Il censimento degli elementi vulnerabili in un'area a rischio di incidente rilevante

Il territorio di Ferrara è caratterizzata da un’area ad elevata concentrazione di stabilimenti a rischio di incidente rilevante e dalla movimentazione di ingenti quantitativi di sostanze pericolose sulla rete stradale, ferroviaria ed in condotta. Basti pensare che nel solo Comune di Ferrara sono ben 5 le aziende che, per tipologia e quantità di sostanze presenti, rientrano nel campo di applicazione del D.Lgs. 334/99 (“Attuazione delle direttiva 96/82/CE relativa al controllo dei pericoli di incidenti rilevanti connessi con determinate sostanze pericolose”). Per questo motivo, il 24 febbraio 2012 è stato sottoscritto a Ferrara il protocollo d’intesa per l’avvio dello Studio di Sicurezza Integrato d’Area (SSIA) del polo chimico ferrarese da parte della Regione Emilia Romagna, dell’Agenzia Regionale di Protezione Civile, del Comune e della Provincia di Ferrara, dell’Ufficio Territoriale del Governo, della Direzione Regionale dei Vigili del Fuoco, dell’Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione e Ambiente e delle stesse aziende del polo chimico. L’Università di Bologna, tramite il Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Mineraria e delle Tecnologie Ambientali presso il quale è stato svolto il presente lavoro di tesi, prende parte al Consiglio Scientifico ed al Comitato Tecnico del SSIA, aventi funzioni di direzione e di gestione operativa della ricerca. Il progetto è modellato sulla precedente esperienza realizzata in regione per il polo industriale di Ravenna (progetto ARIPAR), la cui validità è stata ampiamente riconosciuta a livello nazionale ed internazionale. L’idea alla base dello studio deriva dal fatto che per avere un quadro della situazione in un’area così complessa, è necessario non solo valutare l’insieme dei rischi presenti, ma anche le loro correlazioni e le conseguenze sul territorio di riferimento. In un’analisi di rischio d’area risulta di primaria importanza l’analisi della vulnerabilità del territorio circostante il sito industriale, in quanto scenari attesi di danno di pari severità assumono una differente valenza in relazione all’effettiva presenza di bersagli nell’area di interesse. Per tale motivo il presente lavoro di tesi ha avuto l’obiettivo di istruire il censimento della vulnerabilità del territorio di Ferrara, con riferimento ai bersagli “uomo”, “ambiente” e “beni materiali”. In primo luogo si è provveduto, sulla base delle distanze di danno degli scenari incidentali attesi, a definire l’estensione dell’area in cui effettuare il censimento. Successivamente si è approfondito il censimento della vulnerabilità del bersaglio “uomo”, prendendo in considerazione sia la popolazione residente, sia i centri di vulnerabilità localizzati all’interno dell’area potenzialmente interessata da incidenti rilevanti. I centri di vulnerabilità non sono altro che luoghi ad elevata densità di persone (ad esempio scuole, ospedali, uffici pubblici, centri commerciali), spesso caratterizzati da una maggiore difficoltà di evacuazione, sia per l’elevato numero di persone presenti sia per la ridotta mobilità delle stesse. Nello specifico si è proceduto alla creazione di un database (grazie all’utilizzo del software ArcView GIS 3.2) di tutti i centri di vulnerabilità presenti, ai quali è stato possibile associare una precisa localizzazione territoriale ed altri dati di carattere informativo. In una fase successiva dello SSIA sarà possibile associare ai centri di vulnerabilità le relative categorie di popolazione, indicando per ciascuna il numero dei presenti. I dati inseriti nel database sono stati forniti in massima parte dal Comune di Ferrara e, in misura più limitata, dall’Agenzia Regionale di Protezione Civile e dalla Camera di Commercio. Presentando spesso tali dati un’aggregazione diversa da quella necessaria ai fini dello SSIA, è stato necessario un intenso lavoro di analisi, di depurazione e di riaggregazione allo scopo di renderli disponibili in una forma fruibile per lo SSIA stesso. Da ultimo si è effettuata una valutazione preliminare della vulnerabilità dei bersagli “ambiente” e “beni materiali”. Per quanto riguarda l’ambiente, si sono messe in luce le aree sottoposte a vincoli di tutela naturalistica e quindi particolarmente vulnerabili in caso di un rilascio accidentale di sostanze pericolose. Per il bersaglio “beni materiali”, non essendo stato possibile reperire dati, si è sono evidenziate le categorie di beni da censire. In conclusione, è possibile affermare che lo studio effettuato in questo lavoro di tesi, ha consentito non solo di conseguire l’obiettivo inizialmente stabilito – l’istruzione del censimento della vulnerabilità del territorio di Ferrara - ma ha contribuito anche alla definizione di una metodologia per il censimento di aree vaste che potrà essere utilmente applicata ad altre zone del territorio nazionale.

Produzione e circolazione delle anfore greco italiche in area Adriatica

The present study, being part of a wide research program carried by the University of Bologna (Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geo-Ambientali and Dipartimento di Archeologia) together with the Soprintendenze of Emilia-Romagna and Veneto, is aimed at examining the manufacturing and circulation of Greek Italic amphorae in the Adriatic area. This represents an essential step for the historical and archaeological reconstructions and in particular for: - the identification of local manufacturing though the archaeometric comparisons between ceramic samples and raw materials - the reconstruction of the ancient routes connecting different areas of the Roman world The examined archaeologic sites are representative of the main manufacturing areas in the Adriatic region both along the Italian and Albanian coasts: Adria, Cattolica, Rimini, Spina , Suasa and Phoinike. Notably, the Adriatic region not only represents the manufacturing area, but also coincides with the source area where the raw materials were collected. Archaeometric analyses of representative samples from the different areas of interests, were performed adapting the analytical tecniques used in mineralogy, petrography and geochemistry, to the study of ancient archaeological finds. These data were combined with the ones obtained from the analysis of clays, aimed at characterizing the nature of the raw materials. As a whole, an integration of these data with the available archaeologic observations led to significant advances in the scientific knowledge about of the main types of amphoric manufacturing and distribution in the Adriatic region. In particular, a local manufacturing is suggested for all the archaeological finds from Cattolica and for the main part of the archaeological finds from Suasa. Moreover, the occurrence of commercial routes between the sites of Rimini and Suasa and between Adria, Spina and Suasa is evidenced. On the contrary, for the amphorae from Phoinike a provenance from the examined sites is very unlikely.

Investigations on maar-diatreme volcanoes by inversion of magnetic and gravity data from the Eifel area, Germany

A study of maar-diatreme volcanoes has been perfomed by inversion of gravity and magnetic data. The geophysical inverse problem has been solved by means of the damped nonlinear least-squares method. To ensure stability and convergence of the solution of the inverse problem, a mathematical tool, consisting in data weighting and model scaling, has been worked out. Theoretical gravity and magnetic modeling of maar-diatreme volcanoes has been conducted in order to get information, which is used for a simple rough qualitative and/or quantitative interpretation. The information also serves as a priori information to design models for the inversion and/or to assist the interpretation of inversion results. The results of theoretical modeling have been used to roughly estimate the heights and the dip angles of the walls of eight Eifel maar-diatremes — each taken as a whole. Inversemodeling has been conducted for the Schönfeld Maar (magnetics) and the Hausten-Morswiesen Maar (gravity and magnetics). The geometrical parameters of these maars, as well as the density and magnetic properties of the rocks filling them, have been estimated. For a reliable interpretation of the inversion results, beside the knowledge from theoretical modeling, it was resorted to other tools such like field transformations and spectral analysis for complementary information. Geologic models, based on thesynthesis of the respective interpretation results, are presented for the two maars mentioned above. The results gave more insight into the genesis, physics and posteruptive development of the maar-diatreme volcanoes. A classification of the maar-diatreme volcanoes into three main types has been elaborated. Relatively high magnetic anomalies are indicative of scoria cones embeded within maar-diatremes if they are not caused by a strong remanent component of the magnetization. Smaller (weaker) secondary gravity and magnetic anomalies on the background of the main anomaly of a maar-diatreme — especially in the boundary areas — are indicative for subsidence processes, which probably occurred in the late sedimentation phase of the posteruptive development. Contrary to postulates referring to kimberlite pipes, there exists no generalized systematics between diameter and height nor between geophysical anomaly and the dimensions of the maar-diatreme volcanoes. Although both maar-diatreme volcanoes and kimberlite pipes are products of phreatomagmatism, they probably formed in different thermodynamic and hydrogeological environments. In the case of kimberlite pipes, large amounts of magma and groundwater, certainly supplied by deep and large reservoirs, interacted under high pressure and temperature conditions. This led to a long period phreatomagmatic process and hence to the formation of large structures. Concerning the maar-diatreme and tuff-ring-diatreme volcanoes, the phreatomagmatic process takes place due to an interaction between magma from small and shallow magma chambers (probably segregated magmas) and small amounts of near-surface groundwater under low pressure and temperature conditions. This leads to shorter time eruptions and consequently to structures of smaller size in comparison with kimberlite pipes. Nevertheless, the results show that the diameter to height ratio for 50% of the studied maar-diatremes is around 1, whereby the dip angle of the diatreme walls is similar to that of the kimberlite pipes and lies between 70 and 85°. Note that these numerical characteristics, especially the dip angle, hold for the maars the diatremes of which — estimated by modeling — have the shape of a truncated cone. This indicates that the diatreme can not be completely resolved by inversion.

Integrating new and traditional approaches for the estimate of slip-rates of active faults: examples from the Mw 6.3, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake area, Central Italy

This thesis is based on the integration of traditional and innovative approaches aimed at improving the normal faults seimogenic identification and characterization, focusing mainly on slip-rate estimate as a measure of the fault activity. The L’Aquila Mw 6.3 April 6, 2009 earthquake causative fault, namely the Paganica - San Demetrio fault system (PSDFS), was used as a test site. We developed a multidisciplinary and scale‐based strategy consisting of paleoseismological investigations, detailed geomorphological and geological field studies, as well as shallow geophysical imaging and an innovative application of physical properties measurements. We produced a detailed geomorphological and geological map of the PSDFS, defining its tectonic style, arrangement, kinematics, extent, geometry and internal complexities. The PSDFS is a 19 km-long tectonic structure, characterized by a complex structural setting and arranged in two main sectors: the Paganica sector to the NW, characterized by a narrow deformation zone, and the San Demetrio sector to SE, where the strain is accommodated by several tectonic structures, exhuming and dissecting a wide Quaternary basin, suggesting the occurrence of strain migration through time. The integration of all the fault displacement data and age constraints (radiocarbon dating, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and tephrochronology) helped in calculating an average Quaternary slip-rate representative for the PSDFS of 0.27 - 0.48 mm/yr. On the basis of its length (ca. 20 km) and slip per event (up to 0.8 m) we also estimated a max expected Magnitude of 6.3-6.8 for this fault. All these topics have a significant implication in terms of surface faulting hazard in the area and may contribute also to the understanding of the PSDFS seismic behavior and of the local seismic hazard.

L'area dei Lungarni di Pisa nel tardo Medioevo (XIV-XV secolo). un tentativo di ricostruzione in 3D.

Lo scopo di questa ricerca è la ricostruzione dei Lungarni di Pisa nel Tardo Medioevo (XIV-XV secolo); lo studio intende sottolineare le trasformazioni urbanistiche che hanno cambiato il volto di Pisa nel corso del tempo e ricordare che l’area fluviale ebbe un ruolo di primo piano come baricentro commerciale ed economico della città, vocazione che si è in gran parte persa con l’età moderna e contemporanea. La metodologia seguita, affinata e perfezionata durante la partecipazione al progetto Nu.M.E. (Nuovo Museo Elettronico della Città di Bologna), si basa sull’analisi e il confronto di fonti eterogenee ma complementari, che includono precedenti studi di storia dell’urbanistica, un corpus di documentazione di epoca medievale (provvedimenti amministrativi come gli Statuti del Comune di Pisa, ma anche descrizioni di cronisti e viaggiatori), fonti iconografiche, tra cui vedute e mappe cinquecentesche o successive, e fonti materiali, come le persistenze medievali ancora osservabili all’interno degli edifici ed i reperti rinvenuti durante alcune campagne di scavo archeologiche. Il modello 3D non è concepito come statico e “chiuso”, ma è liberamente esplorabile all’interno di un engine tridimensionale; tale prodotto può essere destinato a livelli di utenza diversi, che includono sia studiosi e specialisti interessati a conoscere un maggior numero di informazioni e ad approfondire la ricerca, sia semplici cittadini appassionati di storia o utenti più giovani, come studenti di scuole medie superiori e inferiori.

Jesolo: area "x-site". Edifici per lo sport, la residenza e il tempo libero

Il territorio del comune di Jesolo si estende a nord della costa veneziana,affacciato sul Mare Adriatico e delimitato dalla Laguna e dai fiumi Sile e Piave. Come molte città costiere del Nord Italia, Jesolo si è sviluppata principalmente tra gli anni ’70 e ’80 del ‘900. La rapida espansione del Lido ha provocato la saturazione disordinata della costa, dettata dalla necessità di rispondere in maniera rapida ad un aumento improvviso del turismo balneare. L’organizzazione in fasce parallele dell’edificato rispetto alla linea di costa e la sua compattezza non consente la relazione diretta tra il Mare Adriatico e il sistema formato dalla laguna e dal fiume Sile. Obiettivo della proposta progettuale è ristabilire il legame tra mare e fiume mediante un sistema di percorsi in grado di attraversare una parte consistente del territorio del Lido offrendo luoghi di aggregazione e opportunità di svago alternative alla stagionalità della spiaggia.

Jesolo area "x-site" Una porta sulla laguna

Progetto per la città di Jesolo, situato nell'area denominata Parco della Musica nel P.R.G. e in cui insiste già un progetto denominato X-Site. Si prevede la realizzazioone di un ecomuseo per la laguna veneta completo di altri edifici al suo servizio come una stazione fluviale, case d'affitto e laboratoti e aule didattiche.

Applications of remote sensing and geographic information systems in geomorphological studies: Safaga - El Quseir area, Red Sea coast, Egypt as an example

In den letzten drei Jahrzehnten sind Fernerkundung und GIS in den Geowissenschaften zunehmend wichtiger geworden, um die konventionellen Methoden von Datensammlung und zur Herstellung von Landkarten zu verbessern. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Anwendung von Fernerkundung und geographischen Informationssystemen (GIS) für geomorphologische Untersuchungen. Durch die Kombination beider Techniken ist es vor allem möglich geworden, geomorphologische Formen im Überblick und dennoch detailliert zu erfassen. Als Grundlagen werden in dieser Arbeit topographische und geologische Karten, Satellitenbilder und Klimadaten benutzt. Die Arbeit besteht aus 6 Kapiteln. Das erste Kapitel gibt einen allgemeinen Überblick über den Untersuchungsraum. Dieser umfasst folgende morphologische Einheiten, klimatischen Verhältnisse, insbesondere die Ariditätsindizes der Küsten- und Gebirgslandschaft sowie das Siedlungsmuster beschrieben. Kapitel 2 befasst sich mit der regionalen Geologie und Stratigraphie des Untersuchungsraumes. Es wird versucht, die Hauptformationen mit Hilfe von ETM-Satellitenbildern zu identifizieren. Angewandt werden hierzu folgende Methoden: Colour Band Composite, Image Rationing und die sog. überwachte Klassifikation. Kapitel 3 enthält eine Beschreibung der strukturell bedingten Oberflächenformen, um die Wechselwirkung zwischen Tektonik und geomorphologischen Prozessen aufzuklären. Es geht es um die vielfältigen Methoden, zum Beispiel das sog. Image Processing, um die im Gebirgskörper vorhandenen Lineamente einwandfrei zu deuten. Spezielle Filtermethoden werden angewandt, um die wichtigsten Lineamente zu kartieren. Kapitel 4 stellt den Versuch dar, mit Hilfe von aufbereiteten SRTM-Satellitenbildern eine automatisierte Erfassung des Gewässernetzes. Es wird ausführlich diskutiert, inwieweit bei diesen Arbeitsschritten die Qualität kleinmaßstäbiger SRTM-Satellitenbilder mit großmaßstäbigen topographischen Karten vergleichbar ist. Weiterhin werden hydrologische Parameter über eine qualitative und quantitative Analyse des Abflussregimes einzelner Wadis erfasst. Der Ursprung von Entwässerungssystemen wird auf der Basis geomorphologischer und geologischer Befunde interpretiert. Kapitel 5 befasst sich mit der Abschätzung der Gefahr episodischer Wadifluten. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit ihres jährlichen Auftretens bzw. des Auftretens starker Fluten im Abstand mehrerer Jahre wird in einer historischen Betrachtung bis 1921 zurückverfolgt. Die Bedeutung von Regentiefs, die sich über dem Roten Meer entwickeln, und die für eine Abflussbildung in Frage kommen, wird mit Hilfe der IDW-Methode (Inverse Distance Weighted) untersucht. Betrachtet werden außerdem weitere, regenbringende Wetterlagen mit Hilfe von Meteosat Infrarotbildern. Genauer betrachtet wird die Periode 1990-1997, in der kräftige, Wadifluten auslösende Regenfälle auftraten. Flutereignisse und Fluthöhe werden anhand von hydrographischen Daten (Pegelmessungen) ermittelt. Auch die Landnutzung und Siedlungsstruktur im Einzugsgebiet eines Wadis wird berücksichtigt. In Kapitel 6 geht es um die unterschiedlichen Küstenformen auf der Westseite des Roten Meeres zum Beispiel die Erosionsformen, Aufbauformen, untergetauchte Formen. Im abschließenden Teil geht es um die Stratigraphie und zeitliche Zuordnung von submarinen Terrassen auf Korallenriffen sowie den Vergleich mit anderen solcher Terrassen an der ägyptischen Rotmeerküste westlich und östlich der Sinai-Halbinsel.

Pastoral Livelihoods in South Ethiopia - Value Chain Assessment of Gum & Resins in Moyale Area

This research assessed the value chain of gum and resins, which are available in four woreda in the southern lowlands of Ethiopia. They are Moyale Somali, Moyale Oromia, Dhas and Dire woreda. The output of this research is the elaboration of three value chains. The first is a general one for all the woreda, while the other two concern the Moyale and Dubluk markets. The assessed products are the gum arabic from Acacia trees and the resin exuded by the dunkhal tree - Boswellia family. The aim of this study was not only to understand the way in which resins and gum gain value through the chain and the profit each stakeholder gains, but more importantly how pastoralists use resin and gum collection to diversify their income. The first chapter analyses what it means to be a pastoralist in the Moyale area and its challenges. The second chapter describes how the policies of the central state influenced the pastoral access to rangelands and water and the way in which this contributed to the increase of conflict among the different groups. A particular focus is on the settlement. The third chapter describes the different ethnic groups living in the studied area and their management system to preserve resources and cope with the dry season. This chapter considers the dynamic evolution of the relations among the various groups in terms of negotiating access to resources while facing political and climatic challenges. The fourth chapter illustrates the physical context and the environment, and the way in which it has been managed in order to preserve the pastoral lifestyle. The fifth chapter describes the characteristics of gum and resins in the studied area. Finally, the sixth chapter describes how the value chain methodology was applied in this specific study and its outputs.

Flash floods and their effects on the development in El-Qaá plain area in South Sinai, Egypt

The arid regions are dominated to a much larger degree than humid regions by major catastrophic events. Although most of Egypt lies within the great hot desert belt; it experiences especially in the north some torrential rainfall, which causes flash floods all over Sinai Peninsula. Flash floods in hot deserts are characterized by high velocity and low duration with a sharp discharge peak. Large sediment loads may be carried by floods threatening fields and settlements in the wadis and even people who are living there. The extreme spottiness of rare heavy rainfall, well known to desert people everywhere, precludes any efficient forecasting. Thus, although the limitation of data still reflects pre-satellite methods, chances of developing a warning system for floods in the desert seem remote. The relatively short flood-to-peak interval, a characteristic of desert floods, presents an additional impediment to the efficient use of warning systems. The present thesis contains introduction and five chapters, chapter one points out the physical settings of the study area. There are the geological settings such as outcrop lithology of the study area and the deposits. The alluvial deposits of Wadi Moreikh had been analyzed using OSL dating to know deposits and palaeoclimatic conditions. The chapter points out as well the stratigraphy and the structure geology containing main faults and folds. In addition, it manifests the pesent climate conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind and evaporation. Besides, it presents type of soils and natural vegetation cover of the study area using unsupervised classification for ETM+ images. Chapter two points out the morphometric analysis of the main basins and their drainage network in the study area. It is divided into three parts: The first part manifests the morphometric analysis of the drainage networks which had been extracted from two main sources, topographic maps and DEM images. Basins and drainage networks are considered as major influencing factors on the flash floods; Most of elements were studied which affect the network such as stream order, bifurcation ratio, stream lengths, stream frequency, drainage density, and drainage patterns. The second part of this chapter shows the morphometric analysis of basins such as area, dimensions, shape and surface. Whereas, the third part points the morphometric analysis of alluvial fans which form most of El-Qaá plain. Chapter three manifests the surface runoff through rainfall and losses analysis. The main subject in this chapter is rainfall which has been studied in detail; it is the main reason for runoff. Therefore, all rainfall characteristics are regarded here such as rainfall types, distribution, rainfall intensity, duration, frequency, and the relationship between rainfall and runoff. While the second part of this chapter concerns with water losses estimation by evaporation and infiltration which are together the main losses with direct effect on the high of runoff. Finally, chapter three points out the factors influencing desert runoff and runoff generation mechanism. Chapter four is concerned with assessment of flood hazard, it is important to estimate runoff and tocreate a map of affected areas. Therefore, the chapter consists of four main parts; first part manifests the runoff estimation, the different methods to estimate runoff and its variables such as runoff coefficient lag time, time of concentration, runoff volume, and frequency analysis of flash flood. While the second part points out the extreme event analysis. The third part shows the map of affected areas for every basin and the flash floods degrees. In this point, it has been depending on the DEM to extract the drainage networks and to determine the main streams which are normally more dangerous than others. Finally, part four presets the risk zone map of total study area which is of high inerest for planning activities. Chapter five as the last chapter concerns with flash flood Hazard mitigation. It consists of three main parts. First flood prediction and the method which can be used to predict and forecast the flood. The second part aims to determine the best methods which can be helpful to mitigate flood hazard in the arid zone and especially the study area. Whereas, the third part points out the development perspective for the study area indicating the suitable places in El-Qaá plain for using in economic activities.