Haitalliset leväesiintymät Pohjois-Karjalassa vuosina 1998-2012

Selvitykseen on koottu Pohjois-Karjalan ELY-keskuksen levätilanteen seurannan tuloksia ja yleisöltä tulleiden leväilmoitusten tietoja vuosilta 1998−2012. Valtakunnallisessa leväseurannassa havaintopaikkojen määrä on vakiintunut Pohjois-Karjalassa runsaaseen 20 kohteeseen. Vapaaehtoiset koulutetut havaitsijat ovat seuranneet viikoittain näiden paikkojen levätilannetta. Tuloksista on tiedotettu säännöllisesti leväkatsauksina internet-sivuilla. Vuodesta 2011 lähtien käytössä on ollut Järviwiki-palvelu. Vuosina 1998−2012 Pohjois-Karjalan levätilanteen havainnointikohteissa todettiin sinilevää keskimäärin 19 kertaa havaintokaudessa (vaihteluväli 4−31). Samana aikana saatiin leväilmoituksia yleisöltä kesä-syyskuussa keskimäärin 54 kpl (vaihteluväli 16−100). Ilmoituksista valtaosa oli sinileväesiintymien aiheuttamia. Selvityksessä on tarkasteltu levätilanteen seurannan heikkouksia ja vahvuuksia sekä uhkia ja mahdollisuuksia. Tulosten käyttökelpoisuutta vesistöjen tilan kuvaajina ja levätilanteen seurannan ja -tiedottamisen kehittämisnäkymiä sekä uusien menetelmien käyttömahdollisuuksia tarkastellaan myös lyhyesti Rehevöitymisen myötä levät runsastuvat ja aiheuttavat haittoja. Erityisesti sinilevien massaesiintyminen, ns. leväkukinta vaatii varovaisuutta veden käytössä. Monin paikoin leväesiintymät ovat herättäneet kansalaiset ja viranomaiset vesiensuojelutoimiin. Vesiensuojelussa tuloksien saavuttaminen on hidasta, siihen tarvitaan riittävää rahoitusta ja eri tahojen yhteistä ponnistusta.

Veias do sistema porta-hepático em gansos domésticos

A distribuição intraparenquimal das veias porta-hepáticas foi estudada em 30 gansos domésticos. Latex Neoprene corado foi injetado pela veia isquiática e os animais forma fixados por imersão e injeção intramuscular com formol a 10% e dissecados. O fígado esteve composto por um grande lobo hepático direito e por um lobo hepático esquerdo menor, os quais estiveram conectados por uma ponte de parênquima. O lobo direito do fígado teve exclusivamente vasos do sistema porta-hepático formados pela distribuição intraparenquimal da veia porta-hepática direita, enquanto que no lobo esquerdo estes originaram-se da veia porta-hepática direita e de pequenas veias porta-hepáticas esquerdas. A veia porta-hepática direita emitiu o ramo caudal direito, que emitiu um pequeno ramo caudolateral direito e um grande ramo caudomedial direito. Cranialmente esta veia emitiu os ramos craniais direito e ramos lateral direito. A porção transversa da veia porta-hepática direita cruzou para o lobo hepático esquerdo, emitindo de 1 a 6 pequenos ramos craniais e caudais para a região média do fígado. No lobo esquerdo, o ramo esquerdo da veia porta-hepática direita emitiu o ramo cranial esquerdo, o ramo lateral esquerdo e o ramo medial. De 1 a 6 veias porta-hepáticas esquerdas foram identificadas desembocando ou no ramo esquerdo da veia porta-hepática direita ou em sua porção transversa, oriundos do ventrículo gástrico e do pró-ventrículo. Em 40% dos gansos uma veia porta-hepática própria oriunda da confluência de vasos venosos da face esquerda do ventrículo distribuiu-se na extremidade caudal do lobo esquerdo isoladamente.

Experimental poisoning by Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii in buffalo

Five male 6-8 month-old Murrah buffalo calves were orally dosed with the fresh aerial parts of Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii at doses of 1, 3, 4, 5 and 10g/kg body weight (bw) (~1-10mg macrocyclic trichothecenes/kg/bw). The B. megapotamica used for the experiment was harvested on a farm where a recent spontaneous outbreak of poisoning caused by such plant had occurred. Clinical signs appeared 4-20 hours and 4 buffaloes died 18-49 hours after the ingestion of the plant. Clinical signs were apathy, anorexia, and watery diarrhea, fever, colic, drooling, muscle tremors, restlessness, laborious breathing and ruminal atony, and dehydration. The most consistent gross findings were restricted to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract consisted of varying degrees of edema and reddening of the mucosa of the forestomach. Histopathological findings consisted of varying degrees of necrosis of the epithelial lining of the forestomach and of lymphocytes within lymphoid organs and aggregates. Fibrin thrombi were consistently found in sub-mucosal vessels of the forestomach and in the lumen of hepatic sinusoids. It is suggested that dehydration, septicemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation participate in the pathogenesis of the intoxication and play a role as a cause of death. A subsample of B. megapotamica var. weirii was frozen-dried and ground and analyzed using UHPLC (Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography) with high resolution Time of Flight mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, it was shown that the plant material contained at least 51 different macrocyclic trichothecenes at a total level of 1.1-1.2mg/g. About 15-20% of the total trichothecenes contents was found to be monosaccharide conjugates, with two thirds of these being glucose conjugates and one third constituted by six aldopentose conjugates (probably xylose), which has never been reported in the literature.

Value added logistics in supply and demand chain : COSTFIX : New operation model for maintenance material logistics in paper industry

This research report illustrates and examines new operation models for decreasing fixed costs and transforming them into variable costs in the field of paper industry. The report illustrates two cases – a new operation model for material logistics in maintenance and an examination of forklift truck fleet outsourcing solutions. Conventional material logistics in maintenance operation is illustrated and some problems related to conventional operation are identified. A new operation model that solves some of these problems is presented including descriptions of procurement and service contracts and sources of added value. Forklift truck fleet outsourcing solutions are examined by illustrating the responsibilities of a host company and a service provider both before and after outsourcing. The customer buys outsourcing services in order to improve its investment productivity. The mechanism of how these services affect the customer company’s investment productivity is illustrated.

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