Integration of by-products and waste from agri-food supply chains into the «water-energy-food» nexus (RECOW-ER): the role of fungi

The agricultural sector is undoubtedly one of the sectors that has the greatest impact on the use of water and energy to produce food. The circular economy allows to reduce waste, obtaining maximum value from products and materials, through the extraction of all possible by-products from resources. Circular economy principles for agriculture include recycling, processing, and reusing agricultural waste in order to produce bioenergy, nutrients, and biofertilizers. Since agro-industrial wastes are principally composed of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose they can represent a suitable substrate for mushroom growth and cultivation. Mushrooms are also considered healthy foods with several medicinal properties. The thesis is structured in seven chapters. In the first chapter an introduction on the water, energy, food nexus, on agro-industrial wastes and on how they can be used for mushroom cultivation is given. Chapter 2 details the aims of this dissertation thesis. In chapters three and four, corn digestate and hazelnut shells were successfully used for mushroom cultivation and their lignocellulosic degradation capacity were assessed by using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. In chapter five, through the use of the Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) spectroscopy was possible to set-up a new method for studying mushroom composition and for identifying different mushroom species based on their spectrum. In chapter six, the isolation of different strains of fungi from plastic residues collected in the fields and the ability of these strains to growth and colonizing the Low-density Polyethylene (LDPE) were explored. The structural modifications of the LDPE, by the most efficient fungal strain, Cladosporium cladosporioides Clc/1 strain were monitored by using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Finally, chapter seven outlines the conclusions and some hints for future works and applications are provided.

Drug of abuse analysis: new methods in herbal and biological matrices for medicinal chemistry and forensic investigation

In this Ph.D. project, original and innovative approaches for the quali-quantitative analysis of abuse substances, as well as therapeutic agents with abuse potential and related compounds were designed, developed and validated for application to different fields such as forensics, clinical and pharmaceutical. All the parameters involved in the developed analytical workflows were properly and accurately optimised, from sample collection to sample pretreatment up to the instrumental analysis. Advanced dried blood microsampling technologies have been developed, able of bringing several advantages to the method as a whole, such as significant reduction of solvent use, feasible storage and transportation conditions and enhancement of analyte stability. At the same time, the use of capillary blood allows to increase subject compliance and overall method applicability by exploiting such innovative technologies. Both biological and non-biological samples involved in this project were subjected to optimised pretreatment techniques developed ad-hoc for each target analyte, making also use of advanced microextraction techniques. Finally, original and advanced instrumental analytical methods have been developed based on high and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC,UHPLC) coupled to different detection means (mainly mass spectrometry, but also electrochemical, and spectrophotometric detection for screening purpose), and on attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) for solid-state analysis. Each method has been designed to obtain highly selective, sensitive yet sustainable systems and has been validated according to international guidelines. All the methods developed herein proved to be suitable for the analysis of the compounds under investigation and may be useful tools in medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutical analysis, within clinical studies and forensic investigations.

Synthesis, characterization and potential applications of novel metal-organic frameworks

​The research work described in this thesis concerns the synthesis, characterization, and applications of two kinds of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), Copper based MOF (Cu-MOF) and zirconium based MOF (Zr-MOF) functionalized with new linkers. ​The common thread of this research project can be summarized in three work phases: ​first, the synthesis and characterization of new organic linkers is described, followed by the presentation of the different optimization conditions for the MOFs synthesis. ​Second, the new materials were fully characterized using several complementary techniques, such as infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction spectroscopy (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) as well as thermal and surface area measurements. ​Final, to obtain a complete work the possible environmental applications of the new materials were explored.

Influence of additives on the performance of a PVDF membrane

The field of use of membranes is wide and ranges from the automotive industry to biomedical uses. Many formulations and compositions find a niche where they are able to improve efficiency, running cost and quality of the product. The aim of this research is to expand GVS’s product portfolio introducing a new membrane formulation. A series of additives were researched and evaluated, adding them to the membrane solutions, which were then cast and characterised using techniques like Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), poroscopy, FT-IT ATR and measurements like Water Break Through (WBT), Air Flow (AF), thickness. This study ultimately focused on one additive, which effect on the membranes was studied in various compositions. Interesting insights were also collected on the stability of the polymer solutions over time, which was found to change the membrane properties significantly, mainly affecting airflow and water breakthrough. Properties of the membranes were studied to find possible correlations to the amount of additive. The additive seems however to change the membrane porometry considerably depending on the time of immersion in the water bath. A new procedure to yield uniform unsupported polymeric membranes for tensile tests was developed. The additive was found to reduce elongation at break and decrease tensile strength of the membranes, possibly hinting toward plasticization of the product.

Sintesi e caratterizzazione di complessi di zinco per applicazione in campo agronomico

Il presente elaborato finale si inserisce in un progetto di ricerca, svolto in collaborazione con il gruppo di ricerca di chimica metallorganica e l’azienda Biolchim S.p.A, volto alla sintesi e caratterizzazione di nuovi complessi di zinco, solubili in acqua, da impiegare nel campo agronomico come fertilizzanti. Diversi leganti sono stati studiati per la creazione di chelati di zinco, tra cui acido citrico, amminoacidi quali glicina ed alanina e acido o-idrossimandelico. La stabilità dei diversi complessi sintetizzati è stata studiata in funzione di vari range di pH e temperatura, così da valutarne la resistenza in condizioni simili a quelle reali in suolo. I prodotti solidi sono stati caratterizzati tramite IR-ATR e NMR; i complessi di zinco citrato e zinco-acido o-idrossi mandelico sono stati studiati mediante spettrometria di massa e un’analisi elementare.

Studio della permeabilità di CO2 e N2 in membrane composite di Aquivion e PVAm

Per mitigare il notevole aumento di emissioni di gas serra, molti studi si stanno focalizzando sulle membrane a trasporto facilitato per la separazione e la cattura di CO2. In particolare, le tecnologie di Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) hanno ridestato interesse basandosi principalmente sulla cattura dell’anidride carbonica. L’obiettivo di questo studio è stato di migliorare le prestazioni di selettività nell’Aquivion, membrana ionomerica dell’acido perfluorosolfonico. Gli ottimi valori di permeabilità che raggiunge hanno portato quindi a focalizzare le ricerche sul miglioramento della capacità selettiva tra CO2 e N2. Infatti, la permeabilità e la selettività sono considerati parametri di trade-off, all’aumento di uno corrisponde la diminuzione dell’altro. Inoltre, le buone prestazioni delle membrane a trasporto facilitato in presenza di gruppi amminici hanno portato al tentativo di associare ad un materiale come l’Aquivion, dalla buona conduttività protonica, la Polivinilammina. Le ammine in membrane a trasporto facilitato sono infatti in grado di legare selettivamente l’anidride carbonica. Il presente lavoro si è inizialmente focalizzato sulla purificazione della Polivinilammina e sull’accoppiamento delle due membrane. In seguito alla realizzazione, i film sono stati caratterizzati mediante spettroscopia FTIR-ATR e infine testati in condizioni di umidità con l’utilizzo di un permeometro. È infatti ampiamente studiato come migliorare la permeabilità dell’Aquivion all’aumentare dell’umidità. In conclusione, in condizioni di alta adesione della Polivinilammina all’Aquivion la selettività ad alte umidità è aumentata rispetto ai valori di letteratura in articoli condizioni.