Las politicas educativas hacia la poblacion indigena y la construccion de las identidades étnicas y de género. El caso de la region de Cuetzalan, Puebla, México

Cette thèse se centre sur l’analyse des politiques éducatives, qui visent la population indigène au Mexique. Son objectif est de rechercher l’impact qu’elles ont sur les constructions identitaires, de genre et d’ethnie, chez les petites filles et les garçons mexicains náhuas. Il s’agit d’un travail de recherche depuis l’instrumentation des politiques éducatives (à partir des stratégies, des programmes et des actions) que réalise la Direction Générale d’Éducation Indigène (DGEI), une instance appartenant au Ministère d’Éducation Publique (SEP), pour analyser les processus générés dans les pratiques scolaires – et extrascolaires – et les signifiés construits par les sujets éducatifs. Pour accomplir cet objectif, nous avons réalisé un travail ethnographique fondé sur des concepts théoriques et méthodologiques de l’ethnographie institutionnelle et du féminisme. La recherche présentée est fondamentalement qualitative, générée à partir du point de vue de l’ethnographie institutionnelle sur les politiques publiques conçues et réalisées par la DGEI dans les entités fédératives. A cet égard, nous avons visité et analysé le cas de cinq écoles indigènes náhuas de la Sierra Norte, dans l’état de Puebla. La conception et la réalisation ont impliqué des considérations épistémologiques d’un type qualitatif, comme la participation des sujets par le biais de l’incorporation de leur voix, de leurs perceptions et apports, pour l’analyse ultérieure des textes et la composition des conclusions finales. Cette recherche tente de se positionner en pourvoyeuse de témoignages et de sens intersubjectifs construits sur la base de données empiriques, ensuite articulées avec les perceptions de celui qui analyse. Elle constitue une recherche féministe dans le sens où elle englobe et analyse l’implication du genre féminin à d’autres facteurs sociaux qui permettent d’expliquer la situation des sujets avec qui ces femmes interagissent. Il en va également de même pour les groupes sociaux qui vivent dans la périphérie comme la majorité d’entre elles, c’est-à-dire dans la marginalité et la subalternité; la présence masculine, quant à elle, est pleinement documentée. L’un des buts de cette recherche féministe est d’expliquer la relation entre exclusion et inégalité. L’exclusion semble s’étendre dans l’esprit de l’époque. Les processus de globalisation se caractérisent en effet par le fait d’approfondir et de multiplier les formes variées d’exclusion des majorités en faveur de l’hégémonie – politique, économique et culturelle – étendant son voile qui rend invisible toute diversité. Dans n’importe laquelle de ces modalités, le fait d’être différent amène à être recalé dans les marges, c’est-à-dire à vivre des formes spécifiques d’exclusion. À partir de ces idées, la thèse vise à caractériser les politiques éducatives comprises comme des processus politiques et idéologiques non neutres, en tant que phénomènes qui peuvent être considérés comme des mécanismes de classification et de construction des sujets: des professeurs, des indigènes, des étudiants… Et aussi, comme des codes de normes et valeurs qui articulent les principes organisant la société à travers des modèles qui conforment l’histoire et la culture de la société dans laquelle ils sont générés. La possibilité de combiner tous les niveaux d’appréciation du micro, du méso et du macro, de trouver et de documenter des processus nationaux et globaux de politiques publiques de la DGEI dans des espaces d’influence locaux et leurs effets dans la construction d’identités, constitue une des contributions principales de cette recherche. Considérer les politiques comme objet d’analyse permet d’examiner au moins trois dimensions : 1) Les perspectives idéologiques prédominantes dans les discours, 2) les pratiques des sujets destinataires de ces politiques, c’est-à-dire, – ceux qui assimilent les discours –, et 3) les systèmes alternatifs de résistance ou de complémentarité qui émergent localement (comme l’acceptation, la modification ou le rejet des discours). Partir de la conception selon laquelle la participation aux politiques (même au niveau des récepteurs de celles-ci) les rend publiques et permet, par ce seul fait, d’en dépasser le caractère gouvernemental. Une politique est réalisée uniquement quand le destinataire de celle-ci agit comme un élément réactif. En conséquence, il est fondamental que la recherche collecte les témoignages des sujets participants, c’est-à-dire des autorités éducatives et communautaires, des enseignants, des étudiants, des pères et des mères de famille, tout comme des acteurs sociaux. De cette manière, la politique peut être cohérente avec sa nature publique et répondre aux nécessités perçues localement, dépassant ainsi les buts abstraits des institutions. Les acteurs de l’éducation au niveau local et de l’État deviennent alors également des auteurs latents des politiques publiques.

Hovenia dulcis (uva-do-japão) no sul do Brasil: invasão, cultura e alteração da paisagem.

Resumo: Em virtude dos impactos ambientais causados, as espécies exóticas invasoras (EEl's) tem se tornado foco de muitos estudos nas Ciências Biológicas. Entretanto, muitas EEl's tem a sua presença não evitada em novos ambientes, pois o homem e, muitas vezes, o principal vetor de dispersão, especial mente de espécies de plantas invasoras. Neste trabalho, e discutida a hipótese de uma forte influencia cultural na introdução/expansão da uva-do-Japão nesta região e o problemático cenário de invasão da espécie no sul do Brasil. Palavras-chave: espécies exóticas invasoras (EEl's); alteração da paisagem; Hovenia dulcis (uva-do-japão); cultura. Abstract: Invasive species (IS) have become focus on many studies in Biological Sciences because of environmental damages. However, the presence of lAS's is not prevented in new areas, because humans are often the main vector of dispersion, especially invasive plant species. In this work, the hypothesis of a strong cultural influence is discussed on the introduction/expansion of Japanese raisin tree in this region and the problematic scenario of invasion in southern Brazil. Keywords: invasive species (IS's); landscape changes; Hovenia dulcis ; (Japanese raisin tree); culture.

POLITICAS PÚBLICAS EDUCACIONAIS PARA A POPULAÇÃO DO CAMPO E A INSERÇÃO DA AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR NO PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE PRODUÇÃO DE BIOCOMBUSTÍVEIS - PNPB: INTERFACES E CONTROVÉRSIAS

O Selo Combustível Social instituído pelo Governo Federal como Política Pública de Estado, a finalidade de concessão de créditos aos produtores de biodiesel que promovam a inclusão social e o desenvolvimento regional por meio da compra de 10% da matéria-prima para fabricação do biodiesel de pequenos produtores rurais. Nesse contexto, estão inseridos os pequenos agricultores nos Assentamentos do Município de Campo Verde – MT que comercializam parte da produção com empresas como a BIOCAMP e a BIOBRAS . Diante da realidade descrita, a presente pesquisa busca investigar em que medida o Selo Combustível Social, aplicado à política do Biodiesel em Mato Grosso, propicia a maior autonomia do pequeno produtor rural. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa social empregando técnicas de análise documental, observação direta e a realização de entrevistas estruturadas e semi- estruturadas. Observou-se que para as empresas o selo combustível social é uma maneira de participar do leilão da Petrobrás. Para o poder público, o Selo Social uma maneira de apoiar o Pequeno Produtor Rural, através de parcerias, mas é notável que o mesmo não consegue gerenciar a sua produção, gerenciado pelo Empresário. Na visão dos assentados, esse selo é “só documento”, ficando o pequeno produtor sempre com os prejuízos.

Sexagem de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro pela velocidade de desenvolvimento e alteração no metabolismo de glicose.

2016

POLITICAS PÚBLICAS E ORDENAMENTO TERRITORIAL EM ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO AMBIENTAL NA REGIÃO DOS LAGOS, RIO DE JANEIRO

O objetivo desse trabalho é o ordenamento territorial em área de proteção ambiental, analisando o processo de ocupação a partir da ação de promotores imobiliários numa área natural protegida por lei. Nos últimos 20 anos, observamos o crescimento irregular e desordenado de empreendimentos imobiliários, dinamizado pelo turismo. A procura por locações para veraneio provocou rápida expansão de loteamentos habitacionais e estabelecimentos comerciais sobre longa faixa de restinga, entre 26 km de praia e complexo sistema lagunar, localizada nos municípios de Saquarema, Araruama e Arraial do Cabo, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Essa ocupação ameaça ecossistemas remanescentes como: brejos, lagoas costeiras, manguezais e restingas que deveriam ser preservados segundo leis ambientais. Nesse universo, responderemos as seguintes questões: 1) Como atuam os agentes sociais presentes no conflito? 2) Qual o papel do Estado nesse processo? 3) As leis que regem as políticas de conservação ambiental são interdependentes? 4) Há conflitos de competências? A coleta de informações ocorreu através de análise documental, de imagens de satélite, trabalhos de campo, visitas técnicas e entrevistas com agentes sociais. Os resultados possibilitaram um mapeamento da ação desses agentes na área em estudo, suas competências e geração de mapa de uso do solo.

Tratamento de dor e alteração de mucosa: caso clínico

Paciente vem consultar por sentir dor em um dente que perdeu a restauração e causou lesão no lábio inferior.

O Tratamento de dor e alteração de mucosa

Paciente vem consultar por sentir dor em um dente que perdeu a restauração

Sinais sugestivos de dor em idosos com alteração cognitiva

O material é componente do Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Pessoa Idosa da UNA-SUS/UFMA (Unidade 03, do módulo 07). Trata-se de um recurso educacional interativo que apresenta as manifestações de sinais sugestivos de dor nos idosos com alteração cognitiva, como o comportamento, emissão de sons e expressão facial.

Effects Of Pde Type 5 Inhibitors On Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction In Resistant Hypertension.

Resistant hypertension (RHTN) is a multifactorial disease characterized by blood pressure (BP) levels above goal (140/90 mmHg) in spite of the concurrent use of three or more antihypertensive drugs of different classes. Moreover, it is well known that RHTN subjects have high prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), which leads to increased risk of heart failure progression. This review gathers data from studies evaluating the effects of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors (administration of acute sildenafil and short-term tadalafil) on diastolic function, biochemical and hemodynamic parameters in patients with RHTN. Acute study with sildenafil treatment found that inhibition of PDE-5 improved hemodynamic parameters and diastolic relaxation. In addition, short-term study with the use of tadalafil demonstrated improvement of LVDD, cGMP and BNP-32 levels, regardless of BP reduction. No endothelial function changes were observed in the studies. The findings of acute and short-term studies revealed potential therapeutic effects of IPDE-5 drugs on LVDD in RHTN patients.A Hipertensão arterial resistente (HAR) é uma doença multifatorial caracterizada por níveis pressóricos acima das metas (140/90 mmHg), a despeito de tratamento farmacológico otimizado de 3 ou mais fármacos anti-hipertensivos de diferentes classes. Pacientes diagnosticados como hipertensos resistentes apresentam alta prevalência de disfunção diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo (DDVE) que proporciona risco aumentado para insuficiência cardíaca. Esta revisão reúne dados de estudos prévios avaliando os efeitos dos inibidores de fosfodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) (administração aguda de sildenafil e de curto prazo de tadalafil) na função diastólica e nos parâmetros bioquímicos e hemodinâmicos em pacientes com HAR. O estudo agudo com sildenafil demonstrou que a inibição da PDE-5 melhorou os parâmetros hemodinâmicos e de relaxamento diastólico. Além disso, o estudo curto prazo com o uso de tadalafil revelou melhora da DDVE e dos níveis de GMPc e BNP-32, independente de redução de pressão arterial. A função endotelial não apresentou alteração com ambos os tratamentos. Os resultados dos estudos agudo e de curto prazo sugerem efeitos terapêuticos potenciais dos fármacos inibidores da PDE-5 na disfunção diastólica em pacientes com HAR.

Estudo vídeo-polissonográfico em recém-nascidos de termo pequenos para a idade gestacional

Video-polygraphic-EEG studies were performed in the first 24 life-hours of 26 healthy full-term newborns without perinatal injuries. The neurological examination and cranial ultrasonography were normal. The newborns were divided into two groups: one, with full-term appropriate - birth weight 11 newborns (control group ) and the other with full-term low-birth weight 15 newborns. Thirteen newborns of the second group had video-polygraphic-EEG study abnormalities. The most frequent abnormalities were found in 11 cases, as far as sleep architecture is concerned. Also, when compared with the control group, 8 cases of an excessive amount of startles and 2 cases of low behavior activities were found. The results demonstrate the usefulness of video-polygraphic-EEG study in the full-term newborns with intra-uterine growth retard. This examination was sensitive to detect behavior, sleep architecture and EEG standard differences in the low birth-weight newborns as to the control group.

Saphenous vein graft bypass in the treatment of giant cavernous sinus aneurysms: report of two cases

Two cases of giant intracavernous aneurysms treated by high flow bypass with saphenous vein graft between the external carotid artery (ECA) and branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) are presented. Very often these aneurysms are unclippable because they are fusiform or have a large neck. Occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is the treatment of choice in many cases. This procedure has however a high risk of brain infarction. Revascularization of the brain by extra-intracranial anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery (STA) and branches of the MCA is frequently performed. This procedure provides however a low flow bypass and brain infarction may occur. We report two cases of giant cavernous sinus aneurysms treated by high flow bypass and endovascular balloon occlusion of the ICA. Immediate high flow revascularization of MCA branches was achieved and the patients showed no ischemic events. Follow-up of 8 and 14 months after operation shows patency of the venous graft and no neurological deficits. Angiographic control examination showed complete aneurysm occlusion in both cases.

Sexual dysfunction in epilepsy: identifying the psychological variables

In order to evaluate the psychological variables that affect sexual dysfunction (SD) in epilepsy, where compared 60 epileptics (Group 1) with 60 healthy individuals (Group 2), through the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al., 1970), Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, 1974) and Sexual Behavior Interview (Souza, 1995). Sexual dysfunction (SD), anxiety and depression were found more frequently in Group 1 than in Group 2 and were not related to sex. Variables such as the onset duration and frequency of seizures as well as the use to medication were not associated with SD. Temporal lobe epilepsy was related to SD (p = 0.035) but not to anxiety or depression. Anxiety and depression were related to SD in both groups. Perception in controlling the seizures was closely related to anxiety (p = 0) and depression (p = 0.009). We conclude that psychological factors play an important role in the alteration of sexual behavior in epileptics and that suitable attention must be given to the control of these variables.

Avaliação in vitro do aparelho DIAGNOdent para diagnóstico oclusal

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness and reliability of laser fluorescence measurements in relation to occlusal caries diagnosis. DIAGNOdent 2095 (Kavo, Biberach, Germany), which has been developed especially for caries diagnosis, was utilized. Five (5) teeth were examined in the pilot test; after that, ten (10) teeth were examined in order to calibrate both examiners. Data were obtained from 66 teeth (36 molars and 30 premolars), totalizing 144 sites identified through photographs of the occlusal surfaces. Reproducibility was evaluated in 10 teeth. The interexaminer Spearman correlation (r) was 0.89 and the intra-examiner, 0.93 and 0.97 (examiner A and B, respectively). Validation was carried out by histological examination (stereomicroscope). For the two examiners the sensitivity of the device was relatively high, varying from 0.81 to 1.00, while specificity varied according to which validation criterion was used (0.77 - 0.86: enamel lesion / 0.52 - 0.59: dentin lesion). It was concluded that DIAGNodent presented good capacity of identifying any alteration of the dental surface, nevertheless it presents the disadvantage of accomplishing many false-positive diagnosis when the validation criterion is dentin lesion.

Antioxidative responses of cell suspension cultures of two Coffea arabica varieties to low aluminum levels at pH 5.8

The effects of aluminum (Al) on the activities of antioxidant enzymes and ferritin expression were studied in cell suspension cultures of two varieties of Coffea arabica, Mundo Novo and Icatu, in medium with pH at 5.8. The cells were incubated with 300 µM Al3+, and the Al speciation as Al3+ was 1.45% of the mole fraction. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were increased in Mundo Novo, whereas glutathione reductase (GR) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activities remained unchanged. SOD, GR, and GST activities were increased in Icatu, while CAT activity was not changed, and GPOX activity decreased. The expression of two ferritin genes (CaFer1 and CaFer2) were analyzed by Real-Time PCR. Al caused a downregulation of CaFER1 expression and no changes of CaFER2 expression in both varieties. The Western blot showed no alteration in ferritin protein levels in Mundo Novo and a decrease in Icatu. The differential enzymes responses indicate that the response to Al is variety-dependent.

Estudo da circulação retrobulbar e do campo visual após dose única oral de citrato de sildenafil (Viagra®)

Purpose: To analyze the effects of 100 mg of sildenafil citrate (Viagra®) on the retrobulbar circulation and visual field. Methods: A double masked, placebo controlled study was conducted in 10 males with a mean age of 27.7 + 5.68 years. The right eye of each volunteer underwent orbital color Doppler imaging and automated perimetry (Humphrey, program 30-2, Full-Threshold Strategy) at 3 occasions: baseline, 1 hour after placebo and 1 hour after 100 mg of sildenafil. The foveal threshold and the mean deviation (MD) were analyzed by automated perimetry on the three occasions. Color Doppler imaging allowed the measurement of the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and Pourcelot index (PI) in the central retinal artery and ophthalmic artery. Results: The foveal threshold and the mean deviation did not show a significant change following the administration of sildenafil. The ophthalmic artery peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity significantly increased after the administration of sildenafil (p<0.001). The hemodynamic parameters in the central retinal artery and the ophthalmic artery PI did not significantly change. Conclusions: Sildefanil citrate increased the blood flow velocities in the ophthalmic artery in normal subjects, with no significant changes in the foveal threshold and mean deviation in the automated perimetry.