Exportaciones de petróleo de Colombia en relación con cantidades y precios internacionales: 1994-2014

La economía Colombiana, históricamente primarizada, ha dependido fundamentalmente de materias primas provenientes de productos agropecuarios y de la industria extractiva como productos petroleros, oro y carbón. Y siendo el petróleo crudo uno de los productos que junto con su categoría han pasado a representar el 40% del total de las exportaciones totales (DANE, 2016) y el 74% del total de las regalías que recibe el país (DNP, 2016), el desempeño de este producto impacta la economía colombiana de manera colosal. Este estudio brinda un análisis matemático de las variables que afectan la exportación de petróleo crudo en Colombia, seguido de un desafío de los resultados con diferentes postulados teóricos relacionados al crecimiento de economías a través de las exportaciones, así como variables endógenas y exógenas que las impactan. La metodología usada en esta investigación se basó en la recolección de datos en temas de producción, exportación e ingresos nacionales de petróleo crudo, ingresos nacionales por exportaciones totales, y los precios internacionales del petróleo. Al contrastarse entre sí, los resultados demuestran la correlación altamente positiva que la exportación del petróleo crudo tiene con la producción nacional y prueban la marcada concentración e importancia de la exportación de petróleo crudo en las ventas externas colombianas y sus efectos en la economía nacional, según lo acontecido en el periodo de 1994 a 2014.

IMÓVEIS PÚBLICOS PARA HABITAÇÃO DE INTERESSE SOCIAL: “DIREITO A CIDADE” PARA QUEM?

O presente trabalho se constitui de um exercício reflexivo sobre a política de destinação de imóveis urbanos públicos federais, no Brasil chamados de imóveis da União, não utilizados e subutilizados para habitação de interesse social[1] na Zona Portuária da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e a sua relação com a promoção do “Direito a Cidade”, expressão criada no final da década de 60, pelo filósofo francês Henri Lefebvre. Considerando que o processo de produção da legislação urbana, no Brasil, deve ser sempre entendido a partir da perspectiva dos mesmos interesses que levaram a acumulação capitalista, este trabalho pretende apontar que o discurso da “gestão democrática”, da abertura institucional para com movimentos sociais e o discurso do “Direito a Cidade” estão longe de se apresentarem como ferramentas de transformação do status quo. Pelo contrário! Neste sentido, a intenção aqui é apontar que uma genuína promoção do “Direito a Cidade”, vale dizer,    uma verdadeira ampliação  democrática, conduzida muito além dos espaços deliberativos impostos pelo aparelho de Estado só pode ser entendida a partir da aproximação material e intelectual aos Movimentos Sociais, sob um ângulo autonomista. Por outro lado, apesar do aparelho de Estado se constituir intrínseca e essencialmente uma estrutura heterônoma de poder[2]- fundamentada nos moldes da sociedade capitalista e da democracia representativa – aprender hoje a participar dessas instâncias heterônomas de deliberação, com o devido cuidado para evitar pragmatismos e domesticação, se constitui de um importante desafio tanto para o pesquisador cientista/social engajado quanto para o movimiento social. Um diálogo horizontal entre geógrafos e movimentos sociais, despido de arrogância tecnocrática e pautado por um espírito tolerante e não-autoritário pode colaborar assim para importantes ganhos políticos e pedagógicos de autonomia, o que do ponto de vista sócioespacial significa  dizer que ajudando-se mutuamente podem aprender a agir com o Estado, apesar do Estado e essencialmente contra o Estado por uma cidade mais livre e mais justa. É o que se tentará apresentar.   [2] Para SOUZA, 2006a, está-se diante de uma situação de heteronomia (...) ”quando a ‘lei’, seja formal ou informal, escrita ou consuetudinária (normas, códigos, tabus) é imposta por um poder ‘superior’, ou percebida como imposta por um tal poder.” Neste sentido pode ser classificada a estrutura do aparelho de Estado como uma estrutura heterônoma de poder, uma vez seu aparato legislativo ser imposto a sociedade civil, sempre subjugado ao binômio democracia representativa + capitalismo. Mais detalhes, vide SOUZA, 2006ª

Citizen journalism and political participation : the youdecide project and the 2007 Australian Federal Election

The 2007 Australian Federal election not only saw the election of a Labor government after 11 years of John Howard’s conservative Coalition government. It also saw new levels of political engagement through the Internet, including the rise of citizen journalism as an alternative outlet and mode of reporting on the election. This paper reports on the You Decide 2007 project, an initiative undertaken by a QUT-based research team to facilitate online news reporting on the election on a ‘hyper-local’, electorate-based model. We evaluate the You Decide initiative on the basis of: promoting greater citizen participation in Australian politics; new ways of engaging citizens and key stakeholders in policy deliberation; establishing new links between mainstream media and independent online media; and broadening the base of political participation to include a wider range of citizen and groups.

Citizen journalism as social networking : reporting the 2007 Australian Federal Election

One of the perceived Achilles heels of online citizen journalism is its perceived inability to conduct investigative and first-hand reporting. A number of projects have recently addressed this problem, with varying success: the U.S.-based Assignment Zero was described as "a highly satisfying failure" (Howe 2007), while the German MyHeimat.de appears to have been thoroughly successful in attracting a strong community of contributors, even to the point of being able to generate print versions of its content, distributed free of charge to households in selected German cities. In Australia, citizen journalism played a prominent part in covering the federal elections held on 24 November 2007; news bloggers and public opinion Websites provided a strong counterpoint to the mainstream media coverage of the election campaign (Bruns et al., 2007). Youdecide2007.org, a collaboration between researchers at Queensland University of Technology and media practitioners at the public service broadcaster SBS, the public opinion site On Line Opinion, and technology company Cisco Systems, was developed as a dedicated space for a specifically hyperlocal coverage of the election campaign in each of Australia's 150 electorates from the urban sprawls of Sydney and Brisbane to the sparsely populated remote regions of outback Australia. YD07 provided training materials for would-be citizen journalists and encouraged them to contribute electorate profiles, interview candidates, and conduct vox-pops with citizens in their local area. The site developed a strong following especially in its home state of Queensland, and its interviewers influenced national public debate by uncovering the sometimes controversial personal views of mainstream and fringe candidates. At the same time, the success of YD07 was limited by external constraints determined by campaign timing and institutional frameworks. As part of a continuing action research cycle, lessons learnt from Youdecide2007.org are going to be translated into further iterations of the project, which will cover the local government elections in the Australian state of Queensland, to be held in March 2008, and developments subsequent to these elections. This paper will present research outcomes from the Youdecide2007.org project. In particular, it will examine the roles of staff contributors and citizen journalists in attracting members, providing information, promoting discussion, and fostering community on the site: early indications from a study of interaction data on the site indicate notably different contribution patterns and effects for staff and citizen participants, which may point towards the possibility of developing more explicit pro-am collaboration models in line with the Pro-Am phenomenon outlined by Leadbeater & Miller (2004). The paper will outline strengths and weaknesses of the Youdecide model and highlight requirements for the successful development of active citizen journalism communities. In doing so, it will also evaluate the feasibility of hyperlocal citizen journalism approaches, and their interrelationship with broader regional, state, and national journalism in both its citizen and industrial forms.

Monitoring the Australian Blogosphere through the 2007 Australian Federal Election

This paper examines the observable patterns of content creation by Australian political bloggers dur‐ing the 2007 election and its aftermath, thereby providing insight into the level and nature of activity in the Australian political blogosphere during that time. The performance indicators which are identi‐fied through this process enable us to target for further in‐depth research, to be reported in subse‐quent papers, those individual blogs and blog clusters showing especially high or unusual activity as compared to the overall baseline. This research forms the first stage in a larger project to investigate the shape and internal dynamics of the Australian political blogosphere. In this first stage, we tracked the activities of some 230 political blogs and related Websites in Australia from 2 November 2007 (the final month of the federal election campaign, with the election itself taking place on 24 Novem‐ber) to 24 January 2008. We harvested more than 65,000 articles for this study.

The Federal circuit in Bilski : the machine-or-transformation test

In a much anticipated judgment, the Federal Circuit has sought to clarify the standards applicable in determining whether a claimed method constitutes patent-eligible subject matter. In Bilski, the Federal Circuit identified a test to determine whether a patentee has made claims that pre-empt the use of a fundamental principle or an abstract idea or whether those claims cover only a particular application of a fundamental principle or abstract idea. It held that the sole test for determining subject matter eligibility for a claimed process under § 101 is that: (1) it is tied to a particular machine or apparatus, or (2) it transforms a particular article into a different state or thing. The court termed this the “machine-or-transformation test.” In so doing it overruled its earlier State Street decision to the extent that it deemed its “useful, tangible and concrete result” test as inadequate to determine whether an alleged invention recites patent-eligible subject matter.

Australian data breach notification : avoiding the State/Federal overlap

Mandatory data breach notification has become a matter of increasing concern for law reformers. In Australia, this issue was recently addressed as part of a comprehensive review of privacy law conducted by the Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC) which recommended a uniform national regime for protecting personal information applicable to both the public and private sectors. As in all federal systems, the distribution of powers between central and state governments poses problems for national consistency. In the authors’ view, a uniform approach to mandatory data breach notification has greater merit than a ‘jurisdiction specific’ approach epitomized by US state-based laws. The US response has given rise to unnecessary overlaps and inefficiencies as demonstrated by a review of different notification triggers and encryption safe harbors. Reviewing the US response, the authors conclude that a uniform approach to data breach notification is inherently more efficient.

Journalism as social networking : the Australian youdecide project and the 2007 federal election

The increasing prevalence of new media technologies and the rise of citizen journalism has coincided with a crisis in industrial journalism –as the figure of the "journalist as hero" is fading, new media forms have facilitated the production of news content "from below" by citizens and "pro-am" journalists. Participation in an action-research project run during the 2007 Australian Federal Election, youdecide 2007, allowed the authors to gain first-hand insights into the progress of citizen-led news media in Australia, but also allowed us to develop an account of what the work of facilitating citizen journalism involves. These insights are important to understanding the future of professional journalism and journalism education, as more mainstream media organizations move to accommodate and harness user-created content. The paper considers the relevance of citizen journalism projects as forms of R&D for understanding news production and distribution in participatory media cultures, and the importance of grounded case studies for moving beyond normative debates about new media and the future of journalism.

Not yet the Internet election : online media, political commentary and the 2007 Australian federal election

This paper undertakes an overview of two developments in online media that coincided with the 'year-long campaign' that was the 2007 Australian Federal election. It discusses the relatively successful use of the Internet and social media in the 'Kevin07' Australian Labor Party campaign, and contrasts this to the Liberal-National Party's faltering use of You Tube for policy announcements. It also notes the struggle for authority in interpreting polling data between the mainstream media and various online commentators, and the 'July 12 incident' at The Australian, where it engaged in strong denunciation of alleged biases and prejudices among bloggers and on political Web sites. It concludes with consideration of some wider implication for political communication and the politics-media relationship, and whether we are seeing trends towards dispersal and diversification characterising the 'third age' of political communication.

Elections 2.0 : reflections on the 2010 federal election and the future of Australian electoral law

This article analyses the 2010 federal election and the impact the internet and social media had on electoral law, and what this may mean for electoral law in the future. Four electoral law issues arising out of the 2010 election as a result of the internet are considered, including online enrolment, regulation of online advertising and comment, fundraising and the role of lobby groups, especially when it comes to crowdsourcing court challenges. Finally, the article offers some suggestions as to how the parliament and the courts should respond to these challenges.