Chinikomycins A and B: Isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activity of novel antibiotics from a marine Streptomyces sp isolate M045

In our screening of marine Streptomycetes for bioactive principles, two novel antitumor antibiotics designated as chinikomycins A (2a) and B (2b) were isolated together with manumycin A (1), and their structures were elucidated by a detailed interpretation of their spectra. Chinikomycins A (2a) and B (2b) are chlorine-containing aromatized manumycin derivatives of the type 64-pABA-2 with an unusual para orientation of the side chains. They exhibited antitumor activity against different human cancer cell lines, but were inactive in antiviral, antimicrobial, and phytotoxicity tests.

Using otolith weight to predict the age of Pennahia macrocephalus in the mouth of the Beibu Gulf

The relation between otolith weight (OW) and the age of marine fish is studied. A total of 222 individuals of bighead white croaker, Pennahia macrocephalus were sampled seasonally in the mouth of the Beibu Gulf, the South China Sea, in 2007. Since there are no significant differences in sagittal OW between otolith in pairs (Pa parts per thousand yen0.05), the undamaged left sagittal otolith is used for age determination. The highest correlations among standard length, OW and fish ages are confirmed by linear, exponential and multinomial regression. Results show that sagittal OW overlaps only occasionally among age groups, and to individuals with similar standard length, the older and slower-growing fish has a heavier otolith because of the continued otolith material deposition. There are differences in sagittal OW among different age groups and significant positive linear relationship with age (P < 0.05). The age readings can be verified by plotting the sagittal OW versus the standard length for age groups, and the individuals with similar standard length but in different ages can be separated by sagittal OW frequency analysis. Mostly, the predicted ages using the regression between sagittal OW and ages are closed to the observed ages by counting annulus on scale. It indicates that the sagittal OW analysis is a useful technique for validating the accuracy of age determination by annuli counts, especially for individuals of similar size. Furthermore, the technique is applied for Pennahia macrocephalus with discussion in this paper.

Effect of stocking density on growth, settlement and survival of clam larvae, Meretrix meretrix

To determine the optimal larval density for hatchery culture of the clam Meretrix meretrix, experiments with stocking densities of 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 larvae ml(-1) were designed, which included the developmental stages from D-veliger to 8 days postsettlement. Shell length, settlement time and survival rate of the larvae were recorded. Results showed that, at each sampling time, larvae reared at the highest density had the smallest mean size, whereas larvae reared at the lowest density had the largest mean size. Statistical differences in mean shell length at different stocking densities appeared from day 2, and greater differences occurred with increased culture time. Specific growth rate (SGR) in the rapid growing stage (day 0-3) was negatively correlated with density; however, no correlation was found between SGR and density in the slow growing stage (days 3-7). Settlement time was prolonged and shell length of settled larvae decreased as density increased. However, larval survival rate (74.8-79.1%) was independent of stocking density. Results showed that a high stocking density, in the designated range, is feasible for larval culture of the clam M. meretrix. However, for large-scale culture, in the interest of costs and safety, a stocking density of 10-20 larvae ml(-1) is recommended. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

AFLP-based genetic linkage maps of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg

Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used for genome mapping in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg. Seventeen selected primer combinations produced 1106 peaks, of which 384 (34.7%) were polymorphic in a backcross family. Among the polymorphic markers, 349 were segregating through either the female or the male parent. Chi-square analysis indicated that 255 (73.1%) of the markers segregated in a Mendelian ratio, and 94 (26.9%) showed significant (P < 0.05) segregation distortion. Separate genetic linkage maps were constructed for the female and male parents. The female framework map consisted of 119 markers in 11 linkage groups, spanning 1030.7 cM, with an average interval of 9.5 cM per marker. The male map contained 96 markers in 10 linkage groups, covering 758.4 cM, with 8.8 cM per marker. The estimated genome length of the Pacific oyster was 1258 cM for the female and 933 cM for the male, and the observed coverage was 82.0% for the female map and 81.3% for the male map. Most distorted markers were deficient for homozygotes and closely linked to each other on the genetic map, suggesting the presence of major recessive deleterious genes in the Pacific oyster.

Sustained response to selection in an introduced population of the hermaphroditic bay scallop Argopecten irradians irradians Lamarck (1819)

Introduced species often start with limited genetic variability, which is problematic for selective breeding. The problem of inbreeding can be exasperated by hermaphroditism. The bay scallop Argopecten irradians irradians is a hermaphroditic species that has been introduced to and now supports a major aquaculture industry in China. Positive response to selection for fast growth was observed in one of the less inbred stocks in a previous study. In this study, we evaluated selection for the second generation to determine if response to selection can be sustained in this introduced population of a hermaphroditic species. Response to selection, realized heritability for the second generation, cumulative (over two generations), current (for the second generation) and residual (from the first generation) genetic gains were estimated by comparing three different types of lines: SS (selected for two generation), SC (selected for the first generation only) and CC (unselected for two generations). The SS line grew significantly faster (P < 0.05) than the other two lines, indicating that the second generation selection for faster growth is still effective. Response to selection and realized heritability for the second generation were 0.612 +/- 0.101 and 0.349 +/- 0.057, respectively, which are similar to those observed for the first generation. The cumulative, current, and residual gains were 17.56 +/- 5.30%, 10.63 +/- 2.46%, and 6.25 +/- 3.13%, respectively. The sustained response to selection for the second generation observed here suggests that considerable genetic variability exists in this population and that future efforts on selective breeding are likely to be fruitful. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

繁殖期高原鼠兔的行为时间分配与后代存活率的关系

2002年4-8月份,在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站附近,采用标志流放、直接观察法和解剖法对青藏高原特有的植食性小哺乳动物——高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）的行为时间分配、繁殖特征和后代存活率等方面进行了研究.结果表明,雌、雄成体平均地面活动时间占总时间的比例分别为88.67%和89.88%,在不同的繁殖时段,成体的各种行为时间分配存在显著的变化,并影响后代的存活率.幼体从出生到15 d的存活率和雌、雄性成体的每次移动距离以及雌性成体的地面活动强度都显著的正相关;从15 d到45 d的存活率和雄性成体的地面活动强度、观望强度显著的正相关.在相同的观察时期,高原鼠兔雌、雄成体的一些行为时间分配存在显著差异,如雄性成体地面移动距离、频次在繁殖前期显著的高于雌性成体;雄性成体的观望强度在6、7月份显著高于雌性成体.说明雄性成体在领域防卫中较雌性成体承担更多的责任,雌、雄成体在育幼活动中的繁殖投入存在互补性。

祁连山海北高寒湿地植物群落结构及生态特征

海北高寒湿地系沼泽型和湖泊型湿地相并存．海北高寒湿地植物种类组成较少，从湿地中央到边缘植物优势种组成不同，群落结构变化明显．中部以帕米尔苔草为主要植物建群种的沼泽草甸，边缘地带以藏嵩草为主要建群种的沼泽化草甸，从中央到边缘地带主要有25种植物组成，隶属10科20属．高寒湿地植物有较高的地上生物量（349．373g•m^-2）和地下生物量（仅1～40cm层次最高可达10769．301g•m^-2），而且地下部分远高于地上部分，地下生物量从表层到深层基本均匀下降，与矮嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸区的地下生物量分布截然不同．因湿地帕米尔苔草、藏嵩草、黑褐苔草、华扁穗草等为主的植物粗纤维高，牲畜利用率下降，不论地上还是地下对土壤有机物的补给均较高，多年的积累使其海北高寒湿地有深达2～3m的泥炭层，使湿地形成一个非常重要的碳库．在气候变暖的条件下，这些未分解或半分解的土壤有机物质（或残体）将加速分解，对大气有更多的CO2、CH4等温室气体的排放．

高寒草甸小嵩草种群繁殖生态学研究

研究从繁殖生态学的角度对高寒草甸小嵩草（Kobresia pygmaea）种群进行了初步研究。结果表明：小嵩草属寒冷中生密丛短根茎地下芽植物，在高寒生境中采用以营养繁殖为主、有性繁殖为辅的繁殖策略，具体体现在以下几个方面：啼然小嵩草种子产量达4553.8粒/m~2，但种子萌发率较低，室内和野外萌发率分别仅有4%和1%，经氢氧化钠溶液和赤霉素溶液处理后的种子萌发率分别为1%和2%，而剥去种皮后种子萌发率达52.6%，种皮坚硬是造成种子萌发率低的主要原因；进入种子库、保留至返青期且具有活性的种子仅占种子总数的24.35%，其室内萌发率仅有3%，而在野外理论实生苗仅为11.09个/m~2，与此相反小嵩草营养繁殖所形成的新个体数为6256.25个/m~2，远远多于种子萌发所形成的实生苗数。此外，小嵩草营养繁殖效力也远高于有性繁殖效力，营养繁殖效力占总繁殖效力的90.92%。

反相高效液相色谱法测定大鼠肝组织中DNA的碱基含量

利用反相高效液相色谱法，采用Supelcosil LC-18色谱柱（250 mm * 4.6 mm i.d.，5μm ），以甲醇-0.05 mol/L KH_2PO_4缓冲液（体积比为20：80）为流动相，流速0.8 mL/min，在254 nm波长处检测，对生活在高原（海拔2.3 km）的习服大鼠肝组织中脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）的碱基含量进行了检测，发现各碱基在DNA中所占的比例是相对稳定的：腺嘌呤（A）28.8%、鸟嘌呤（G）23.3%、胞嘧啶（C）17.4%、胸腺嘧啶（T）25.3%，并利用内标法对DNA甲基化水平进行了测定。

A new species of Saussurea (Asteraceae) from Tibet and its systematic position based on ITS sequence analysis

A new species of Saussurea, S. erecta S. W Liu, J. T Pan A J. Q. Liu sp. nov., is described from Tibet. It resembles S. kingii but may be distinguished by having distinct stems and glabrous achenes. Saussurea kingii was placed in sect. Pseudoeriocoryne of subgen. Eriocoryne; this section was circumscribed by acaulescence and an inflorescence with congested capitula surrounded by a rosette of leaves. The discovery of S. erecta with distinct stems, cauline leaves and corymbose capitula blurred the delimitation of sect. Pseudoeriocoryne and suggested that the section may be polyphyletic. Both the close relationship and the significant difference between S. erecta and S. kingii were confirmed by analyses of nrDNA ITS sequences. The resulting phylogenies based on ITS data further suggest that Saussurea sect. Pseudoeriocoryne, as traditionally defined, does not constitute a monophyletic group. The rapid radiation and speciation of Saussurea in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, as inferred from ITS phylogeny, are discussed. (c) 2005 The Linnean Society of London.

小波多尺度跟踪技术研究

本论文研究的主要内容为基于小波多尺度特性的序列图像目标跟踪技术。目标跟踪作为一个在军事、工业和科学研究方面有着广泛应用背景的研究领域，一直以来吸引了大批国内外学者。由于小波变换具有多分辨率分析的特点，而且在时频两域都具有表征信号局部特征的能力，使得基于小波变换的目标跟踪算法具有传统算法无法比拟的优势。针对目标跟踪技术的研究现状和存在问题，本文着重从目标分割和特征检测与匹配两个角度对基于小波变换的几种新的目标跟踪方法进行了研究。 1. 采用基于多尺度Gabor小波的特征点检测算法对序列图像进行跟踪。借助图像的金字塔变换得到多尺度的Gabor小波特征图像，并对特征图像进行特征点检测，提取对图像变换具有鲁棒性的特征。针对两种特征检测方案，提出不同的特征匹配准则，按照分层匹配的策略由粗到精逐步定位目标的准确位置，具有较快的搜索速度。 2. 采用多尺度小波函数所提取的相位一致性特征进行基于目标分割和基于角点特征的跟踪。 对目标图像进行相位一致性检测，得到一个具有光照不变性的无量纲特征量—相位一致系数。利用相位一致性检测的这种特性，针对孤立目标的情况，提出了两种自适应目标分割和跟踪的算法。基于区域增长的目标分割算法利用从相位一致图像中找到的对比度最大点及其法线方向两边的灰度分布确定目标和背景的种子像素，进行自适应目标分割。基于相位一致性检测的目标分割算法只需确定一个阈值即可利用相位一致特征图像的方向性，依据目标在不同方向响应的不同将目标和背景区分开，适应于复杂纹理背景中的目标分割。最后，分别将两种算法所得的分割结果向水平和垂直方向投影即可确定各自的质心位置，实现自适应的质心跟踪。 进一步提取相位一致性图像的最小矩特征就能得到目标的角点信息。文中用实验验证了此方法检测到角点的综合性能。在此基础上，提出了利用单演相位差进行角点匹配跟踪的算法，并将其同基于灰度相关的匹配算法进行了对比，证明了本算法能够检测出更多准确匹配的角点、减少误匹配，同时具有较小的匹配运算量。 对以上提出的几种目标跟踪算法进行了大量的仿真实验，实验结果表明，这几种方法均取得了较好的跟踪效果，能够实现稳定、精确的跟踪。

乌江流域沉积岩风化过程中稀土元素的富集与释放

以乌江流域石灰岩、白云质灰岩、白云岩、硅质岩、页岩和砂岩等沉积岩的13 条风化剖面为对象, 运用R 型分层聚类分析和质量平衡计算方法, 研究了这些岩石风化过程中稀土元素(REE) 的富集与释放及其对植物生长和河水REE 分布的影响, 目的是为河水物质来源研究和为农业生产提供依据。结果表明: (1) 乌江流域石灰土中REE 的富集程度显著高于各自母岩、黄壤、上陆壳(UCC) 、中国土壤(CS) 和世界土壤(WS) ; (2) 沉积岩风化过程中REE 的富集特征和机制可能与母岩中REE 分布特征以及风化剖面中有机质、铁(氢) 氧化物和粘土矿物的吸附有关; (3) 沉积岩风化过程中释放的REE 可为植物吸收利用; (4) 石灰岩等沉积岩风化过程中REE 和Fe 等元素的释放对河水溶解态REE 的分布有重要影响。

湘东南玄武质岩石地球化学特征及构造环境

湖南东南部是我国大规模钨，锡，锑及铅锌，稀有，稀土元素矿床集中区，其控矿构造环境倍受人们关注。幔源暗色岩系是深构造环境的产物，其地球化学特征是了解构造环境的有效途径。湘东南玄武质岩石包括碱性玄武岩和拉斑玄武岩两个系列，以碱性玄武岩系列为主。玄武质岩石稀土元素总量较高，无负铕异常，为轻稀土富集的右倾型。稀土元素反映岩浆形成主要受部分熔融作用控制。岩石形成于大陆拉张构造环境。微量元素具有明显OIB型分布特征，地壳混染程度很低，具有富集地幔特征。岩石地球化学，同位素地球化学和地球物理研究表明，软流圈地幔上涌并交代岩石圈地幔，形成以宁远－道县为中心的热地幔柱构造。该热幔柱构造控制该区的成岩，成矿作用。

湘东北钠质煌斑岩地幔源区特征及成岩构造环境

在湘东北中生代陆内拉张带中发现了一组特殊的钠质煌斑岩。在常量元素、微量元素和Sr,Nd同位素等与常见钾质煌斑岩具有明显差异。岩石以富Na_2O高TiO_2和Nb,Ta,Nd,LREE弱富集及不出现负铕异常为特征。微量元素和Sr,Nd同位素组成具有洋岛玄武岩(OIB)地幔源区性质,~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr初始比值平均为0.705332,~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd初始比值平均为0.512650,ε_(Nd)(t)为+3.5～+3.9,构成特殊的钠质煌斑岩地幔源区,其形成主要是来自软流圈含挥发分的流体/熔体交代岩石圈底部原始地幔。测得钠质煌斑岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为136.61 Ma,代表湘东北燕山晚期由挤压到拉张的构造转换时期。钠质煌斑岩形成于大陆内部软流圈地幔上涌的地幔热点式构造环境。软流圈地幔上涌是导致钠质煌斑岩形成和制约湘东北燕山晚期陆内拉张的主要地球动力学因素。

中国分散元素富集与成矿研究新进展

本文重申了对分散元素种类的界定,将Cd、Ga、In、Tl、Ge、Se、Te和Re 8种元素作为分散元素既兼顾了传统习惯,也考虑到了地球化学性质的异同,同时也考虑了地质事实.近十年来,分散元素大规模的工业利用引发了对分散元素资源的进一步研究,新的研究成果主要包括：①分散元素可以成矿,可以形成独立和共生矿床,可以形成大型甚至超大型矿床,甚至可以形成分散元素矿集区或成矿域,这一新的进展打破了分散元素不能独立成矿的传统观念.在中国已经发现了许多分散元素独立矿床;②分散元素的富集成矿具有矿床类型和矿物类型的专属性,这意味着注意特定的矿床类型,会使找到相应的分散元素矿床的可能性增加;③发现和明确了分散元素的三种主要存在形式即独立矿物、类质同象和吸附,首次在国内矿床中发现了一系列分散元素矿物和新矿物;④Se、Tl、Cd的释放对环境的危害最主要的方式是通过污染饮用水进而影响到人类健康,其它分散元素对环境的作用目前还不十分清楚.