Limitações dos sistemas de transmissão AC quando aplicados a parques eólicos offshore

De modo a garantir as metas propostas pela União Europeia de diminuição de emissão de gases poluentes, alguns países membros apostaram na tecnologia eólica offshore. Com a evolução tecnológica, estes países pretendem aumentar as potências instaladas nos parques eólicos offshore, garantindo a sua otimização ao estarem em águas profundas, tendo assim um maior aproveitamento do potencial eólico. Com esta dissertação, realizou-se um estudo para analisar, sob o ponto de vista de modelos, as limitações dos sistemas de transmissão em HVAC (High Voltage Alternating Current) quando estabelecidos em cabos submarinos. Os mecanismos dos sistemas de alimentação em HVAC, na forma tradicional (linhas aérea), são confrontados com condicionalismos. Este tipo de infraestrutura submarina impõe restrições, pelo simples facto dos parâmetros de capacidade e indutância serem bastante significativos, que para uma situação de trânsito de energia, inviabilizam o transporte de energia, devido ao elevado consumo de potência reativa, bem como os seus custos extremamente elevados. Assim, os sistemas de alimentação em HVAC quando aplicados a parques eólicos offshore apresentam limitações. O recurso à tecnologia HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current), poderá ser a solução que se revela mais adequada para os sistemas de transmissão de energia associados aos parques eólicos offshore. Para além dos fatores técnicos é fundamental considerar os custos associados à construção e exploração do parque eólico, sendo fundamental analisar todos os dados relacionados com o projeto.

A piezoelectric based energy harvester interface for a CMOS wireless sensor IC

In this thesis a piezoelectric energy harvesting system, responsible for regulating the power output of a piezoelectric transducer subjected to ambient vibration, is designed to power an RF receiver with a 6 mW power consump-tion. The electrical characterisation of the chosen piezoelectric transducer is the starting point of the design, which subsequently presents a full-bridge cross-coupled rectifier that rectifies the AC output of the transducer and a low-dropout regulator responsible for delivering a constant voltage system output of 0.6 V, with low voltage ripple, which represents the receiver’s required sup-ply voltage. The circuit is designed using CMOS 130 nm UMC technology, and the system presents an inductorless architecture, with reduced area and cost. The electrical simulations run for the complete circuit lead to the conclusion that the proposed piezoelectric energy harvesting system is a plausible solution to power the RF receiver, provided that the chosen transducer is subjected to moderate levels of vibration.

An agent-based model to assess the attractiveness of industrial estates

This article describes the main approaches adopted in a study focused on planning industrial estates on a sub-regional scale. The study was supported by an agent-based model, using firms as agents to assess the attractiveness of industrial estates. The simulation was made by the NetLogo toolkit and the environment represents a geographical space. Three scenarios and four hypotheses were used in the simulation to test the impact of different policies on the attractiveness of industrial estates. Policies were distinguished by the level of municipal coordination at which they were implemented and by the type of intervention. In the model, the attractiveness of industrial estates was based on the level of facilities, amenities, accessibility and on the price of land in each industrial estate. Firms are able to move and relocate whenever they find an attractive estate. The relocating firms were selected by their size, location and distance to an industrial estate. Results show that a coordinated policy among municipalities is the most efficient policy to promote advanced-qualified estates. In these scenarios, it was observed that more industrial estates became attractive, more firms were relocated and more vacant lots were occupied. Furthermore, the results also indicate that the promotion of widespread industrial estates with poor-quality infrastructures and amenities is an inefficient policy to attract firms.

Caracterização e avaliação produtiva de uma população nativa de pimenta longa (Piper hispidinervum C.DC) no Seringal Cachoeira, AC, Brasil

A busca de alternativas econômicas ao extrativismo tradicional na Amazônia é importante e a exploração de populações naturais de plantas da família Piperaceae, abundantes no Acre, pode se constituir em uma atividade rentável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar algumas características demográficas, ecológicas e produtivas da espécie pimenta longa (Piper hispidinervum C.DC) e avaliar a possibilidade de seu manejo para a produção de óleo essencial com alto teor de safrol. O estudo foi desenvolvido no Projeto de Assentamento Extrativista Chico Mendes, em Xapuri, AC, em uma área de capoeira com aproximadamente dez anos, onde a pimenta longa era dominante. A população foi avaliada por meio de amostragem aleatória simples, com intensidade de 12%, tendo como unidades amostrais parcelas de 10 χ 10 m. Constatou-se uma densidade média de 15 indivíduos/100 m2, variando de zero a 71 indivíduos. Esta população apresentou uma média de 92% de teor de safrol no óleo essencial, com CV de 2,38%. O rendimento médio de óleo da biomassa seca, foi de 3,5%, com CV de 28,57%. A produção de óleo foi estimada em 12,11 kg/ha, com um corte por ano, que representa apenas 15,1% da produtividade obtida em áreas de cultivo. Portanto, a viabilidade da exploração dessas populações depende do desenvolvimento de técnicas que permitam aumentar a densidade de indivíduos. Ademais, na escolha de populações para o manejo, deve-se considerar características como: tamanho, densidade e idade da população.

Bidirectional battery charger with grid-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-grid and vehicle-to-home technologies

This paper presents the development of na on-board bidirectional battery charger for Electric Vehicles (EVs) targeting Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V), Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) technologies. During the G2V operation mode the batteries are charged from the power grid with sinusoidal current and unitary power factor. During the V2G operation mode the energy stored in the batteries can be delivered back to the power grid contributing to the power system stability. In the V2H operation mode the energy stored in the batteries can be used to supply home loads during power outages, or to supply loads in places without connection to the power grid. Along the paper the hardware topology of the bidirectional battery charger is presented and the control algorithms are explained. Some considerations about the sizing of the AC side passive filter are taken into account in order to improve the performance in the three operation modes. The adopted topology and control algorithms are accessed through computer simulations and validated by experimental results achieved with a developed laboratory prototype operating in the different scenarios.

Metallic glass/PVDF magnetoelectric energy harvester working up to the radiofrequency range

Companies and researchers involved in developing miniaturized electronic devices face the basic problem of the needed batteries size, finite life of time and environmental pollution caused by their final deposition. The current trends to overcome this situation point towards Energy Harvesting technology. These harvesters (or scavengers) store the energy from sources present in the ambient (as wind, solar, electromagnetic, etc) and are costless for us. Piezoelectric devices are the ones that show a higher power density, and materials as ceramic PZT or polymeric PVDF have already demonstrated their ability to act as such energy harvester elements. Combinations between piezoelectric and electromagnetic mechanism have been also extensively investigated. Nevertheless, the power generated by these combinations is limited under the application of small magnetic fields, reducing the performance of the energy harvester [1]. In the last years the appearance of magnetoelectric (ME) devices, in which the piezoelectric deformation is driven by the magnetostrictive element, enables to extract the energy of very small electromagnetic signals through the generated magnetoelectric voltage at the piezoelectric element. However, very little work has been done testing PVDF polymer as piezoelectric constituent of the ME energy harvester device, and only to be proposed as a possibility of application [2]. Among the advantages of using piezopolymers for vibrational energy harvesting we can remember that they are ductile, resilient to shock, deformable and lightweight. In this work we demonstrate the feasibility of using magnetostrictive Fe-rich magnetic amorphous alloys/piezoelectric PVDF sandwich-type laminated ME devices as energy harvesters. A very simple experimental set-up will show how these laminates can extract energy, in amounts of μW, from an external AC field.

Simulation of OWES with five-Level converter linked to the grid: Harmonic assessment

This paper deals with a computing simulation for an offshore wind energy system taking into account the influence of the marine waves action throughout the floating platform. The wind energy system has a variable-speed turbine equipped with a permanent magnet synchronous generator and a full-power five level converter, injecting energy into the electric grid through a high voltage alternate current link. A reduction on the unbalance of the voltage in the DC-link capacitors of the five-level converter is proposed by a strategic selection of the output voltage vectors. The model for the drive train of the wind energy system is a two mass model, including the dynamics of the floating platform. A case study is presented and the assessment of the quality of the energy injected into the electric grid is discussed.

The Data Mining applied for the prediction of highway roughness due to overloaded trucks

Currently, the quality of the Indonesian national road network is inadequate due to several constraints, including overcapacity and overloaded trucks. The high deterioration rate of the road infrastructure in developing countries along with major budgetary restrictions and high growth in traffic have led to an emerging need for improving the performance of the highway maintenance system. However, the high number of intervening factors and their complex effects require advanced tools to successfully solve this problem. The high learning capabilities of Data Mining (DM) are a powerful solution to this problem. In the past, these tools have been successfully applied to solve complex and multi-dimensional problems in various scientific fields. Therefore, it is expected that DM can be used to analyze the large amount of data regarding the pavement and traffic, identify the relationship between variables, and provide information regarding the prediction of the data. In this paper, we present a new approach to predict the International Roughness Index (IRI) of pavement based on DM techniques. DM was used to analyze the initial IRI data, including age, Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL), crack, potholes, rutting, and long cracks. This model was developed and verified using data from an Integrated Indonesia Road Management System (IIRMS) that was measured with the National Association of Australian State Road Authorities (NAASRA) roughness meter. The results of the proposed approach are compared with the IIRMS analytical model adapted to the IRI, and the advantages of the new approach are highlighted. We show that the novel data-driven model is able to learn (with high accuracy) the complex relationships between the IRI and the contributing factors of overloaded trucks

Desenvolvimento de um Range Extender para Veículo Elétrico

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Eletrónica Industrial e de Computadores

Optimization of magnetoelectric composites based on electroactive polymers for energy harvesting and sensor application

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia de Materiais.

Nova genera ac species plantarum, quas in regno Chilensi Peruviano et in terra Amazonica :annis MDCCCXXVII ad MDCCCXXXII /legit Eduardus Poeppig et cum Stephano Endlicher descripsit iconibusque illustravit.

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Nova genera ac species plantarum, quas in regno Chilensi Peruviano et in terra Amazonica :annis MDCCCXXVII ad MDCCCXXXII /legit Eduardus Poeppig et cum Stephano Endlicher descripsit iconibusque illustravit.

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Nova genera ac species plantarum, quas in regno Chilensi Peruviano et in terra Amazonica :annis MDCCCXXVII ad MDCCCXXXII /legit Eduardus Poeppig et cum Stephano Endlicher descripsit iconibusque illustravit.

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Florae Austriacae, sive, Plantarum selectarum in Austriae archiducatu :sponte crescentium icones, ad vivum coloratae, et descriptionibus, ac synonymis illustratae /opera et sumptibus Nicolai Josephi Jacquin.

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Florae Austriacae, sive, Plantarum selectarum in Austriae archiducatu :sponte crescentium icones, ad vivum coloratae, et descriptionibus, ac synonymis illustratae /opera et sumptibus Nicolai Josephi Jacquin.

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