-AR agonist clonidine and to the nonspecific alpha-AR antagonist phentolamine. These findings suggest that beta(2)-AR is not the single adrenoceptor involved in bone turnover regulation and show that alpha(2)-AR signaling also may mediate the SNS actions in the skeleton. (c) 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Slip ratio in dispersed viscous oil-water pipe flow

In this article, dispersed flow of viscous oil and water is investigated. The experimental work was performed in a 26.2-mm-i.d. 12-m-long horizontal glass pipe using water and oil (viscosity of 100 mPa s and density of 860 kg/m(3)) as test fluids. High-speed video recording and a new wire-mesh sensor based on capacitance (permittivity) measurements were used to characterize the flow. Furthermore, holdup data were obtained using quick-closing-valves technique (QCV). An interesting finding was the oil-water slip ratio greater than one for dispersed flow at high Reynolds number. Chordal phase fraction distribution diagrams and images of the holdup distribution over the pipe cross-section obtained via wire-mesh sensor indicated a significant amount of water near to the pipe wall for the three different dispersed flow patterns identified in this study: oil-in-water homogeneous dispersion (o/w H), oil-in-water non-homogeneous dispersion (o/w NH) and Dual continuous (Do/w & Dw/o). The phase slip might be explained by the existence of a water film surrounding the homogeneous mixture of oil-in-water in a hidrofilic-oilfobic pipe. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Interaction Between Polar Components and the Degree of Unsaturation of Fatty Acids on the Oxidative Stability of Emulsions

Minor components (polar components) and the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids are the main factors responsible for the oxidative stability of bulk oils and emulsions. The isolated effects of these two factors and their interaction were evaluated in oil-in-water emulsions stored at 32 A degrees C. Samples of coconut, olive, soybean, linseed and fish oils, both full and stripped of their polar components, were used to prepare the emulsions (1% w/w). The maximum concentration of hydroperoxide (LOOH(max)) and the rate of formation of hydroperoxides (mu mol L(-1) h(-1)) were used to measure the primary products. Hexanal, propanal and malondialdehyde were used to determine the secondary products of the oxidized emulsions containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. LOOH(max) varied from 0.16 to 12.75 mmol/kg among the samples. The interaction between the polar components and the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids was significant (p < 0.001) when the hydroperoxides were evaluated. In general, the degree of unsaturation (beta(1)) and the absence of polar components (beta(2)), respectively, represented 30 and 20% of the contribution to increase the mean oxidation, with the interaction (beta(12)) contribution being more sensitive to the rate of formation of hydroperoxides (16%) than to the LOOH(max) (5%). The significance of this interaction suggests that both strategies present synergism and should be applied to improve the oxidative stability of food emulsions.