999 resultados para Atlantic rainforest Northeastern Brazil
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Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP)
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Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP)
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Reintroduction can be enhanced by data from long-term post-release monitoring, which allows for modeling opportunities such as population viability analysis (PVA). PVA-relevant data were gathered via long-term monitoring of reintroduced red-billed curassows at the Guapiacu Ecological Reserve (REGUA), located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, over 25 months. In the present article, we (1) assess the robustness of the reintroduction plan, (2) evaluate the viability of the current reintroduced population, and (3) examine mitigation options to increase the viability of this population. VORTEX indicates that the initial plan, fully implemented, was likely to establish a viable population at REGUA. The current population is unviable; the best mitigation strategies are to eliminate hunting altogether, or at least reduce it by half, and to supplement ten immature pairs in 2015. A positive long-term outcome at REGUA is still possible; we encourage the Brazilian government and private stakeholders to consider population supplementation, both to achieve success at REGUA and to improve the evidence base for future reintroductions. (C) 2014 Associacao Brasileira de Ciencia Ecologica e Conservacao. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.
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Fundao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e Tecnolgico (CNPq)
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The nests of Myrmelachista are found in tree trunk cavities and branches. The biology of these arboreal ants is still relatively unknown. We investigated the nesting behaviour of this genus in fallen dry twigs in the Atlantic rainforest of southeastern Brazil. Physical characteristics of the nests, colony demographics, presence of breeders and ant worker sizes were recorded. Samples were collected weekly for 12 months, along open, sunny and undisturbed trails within forest remnants. In all, 202 nests were collected and six species were recorded. Myrmelachista ruszkii had the highest population of immatures and the greatest number of nests found. Myrmelachista nodigera had the smallest workers, was the least populous and the colony was housed in the finest branches. These results expand the current knowledge about the diversity and biology of Myrmelachista in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, and describe polydomic nests and competitive behaviour of M. ruszkii.
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We present the first high resolution, approximately similar to 4 years sample spacing, precipitation record from northeastern Brazil (hereafter referred to as 'Nordeste') covering the last similar to 3000 yrs from Th-230-dated stalagmites oxygen isotope records. Our record shows abrupt fluctuations in rainfall tied to variations in the intensity of the South American summer monsoon (SASM), including the periods corresponding to the Little Ice Age (LIA), the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and an event around 2800 yr B.P. Unlike other monsoon records in southern tropical South America, dry conditions prevailed during the LIA in the Nordeste. Our record suggests that the region is currently undergoing drought conditions that are unprecedented over the past 3 millennia, rivaled only by the LIA period. Using spectral, wavelet and cross-wavelet analyses we show that changes in SASM activity in the region are mainly associated with variations of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and to a lesser degree caused by fluctuations in tropical Pacific SST. Our record also shows a distinct periodicity around 210 years, which has been linked to solar variability. Citation: Novello, V. F., et al. (2012), Multidecadal climate variability in Brazil's Nordeste during the last 3000 years based on speleothem isotope records, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L23706, doi: 10.1029/2012GL053936.
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Este trabalho resume os dados de florstica e fitossociologia de 11, das 14 parcelas de 1 ha, alocadas ao longo do gradiente altitudinal da Serra do Mar, So Paulo, Brasil. As parcelas comeam na cota 10 m (Floresta de Restinga da Praia da Fazenda, municpio de Ubatuba) e esto distribudas at a cota 1100 m (Floresta Ombrfila Densa Montana da Trilha do rio Itamambuca, municpio de So Luis do Paraitinga) abrangendo os Ncleos Picinguaba e Santa Virgnia do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar. Na Restinga o solo Neossolo Quartzarnico francamente arenoso, enquanto que na encosta o solo um Cambisolo Hplico Distrfico argilo-arenoso, sendo que todas as parcelas apresentaram solo cido (pH 3 4) com alta diluio de nutrientes e alta saturao de alumnio. Na Restinga e no sop da encosta o clima Tropical/Subtropical mido (Af/Cfa), sem estao seca, com precipitao mdia anual superior a 2.200 mm e temperatura mdia anual de 22 C. Subindo a encosta mantm-se a mdia de precipitao, mas h um gradativo resfriamento, de forma que a 1.100 m o clima Subtropical mido (Cfa/Cfb), sem estao seca, com temperatura mdia anual de 17 C. Destaca-se ainda que, quase diariamente, a parte superior da encosta, geralmente acima de 400 m, coberta por uma densa neblina. Nas 14 parcelas foram marcados, medidos e amostrados 21.733 indivduos com DAP 4,8 cm, incluindo rvores, palmeiras e fetos arborescentes. O nmero mdio de indivduos amostrados nas 14 parcelas foi de 1.264 ind.ha1 ( 218 EP de 95%). Dentro dos parmetros considerados predominaram as rvores (71% FOD Montana a 90% na Restinga), seguidas de palmeiras (10% na Restinga a 25% na FOD Montana) e fetos arborescentes (0% na Restinga a 4% na FOD Montana). Neste aspecto destaca-se a FOD Terras Baixas Exploradas com apenas 1,8% de palmeiras e surpreendentes 10% de fetos arborescentes. O dossel irregular, com altura variando de 7 a 9 m, raramente as rvores emergentes chegam a 18 m, e a irregularidade do dossel permite a entrada de luz suficiente para o desenvolvimento de centenas de espcies epfitas. Com exceo da FOD Montana, onde o nmero de mortos foi superior a 5% dos indivduos amostrados, nas demais fitofisionomias este valor ficou abaixo de 2,5%. Nas 11 parcelas onde foi realizado o estudo florstico foram encontradas 562 espcies distribudas em 195 gneros e 68 famlias. Apenas sete espcies Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae), Calyptranthes lucida Mart. ex DC. e Marlierea tomentosa Cambess (ambas Myrtaceae), Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz (Nyctaginaceae), Cupania oblongifolia Mart. (Sapindaceae) e as Urticaceae Cecropia glaziovii Snethl. e Coussapoa microcarpa (Schott) Rizzini ocorreram da Floresta de Restinga FOD Montana, enquanto outras 12 espcies s no ocorreram na Floresta de Restinga. As famlias com o maior nmero de espcies so Myrtaceae (133 spp), Fabaceae (47 spp), 125 Fitossociologia em parcelas permanentes de Mata Atlntica http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v12n1/pt/abstract?article+bn01812012012 http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br Biota Neotrop., vol. 12, no. 1 Introduo A Mata Atlntica sensu lato (Joly et al. 1999) a segunda maior floresta tropical do continente americano (Tabarelli et al. 2005). A maior parte dos Sistemas de Classificao da vegetao brasileira reconhece que no Domnio Atlntico (sensu AbSaber 1977) esse bioma pode ser dividido em dois grandes grupos: a Floresta Ombrfila Densa, tpica da regio costeira e das escarpas serranas com alta pluviosidade (Mata Atlntica MA sensu stricto), e a Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, que ocorre no interior, onde a pluviosidade, alm de menor, sazonal. Na regio costeira podem ocorrer tambm Manguezais (Schaeffer-Novelli 2000), ao longo da foz de rios de mdio e grande porte, e as Restingas (Scarano 2009), crescendo sobre a plancie costeira do quaternrio. No topo das montanhas, geralmente acima de 1500 m, esto os Campos de Altitude (Ribeiro & Freitas 2010). Em 2002, a Fundao SOS Mata Atlntica em parceria com o INPE (Instituto..., 2002) realizaram um levantamento que indica que h apenas 7,6% da cobertura original da Mata Atlntica (s.l.). Mais recentemente Ribeiro et al. (2009) refinaram a estimativa incluindo fragmentos menores, que no haviam sido contabilizados, e concluram que resta algo entre 11,4 e 16% da rea original. Mesmo com esta fragmentao, o mosaico da Floresta Atlntica brasileira possui um dos maiores nveis de endemismos do mundo (Myers et al. 2000) e cerca da metade desses remanescentes de grande extenso esto protegidos na forma de Unidades de Conservao (Galindo & Cmara 2005). Entre os dois centros de endemismo reconhecidos para a MA (Fiaschi & Pirani 2009), o bloco das regies sudeste/sul o que conserva elementos da poro sul de Gondwana (Sanmartin & Ronquist 2004), tido como a formao florestal mais antiga do Brasil (Colombo & Joly 2010). Segundo Hirota (2003), parte dos remanescentes de MA est no estado de So Paulo, onde cerca de 80% de sua rea era coberta por florestas (Victor 1977) genericamente enquadradas como Mata Atlntica sensu lato (Joly et al. 1999). Dados de Kronka et al. (2005) mostram que no estado restam apenas 12% de rea de mata e menos do que 5% so efetivamente florestas nativas pouco antropizadas. Nos 500 anos de fragmentao e degradao das formaes naturais, foram poupadas apenas as regies serranas, principalmente a fachada da Serra do Mar, por serem imprprias para prticas agrcolas. Usando o sistema fisionmico-ecolgico de classificao da vegetao brasileira adotado pelo IBGE (Veloso et al. 1991), a Floresta Ombrfila Densa, na rea de domnio da Mata Atlntica, foi subdividida em quatro faciaes ordenadas segundo a hierarquia topogrfica, que refletem fisionomias de acordo com as variaes das faixas altimtricas e latitudinais. No estado de So Paulo, na latitude entre 16 e 24 S temos: 1) Floresta Ombrfila Densa das Terras Baixas - 5 a 50 m de altitude; 2) Floresta Ombrfila Densa Submontana no sop da Serra do Mar, com cotas de altitude variando entre 50 e 500 m; 3) Floresta Ombrfila Densa Montana recobrindo a encosta da Serra do Mar propriamente dita, em altitudes que variam de 500 a 1.200 m; 4) Floresta Ombrfila Densa Altimontana ocorrendo no topo da Serra do Mar, acima dos limites estabelecidos para a formao montana, onde a vegetao praticamente deixa de ser arbrea, pois predominam os campos de altitude. Nas ltimas trs dcadas muita informao vem sendo acumulada sobre a composio florstica e a estrutura do estrato arbreo dos remanescentes florestais do estado, conforme mostram as revises de Oliveira-Filho & Fontes (2000) e Scudeller et al. (2001). Em florestas tropicais este tipo de informao, assim como dados sobre a riqueza de espcies, reflete no s fatores evolutivos e biogeogrficos, como tambm o histrico de perturbao, natural ou antrpica, das respectivas reas (Gentry 1992, Hubbell & Foster 1986). A sntese dessas informaes tem permitido a definio de unidades fitogeogrficas com diferentes padres de riqueza de espcies e apontam para uma diferenciao, entre as florestas paulistas, no sentido leste/oeste (Salis et al. 1995, Torres et al. 1997, Santos et al. 1998). Segundo Bakker et al. (1996) um mtodo adequado para acompanhar e avaliar as mudanas na composio das espcies e dinmica da floresta ao longo do tempo por meio de parcelas permanentes (em ingls Permanent Sample Plots PSPs). Essa metodologia tem sido amplamente utilizada em estudos de longa durao em florestas tropicais, pois permite avaliar a composio e a estrutura florestal e monitorar sua mudana no tempo (Dallmeier 1992, Condit 1995, Sheil 1995, Malhi et al. 2002, Lewis et al. 2004). Permite avaliar tambm as consequncias para a floresta de problemas como o aquecimento global e a poluio atmosfrica (Bakker et al. 1996). No Brasil os projetos/programas que utilizam a metodologia de Parcelas Permanentes tiveram origem, praticamente, com o Projeto Rubiaceae (49) e Lauraceae (49) ao longo de todo gradiente da FOD e Monimiaceae (21) especificamente nas parcelas da FOD Montana. Em termos de nmero de indivduos as famlias mais importantes foram Arecaceae, Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae, Lauraceae e na FOD Montana, Monimiaceae. Somente na parcela F, onde ocorreu explorao de madeira entre 1960 e 1985, a abundncia de palmeiras foi substituda pelas Cyatheaceae. O gradiente estudado apresenta um pico da diversidade e riqueza nas altitudes intermedirias (300 a 400 m) ao longo da encosta (ndice de Shannon-Weiner - H - variando de 3,96 a 4,48 nats.indivduo1). Diversas explicaes para este resultado so apresentadas neste trabalho, incluindo o fato dessas altitudes estarem nos limites das expanses e retraes das diferentes fitofisionomias da FOD Atlntica durante as flutuaes climticas do Pleistoceno. Os dados aqui apresentados demonstram a extraordinria riqueza de espcies arbreas da Floresta Ombrfila Densa Atlntica dos Ncleos Picinguaba e Santa Virgnia do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, reforando a importncia de sua conservao ao longo de todo o gradiente altitudinal. A diversidade desta floresta justifica tambm o investimento de longo prazo, atravs de parcelas permanentes, para compreender sua dinmica e funcionamento, bem como monitorar o impacto das mudanas climticas nessa vegetao.
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A new species of Pelexia Poit. ex Until. (Orchidaceae, Spiranthinae) occurring in central Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil, is described and illustrated as P. vinosa A. W. C. Ferreira, M. I. S. Lima & Pansarin. Pelexia vinosa is recognized by its leaves that are present at flowering and its dark purple leaf blades with reddish margins. Inflorescences are sparsely pubescent and reddish. The red sepals contrast with the white hyaline petals and labellum. The species is notable for its spurlike nectary that is parallel and adnate to the ovary. The new species is morphologically similar to P. laxa (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl. In addition, the need to preserve native areas of the interior of Sao Paulo State (habitat of P. vinosa) is discussed.
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Two new species of Gastrotheca are described from northeastern Minas Gerais and southern Bahia, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Data on morphology, calls, mitochondrial, and nuclear DNA are provided. Allied to G. fissipes and G. megacephala, the new taxa provide evidence for a higher diversity of species of Gastrotheca than previously thought at the Atlantic Forest. The data also suggest that G. pulchra, another Atlantic Forest taxon, is more closely related to non-Atlantic Forest species than to the remaining analyzed Brazilian Gastrotheca species. This implies that the Gastrotheca at the Brazilian coastal forests have at least two independent origins.
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The spatial and temporal distribution of organisms is a fundamental aspect of biological communities. The present study focused on three remnants of arboreal Caatinga in northeastern Brazil between May, 2009 and April, 2010. A total of 627 euglossine males were captured in traps baited with artificial aromatic compounds. The specimens belonged to 14 species and four genera: Euglossa Latreille, Eulaema Lepeletier, Eufriesea Cockerell, and Exaerete Hoffmannsegg. Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier (41.6), Euglossa carolina Nem,sio (15.3%), Eulaema marcii Nem,sio (13.6%), and Euglossa melanotricha Moure (12.8%) were the most common species sampled. The distribution of collected specimens per fragment was as follows: BraA(0)na (280 ha)-259 individuals belonging to 14 species; Cambui (179 ha)-161 individuals from eight species; and Pindoba (100 ha)-207 individuals represented by seven species. BraA(0)na had the highest diversity (H'aEuro parts per thousand= 1.91) and estimated species richness. The largest fragment was the main source of the observed variation in species richness and abundance, indicating a non-random pattern of spatial distribution. The analysis of environmental factors indicated that seasonal variation in these factors was the principal determinant of species occurrence and abundance.
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The coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer, is one of the main pests of coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) in northeastern Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of the coconut mite and other mites on coconut palms in the state of So Paulo and to estimate the possible role of predatory mites in the control of this pest. The effect of cultivated genotypes and sampling dates on the mite populations was also estimated. We sampled attached fruits, leaflets, inflorescences, and fallen fruits. The coconut mite was the main phytophagous mite found on attached and fallen fruits, with average densities of 110.0 and 20.5 mites per fruit, respectively. The prevalent predatory mites on attached and fallen fruits were Proctolaelaps bulbosus Moraes, Reis & Gondim Jr. and Proctolaelaps bickleyi (Bram), both Melicharidae. On leaflets, the tenuipalpids Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijsks) and Tenuipalpus coyacus De Leon and the tetranychid Oligonychus modestus (Banks) were the predominant phytophagous mites. On both leaflets and inflorescences, the predominant predatory mites belonged to the Phytoseiidae. Neoseiulus baraki (Athias-Henriot) and Neoseiulus paspalivorus (De Leon), predators widely associated with the coconut mite in northeastern Brazil and several other countries, were not found. The low densities of the coconut mite in So Paulo could be related to prevailing climatic conditions, scarcity of coconut plantations (hampering the dispersion of the coconut mite between fields), and to the fact that some of the genotypes cultivated in the region are unfavorable for its development.
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The identification of northern and southern components in different vertebrate species led researchers to accept a two-component hypothesis for the Brazilian Atlantic forest (BAF). Nevertheless, neither a formal proposal nor a meta-analysis to confirm this coincidence was ever made. Our main objective here was therefore to systematically test in how many vertebrate components the BAF could be divided by analysing existing empirical data. We used two approaches: (1) mapping and comparing the proposed areas of vertebrate endemism in the BAF and (2) analysing studies mentioning spatial subdivisions in distinct forest-dependent vertebrates within the biome, by the use of panbiogeography. The four large-scale endemism area components together with the six small-scale panbiogeographical ones allowed the definition of three BAF greater regions, subdivided into nine vertebrate components, latitudinally and longitudinally organized. Empirical time estimates of the diversification events within the BAF were also reviewed. Diversification of these vertebrates occurred not only in the Pleistocene but also throughout the Miocene. Our results confirm the BAF's complex history, both in space and time. We propose that future research should be small-scale and focused in the vertebrate components identified herein. Given the BAF's heterogeneity, studying via sections will be much more useful in identifying the BAF's historical biogeography. (c) 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 107, 39-55.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate rickettsial infection in ticks from wild birds of the Semidecidual and Atlantic Rainforest remnants of three municipalities of the State of Parana, southern Brazil. Overall, 53 larvae and nymphs collected from birds were checked for the presence of Rickettsia DNA by molecular tests. Five tick species were tested: Amblyomma aureolatum (Pallas), Amblyomma calcaratum Neumann, Amblyomma longirostre (Koch), Amblyomma ovale Koch, and Amblyomma parkeri Fonseca and Aragao. A. longirostre ticks were infected with the spotted fever group agents Rickettsia amblyommii strain AL (32.3% infection rate) and Rickettsia parkeri strain NOD (5.9% infection rate). A new rickettsial genotype was detected in the tick A. parkeri (50% infection rate), which had never been reported to be infected by rickettsiae. Through phylogenetic analysis, this new genotype, here designated as strain ApPR, grouped in a cluster composed by different strains of Rickettsia africae, Rickettsia sibirica, and R. parkeri. We consider strain ApPR to be a new genotype of R. parkeri. This study reports for the first time rickettsial infection in ticks from birds in southern Brazil. The role of migrating birds in the dispersal of these rickettsial strains should be considered in ecological studies of spotted fever group agents in Brazil.
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Background: Evaluating child growth is, in practice, performed by measuring the development of a child's weight, height, and body composition in comparison to averages observed among a reference population. Objective: To describe the nutritional status of children of low income families who live in urban region in northeastern Brazil. Methods: This study is a population case series with a transversal and observational design. The study population consisted of 257 children, aged 5 to 10 years, who were enrolled in a public school to children of low income families. We used the cutoff point for short stature of -2 Z scores for age, and underweight, overweight, and obese were classified as the 5th, 85th, and 95th percentiles, respectively, of the body mass index (BMI) for age, with both classifications in accordance with the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC 2000). Comparisons by gender were performed for the measures of the central tendency and the frequency of diagnoses, in addition to the tendency of the evolution of BMI by age. Results: The prevalence of short stature was 3.5% (95% CI: 1.9-6.5). In the evaluation of BMI for age, the prevalences found for underweight, overweight, and obese were 5.8% (95% CI: 3.6-9.4), 4.7% (95% CI: 2.7-8.0), and 2.3% (95% CI: 1.1-5.0), respectively. We found a significant trend in the reduction of BMI with the increase in age. Conclusions: According to CDC references, the prevalences of underweight and short stature were higher than expected and for the overweight and obesity were lower than expected, indicating that the nutritional transition had still not reached, as commonly is described, these low income children from the urban outskirts of the Northeast region.
