基于MRF模型的油气储层属性随机建模方法研究

Stochastic reservoir modeling is a technique used in reservoir describing. Through this technique, multiple data sources with different scales can be integrated into the reservoir model and its uncertainty can be conveyed to researchers and supervisors. Stochastic reservoir modeling, for its digital models, its changeable scales, its honoring known information and data and its conveying uncertainty in models, provides a mathematical framework or platform for researchers to integrate multiple data sources and information with different scales into their prediction models. As a fresher method, stochastic reservoir modeling is on the upswing. Based on related works, this paper, starting with Markov property in reservoir, illustrates how to constitute spatial models for catalogued variables and continuum variables by use of Markov random fields. In order to explore reservoir properties, researchers should study the properties of rocks embedded in reservoirs. Apart from methods used in laboratories, geophysical means and subsequent interpretations may be the main sources for information and data used in petroleum exploration and exploitation. How to build a model for flow simulations based on incomplete information is to predict the spatial distributions of different reservoir variables. Considering data source, digital extent and methods, reservoir modeling can be catalogued into four sorts: reservoir sedimentology based method, reservoir seismic prediction, kriging and stochastic reservoir modeling. The application of Markov chain models in the analogue of sedimentary strata is introduced in the third of the paper. The concept of Markov chain model, N-step transition probability matrix, stationary distribution, the estimation of transition probability matrix, the testing of Markov property, 2 means for organizing sections-method based on equal intervals and based on rock facies, embedded Markov matrix, semi-Markov chain model, hidden Markov chain model, etc, are presented in this part. Based on 1-D Markov chain model, conditional 1-D Markov chain model is discussed in the fourth part. By extending 1-D Markov chain model to 2-D, 3-D situations, conditional 2-D, 3-D Markov chain models are presented. This part also discusses the estimation of vertical transition probability, lateral transition probability and the initialization of the top boundary. Corresponding digital models are used to specify, or testify related discussions. The fifth part, based on the fourth part and the application of MRF in image analysis, discusses MRF based method to simulate the spatial distribution of catalogued reservoir variables. In the part, the probability of a special catalogued variable mass, the definition of energy function for catalogued variable mass as a Markov random field, Strauss model, estimation of components in energy function are presented. Corresponding digital models are used to specify, or testify, related discussions. As for the simulation of the spatial distribution of continuum reservoir variables, the sixth part mainly explores 2 methods. The first is pure GMRF based method. Related contents include GMRF model and its neighborhood, parameters estimation, and MCMC iteration method. A digital example illustrates the corresponding method. The second is two-stage models method. Based on the results of catalogued variables distribution simulation, this method, taking GMRF as the prior distribution for continuum variables, taking the relationship between catalogued variables such as rock facies, continuum variables such as porosity, permeability, fluid saturation, can bring a series of stochastic images for the spatial distribution of continuum variables. Integrating multiple data sources into the reservoir model is one of the merits of stochastic reservoir modeling. After discussing how to model spatial distributions of catalogued reservoir variables, continuum reservoir variables, the paper explores how to combine conceptual depositional models, well logs, cores, seismic attributes production history.

大港油田孔南地区孔一段储层流动单元研究

The main reservoir type in the south of Dagang Oilfield is alluvial reservoir. In this paper, the reservoir structure model and the distribution of connected body and flow barrier were built on base of the study of high-resolution sequential stratigraphic skeleton and fine sedimentary microfacies on level of single sandbody. Utilizing the static and dynamic data synthetically and carrying out the comparision of the classification method for reservoir flow unit in different reservoir, the criterion, which can be used to classify the flow unit in first section of Kongdian formation of Kongnan area, was defined. The qualitative method of well-to-well correlation and the quantitative method of conditional simulation using multiple data are adopted to disclose the oil and water moving regulation in different flow unit and the distribution rule of remaining oil by physical simulation measure. A set of flow unit study method was formed that is suit for the Dagang Oilfield on account of the remaining oil production according to the flow unit. Several outstanding progresses was obtained in the following aspects:It is considered that the reservoir structure of Zao V iow oil group- Zao Vup4 layerand are jigsaw-puzzled reservoir, while ZaoVup3-ZaoVupi layers are labyrinth reservoir,which are studied on base of high-resolution sequential stratigraphic skeleton on the levelof single sandbody in first section of Kongdian formation of Kongnan area and accordingto the study of fine sedimentary microfacies and fault sealeing.When classifying the flow unit, only permeability is the basic parameter using thestatic and dynamic data and, and also different parameters should be chose or deleted, suchas porosity, effective thickness, fluid viscosity and so on, because of the weak or stronginterlayer heterogeneous and the difference of interlayer crude oil character.The method of building predicting-model of flow unit was proposed. This methodis according to the theories of reservoir sedimentology and high-resolution sequencestratigraphic and adopts the quantitative method of well-to well correlation and the quantitative method of stochastic simulation using integrateddense well data. Finally the 3-D predicting-model of flow unit and the interlay er distribution model in flow unit were built which are for alluvial fan and fan delta fades in first section of Kongdian formation of Kongnan area, and nine genetic model of flow unit of alluvial environment that spread in the space were proposed.(4) Difference of reservoir microscopic pore configuration in various flow units and difference of flow capability and oil displacement effect were demonstrated through the physical experiments such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), constant rate mercury penetration, flow simulation and so on. The distribution of remaining oil in this area was predicted combining the dynamic data and numerical modeling based on the flow unit. Remaining oil production measure was brought up by the clue of flow unit during the medium and late course of the oilfield development.

单（多）井抽灌对浅部地温场的影响研究

The technique of energy extraction using groundwater source heat pumps, as a sustainable way of low-grade thermal energy utilization, has widely been used since mid-1990's. Based on the basic theories of groundwater flow and heat transfer and by employing two analytic models, the relationship of the thermal breakthrough time for a production well with the effect factors involved is analyzed and the impact of heat transfer by means of conduction and convection, under different groundwater velocity conditions, on geo-temperature field is discussed.A mathematical model, coupling the equations for groundwater flow with those for heat transfer, was developed. The impact of energy mining using a single well system of supplying and returning water on geo-temperature field under different hydrogeological conditions, well structures, withdraw-and-reinjection rates, and natural groundwater flow velocities was quantitatively simulated using the finite difference simulator HST3D. Theoretical analyses of the simulated results were also made. The simulated results of the single well system indicate that neither the permeability nor the porosity of a homogeneous aquifer has significant effect on the temperature of the production segment provided that the production and injection capability of each well in the aquifers involved can meet the designed value. If there exists a lower permeable interlayer, compared with the main aquifer, between the production and injection segments, the temperature changes of the production segment will decrease. The thicker the interlayer and the lower the interlayer permeability, the longer the thermal breakthrough time of the production segment and the smaller the temperature changes of the production segment. According to the above modeling, it can also be found that with the increase of the aquifer thickness, the distance between the production and injection screens, and/or the regional groundwater flow velocity, and/or the decrease of the production-and-reinjection rate, the temperature changes of the production segment decline. For an aquifer of a constant thickness, continuously increase the screen lengths of production and injection segments may lead to the decrease of the distance between the production and injection screens, and the temperature changes of the production segment will increase, consequently.According to the simulation results of the single well system, the parameters, that can cause significant influence on heat transfer as well as geo-temperature field, were chosen for doublet system simulation. It is indicated that the temperature changes of the pumping well will decrease as the aquifer thickness, the distance between the well pair and/or the screen lengths of the doublet increase. In the case of a low permeable interlayer embedding in the main aquifer, if the screens of the pumping and the injection wells are installed respectively below and above the interlayer, the temperature changes of the pumping well will be smaller than that without the interlay. The lower the permeability of the interlayer, the smaller the temperature changes. The simulation results also indicate that the lower the pumping-and-reinjection rate, the greater the temperature changes of the pumping well. It can also be found that if the producer and the injector are chosen reasonably, the temperature changes of the pumping well will decline as the regional groundwater flow velocity increases. Compared with the case that the groundwater flow direction is perpendicular to the well pair, if the regional flow is directed from the pumping well to the injection well, the temperature changes of the pumping well is relatively smaller.Based on the above simulation study, a case history was conducted using the data from an operating system in Beijing. By means of the conceptual model and the mathematical model, a 3-D simulation model was developed and the hydrogeological parameters and the thermal properties were calibrated. The calibrated model was used to predict the evolution of the geo-temperature field for the next five years. The simulation results indicate that the calibrated model can represent the hydrogeological conditions and the nature of the aquifers. It can also be found that the temperature fronts in high permeable aquifers move very fast and the radiuses of temperature influence are large. Comparatively, the temperature changes in clay layers are smaller and there is an obvious lag of the temperature changes. According to the current energy mining load, the temperature of the pumping wells will increase by 0.7°C at the end of the next five years. The above case study may provide reliable base for the scientific management of the operating system studied.

岩浆－热液过渡阶段体系中不相容元素地球化学行为及其机制－以新疆阿尔泰3号伟晶岩脉研究为例

伟晶岩形成和演化中岩浆-热液过渡阶段物理化学性质、过铝质富挥发分岩浆体系岩浆液相不混溶、流体相出溶事件的相对时间尺度以及在岩浆-热液过渡阶段体系中稀土和其它微量元素地球化学行为(稀土“四重效应”机制和微量元素分异及控制因素等)是目前过铝质岩浆体系研究的焦点问题。对上述问题的研究和探讨，将有助于了解伟晶岩形成和演化的全过程，有助于了解挥发分(H_20、F、B、P)对过铝质岩浆体系物理性质以及对REE和其它微量元素地球化学行为影响，这对于理解过铝质岩浆体系成岩、成矿作用过程具有重大的理论和实际意义。本论文选择著名的新疆阿尔泰3号伟晶岩脉为研究对象，由于它具有完美的分带特征，使我们有可能通过各结构带矿物学、地球化学的研究揭示伟晶岩成因和演化过程以及讨论岩浆-热液过渡阶段体系中的稀土和微量元素地球化学行为。由于LCT型伟晶岩具有明显的分带性、矿物颗粒大小不均匀性等特点，因此利用全岩样品研究伟晶岩往往因取样没有代表性而被大多数岩石学家和地球化学家所否定。考虑到这点，本文系统采集阿尔泰3号伟晶岩脉各结构带磷灰石、电气石、碱性长石、石英矿物，部分结构带的石榴石、绿柱石、锂辉石矿物以及伟晶岩冷凝边和蚀变围岩的全岩样品，通过各结构带磷灰石矿物化学组成和~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr比值测定，电气石矿物的化学组成和硼同位素组成分析，碱性长石中磷含量的电子探针分析和碱性长石-石英矿物对的氧同位素体系研究以及蚀变围岩和冷凝边的化学组成分析，本文较为详尽系统地探讨以上所有的问题。通过本次多年的研究，我们获得了以下几点新的认识：f1) 富挥发分过铝质岩浆体系的样品存在稀土“四重效应”和Y-Ho、Zr-Hf、Nb-Ta、Sr-Eu元素对的显著分异，表明在过铝质岩浆演化过程中含氟流体相起着重要的作用；目前，稀土“四重效应”机制被认为是含水流体相与过铝质岩浆熔体相互作用的结果(Irber 1999；Bau 1997)，而不是独居石、磷钇矿、石榴石矿物等矿物的早期结晶引起的残余熔体稀土含量的异常变化。由于阿尔泰3号伟晶岩脉各带磷灰石以及与其共生的石榴石、绿柱石、碱性长石、锂辉石矿物均存存明显的稀土“四重效应”以及相同电价、相似离子半径的不相容元素间存在显著的分异，并结合最近赵振华等(1999)和Sba and Chappell(1999)报道S型花岗岩全岩和单矿物(磷灰石、独居石、长石、黄玉等)均存在稀土“四重效应”这一现象，本文研究提出，稀土“四重效应”是富挥发分过铝质岩浆体系的一个基本特征，其机制既不可能由含稀土的副矿物早期结晶引起残余熔体相中REE含量变化的结果，也不能定性地归因于流体相与熔体相相互作用过程中稀土元素在流体／熔体之间分异的结果，而很可能与伟晶岩岩浆形成之前某些过程密切相关，S型花岗岩岩浆在液相线以上存在硅酸盐熔体与高盐熔体(或卤水相)的不混溶液相分离有可能是过铝质岩浆体系产生稀土“四重效应”的主要原因。(2) 由于Sr~(2+)与Eu~(2+)具有相同的电价、相似的离子半径，根据经典的地球化学原理，它们具有相似的地球化学行为，在各种地质过程中其它们具有紧密的一致性。阿尔泰3号伟晶岩磷灰石中Sr／Eu比值具有二歧变化现象，其中I、Il、III和IV带磷灰石具有低的Sr／Eu比值(16:0～111.2)，而V、VI、VII带、核部带和IV带中的一个磷灰石则显示较大的Sr／Eu比值(主要在246．6～514:9范围，其中IV带的一个磷灰石该比值在10000以上)。对世界范围内的过铝质花岗岩统计表明，过铝质岩浆岩的全岩样品中的Sr／Eu也呈现二歧变化，由此本文提出Sr／Eu比值是指示过铝质岩浆体系中岩浆流体相出溶的有效地球化学参数，大于300的Sr／Eu比值是Eu~(2+)强烈分配进入流体相的地球化学标志。(3) 阿尔泰3号伟晶岩I、II、III带电气石矿物的硼同位素组成(δ~(11)B)分布在-41.11‰～-30.90‰之间，V、VI、VII带电气石矿物硼同位素组成(δ~(11)B)在-15.23‰～-9.20‰范围，IV带电气石硼同位素分布于-39.19～13.10‰范围，如此大的硼同位素分馏无法根据实验研究获得的熔体／流体相间的分馏系数进行合理解释。我们的研究表明岩浆成因电气石的B同位素组成与电气石化学组成具相关性，随电气石Y位上AI、Li阳离子数的增大，δ~(11)B值显示明显增大的趋势。阿尔泰3号伟晶岩最初形成的结构带中电气石的B同位素组成是目前所发现的最低值之一(-41.1l～39.01‰)，指示形成伟晶岩脉的初始岩浆可能由含非海相蒸发岩的泥质岩经变质深熔作用形成，或是伟晶岩岩浆在上侵定位过程中同化了含非海相蒸发岩地层的结果。本次研究利用电气石-白云母和电气石-四硼酸盐矿物间的同位索分馏以及熔体相-流体相间的同位索分馏，合理解释了阿尔泰3号伟晶岩脉电气石B同位素分馏过程，并首次获得伟晶岩形成、演化过程中B同位素组成演化的全程图谱。(4)伟晶岩岩浆形成和演化过程是否存在由过磷引起的液相不混溶现象未见确凿的岩石学和实验地球化学证据。阿尔泰3号伟晶岩脉糖粒状钠长石带(II带)明显由两种不同组构的岩性组成，而且该带是3号脉主要的Be矿化带，也是P、REE最重要的沉淀场所。阿尔泰3号伟晶岩脉梳状结构带和I带的碱性长石具较高P含量(平均值分别为0.42 wt％和0.22 wt％)，随着岩浆的演化进行，从III带到核部带，碱性长石中P含量逐渐增大(平均值由0.21 wt％增至0.50 wt％)，而II带碱性长石中异常低的P含量(平均值为0.08、wt％)是该带大量磷灰石矿物饱和结晶，导致残余熔体相中P极度亏损所造成的，而不是晚期出溶的岩浆热液交代形成的。根据Watson (1978)、Ryerson and Hess(1980)在液相线以上温度下实验研究获得的微量元素在不混溶的基性和酸性液相中分配特征，以及Webster et a1．(1997）对德国Ehrenfriedersdorf矿区伟晶岩石英中熔体包裹体的研究成果，我们推断在富磷岩浆体系中，在其演化的早期将出现由磷引起的液相不混溶作用，它对伟晶岩成岩和Be的成矿具有重大的影响。

D-Amino acid peptide residualizing agents bearing N-hydroxysuccinimido- and maleimido-functional groups and their application for trastuzumab radioiodination.

INTRODUCTION: Proteins that undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis are subject to lysosomal degradation, requiring radioiodination methods that minimize loss of radioactivity from tumor cells after this process occurs. To accomplish this, we developed the residualizing radioiodination agent N(ϵ)-(3-[(*)I]iodobenzoyl)-Lys(5)-N(α)-maleimido-Gly(1)-D-GEEEK (Mal-D-GEEEK-[(*)I]IB), which enhanced tumor uptake but also increased kidney activity and necessitates generation of sulfhydryl moieties on the protein. The purpose of the current study was to synthesize and evaluate a new D-amino acid based agent that might avoid these potential problems. METHODS: N(α)-(3-iodobenzoyl)-(5-succinimidyloxycarbonyl)-D-EEEG (NHS-IB-D-EEEG), which contains 3 D-glutamates to provide negative charge and a N-hydroxysuccinimide function to permit conjugation to unmodified proteins, and the corresponding tin precursor were produced by solid phase peptide synthesis and subsequent conjugation with appropriate reagents. Radioiodination of the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab using NHS-IB-D-EEEG and Mal-D-GEEEK-IB was compared. Paired-label internalization assays on BT474 breast carcinoma cells and biodistribution studies in athymic mice bearing BT474M1 xenografts were performed to evaluate the two radioiodinated D-peptide trastuzumab conjugates. RESULTS: NHS-[(131)I]IB-D-EEEG was produced in 53.8%±13.4% and conjugated to trastuzumab in 39.5%±7.6% yield. Paired-label internalization assays with trastuzumab-NHS-[(131)I]IB-D-EEEG and trastuzumab-Mal-D-GEEEK-[(125)I]IB demonstrated similar intracellular trapping for both conjugates at 1h ((131)I, 84.4%±6.1%; (125)I, 88.6%±5.2%) through 24h ((131)I, 60.7%±6.8%; (125)I, 64.9%±6.9%). In the biodistribution experiment, tumor uptake peaked at 48 h (trastuzumab-NHS-[(131)I]IB-D-EEEG, 29.8%±3.6%ID/g; trastuzumab-Mal-D-GEEEK-[(125)I]IB, 45.3%±5.3%ID/g) and was significantly higher for (125)I at all time points. In general, normal tissue levels were lower for trastuzumab-NHS-[(131)I]IB-D-EEEG, with the differences being greatest in kidneys ((131)I, 2.2%±0.4%ID/g; (125)I, 16.9%±2.8%ID/g at 144 h). CONCLUSION: NHS-[(131)I]IB-D-EEEG warrants further evaluation as a residualizing radioiodination agent for labeling internalizing antibodies/fragments, particularly for applications where excessive renal accumulation could be problematic.

Moisture Effects on the Reliability of Anisotropic Conductive Film Interconnection for Flip Chip on Flex Applications

Anisotropic conductive film (ACF) which consists of an adhesive epoxy matrix and randomly distributed conductive particles are widely used as the connection material for electronic devices with high I/O counts. However, for the semiconductor industry the reliability of the ACF is still a major concern due to a lack of experimental reliability data. This paper reports the investigations into the moisture-induced failures in Flip-Chip-on-Flex interconnections with Anisotropic Conductive Films (ACFs). Both experimental and modeling methods were applied. In the experiments, the contact resistance was used as a quality indicator and was measured continuously during the accelerated tests (autoclave tests). The temperature, relative humidity and the pressure were set at 121°C, 100%RH, and 2atm respectively. The contact resistance of the ACF joints increased during the tests and nearly 25% of the joints were found to be open after 168 hours’ testing time. Visible conduction gaps between the adhesive and substrate pads were observed. Cracks at the adhesive/flex interface were also found. For a better understanding of the experimental results, 3-D Finite Element (FE) models were built and a macro-micro modeling method was used to determine the moisture diffusion and moisture-induced stresses inside the ACF joints. Modeling results are consistent with the findings in the experimental work.

Effects of solder reflow on the reliability of flip-chip on flex interconnections using anisotropic conductive adhesives

This work describes the work of an investigation of the effects of solder reflow process on the reliability of anisotropic conductive film (ACF) interconnection for flip-chip on flex (FCOF) applications. Experiments as well as computer modeling methods have been used. The results show that the contact resistance of ACF interconnections increases after the reflow and the magnitude of the increase is strongly correlated to the peak reflow temperature. In fact, nearly 40 percent of the joints are open when the peak reflow temperature is 260°C, while there is no opening when the peak temperature is 210°C. It is believed that the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the polymer particle and the adhesive matrix is the main cause of this contact degradation. To understand this phenomenon better, a three-dimensional (3-D) finite element (FE) model of an ACF joint has been analyzed in order to predict the stress distribution in the conductive particles, adhesive matrix and metal pads during the reflow process. The stress level at the interface between the particle and its surrounding materials is significant and it is the highest at the interface between the particle and the adhesive matrix.

WASP-14b: 7.3 M-J transiting planet in an eccentric orbit

We report the discovery of a 7.3 M-J exoplanet WASP-14b, one of the most massive transiting exoplanets observed to date. The planet orbits the 10th-magnitude F5V star USNO-B1 11118-0262485 with a period of 2.243 752 d and orbital eccentricity e = 0.09. A simultaneous fit of the transit light curve and radial velocity measurements yields a planetary mass of 7.3 +/- 0.5 M-J and a radius of 1.28 +/- 0.08 R-J. This leads to a mean density of about 4.6 g cm(-3) making it the densest transiting exoplanets yet found at an orbital period less than 3 d. We estimate this system to be at a distance of 160 +/- 20 pc. Spectral analysis of the host star reveals a temperature of 6475 +/- 100 K, log g = 4.07 cm s(-2) and v sin i = 4.9 +/- 1.0 km s(-1), and also a high lithium abundance, log N(Li) = 2.84 +/- 0.05. The stellar density, effective temperature and rotation rate suggest an age for the system of about 0.5-1.0 Gyr.

Cross-validation of geo-electrical and hydrogeological models to evaluate seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers

The validation of variable-density flow models simulating seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers requires information about concentration distribution in groundwater. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) provides relevant data for this purpose. However, inverse modeling is not accurate because of the non-uniqueness of solutions. Such difficulties in evaluating seawater intrusion can be overcome by coupling geophysical data and groundwater modeling. First, the resistivity distribution obtained by inverse geo-electrical modeling is established. Second, a 3-D variable-density flow hydrogeological model is developed. Third, using Archie's Law, the electrical resistivity model deduced from salt concentration is compared to the formerly interpreted electrical model. Finally, aside from that usual comparison-validation, the theoretical geophysical response of concentrations simulated with the groundwater model can be compared to field-measured resistivity data. This constitutes a cross-validation of both the inverse geo-electrical model and the groundwater model.
[Comte, J.-C., and O. Banton (2007), Cross-validation of geo-electrical and hydrogeological models to evaluate seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L10402, doi:10.1029/2007GL029981.]

Workspace evaluation of manipulators through finite-partition of SE(3)

Workspace analysis and optimization are important in a manipulator design. As the complete workspace of a 6-DOF manipulator is embedded into a 6-imensional space, it is difficult to quantify and qualify it. Most literatures only considered the 3-D sub workspaces of the complete 6-D workspace. In this paper, a finite-partition approach of the Special Euclidean group SE(3) is proposed based on the topology properties of SE(3), which is the product of Special Orthogonal group SO(3) and R^3. It is known that the SO(3) is homeomorphic to a solid ball D^3 with antipodal points identified while the geometry of R^3 can be regarded as a cuboid. The complete 6-D workspace SE(3) is at the first time parametrically and proportionally partitioned into a number of elements with uniform convergence based on its geometry. As a result, a basis volume element of SE(3) is formed by the product of a basis volume element of R^3 and a basis volume element of SO(3), which is the product of a basis volume element of D^3 and its associated integration measure. By this way, the integration of the complete 6-D workspace volume becomes the simple summation of the basis volume elements of SE(3). Two new global performance indices, i.e., workspace volume ratio Wr and global condition index GCI, are defined over the complete 6-D workspace. A newly proposed 3 RPPS parallel manipulator is optimized based on this finite-partition approach. As a result, the optimal dimensions for maximal workspace are obtained, and the optimal performance points in the workspace are identified.

Nonrigid Structure-From-Motion From 2-D Images Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo

In this paper we present a new method for simultaneously determining three dimensional (3-D) shape and motion of a non-rigid object from uncalibrated two dimensional (2- D) images without assuming the distribution characteristics. A non-rigid motion can be treated as a combination of a rigid rotation and a non-rigid deformation. To seek accurate recovery of deformable structures, we estimate the probability distribution function of the corresponding features through random sampling, incorporating an established probabilistic model. The fitting between the observation and the projection of the estimated 3-D structure will be evaluated using a Markov chain Monte Carlo based expectation maximisation algorithm. Applications of the proposed method to both synthetic and real image sequences are demonstrated with promising results.

Luminescence temperature sensing using poly(vinyl alcohol)-encapsulated Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) films

The ruthenium(II) diimine complexes, such as ruthenium(II) tris( bipyridyl), Ru(bpy)(3)(2+), possess highly luminescent excited states that are not only readily quenched by oxygen but also by an increase in temperature. The former effect can be rendered insignificant by encapsulating the complex in an oxygen impermeable polymer, although encapsulation often leads also to a loss of temperature sensitivity. The luminescence properties of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) encapsulated in PVA were studied as a function of oxygen concentration and temperature and found to be independent of the former, but still very sensitive towards the latter. The results were fitted to an established Arrhenius-type equation, based on thermal quenching of the emitting state by a slightly higher (Delta E = 3100 cm(-1)) (3)d-d state that deactivates very rapidly (10(-13) s) via a non-radiative process.

Étude de profils psychomoteurs d'enfants à hauts potentiels intellectuels en difficulté d'apprentissage à l'école primaire française

Cette recherche professionnelle porte sur les profils psychomoteurs d'un échantillon de 83 enfants français, garçons et filles de 7, 8 et 9 ans à hauts potentiels intellectuels rencontrant des difficultés pour apprendre à l'école primaire. Elle est mise en oeuvre au moyen d'une méthodologie mixte. Née en France, la psychomotricité est un corpus paramédical qui propose une approche éducative et de remédiation des difficultés d'apprentissage, à partir d'une conception du développement psychomoteur qui considère que les interrelations entre les fonctionnements corporels, les éprouvés émotionnels et les cognitions sont primordiales et qu'elles se réalisent et sont accessibles via l'expérience corporelle globalisante. Ce construit, et les outils d'évaluation qui en découlent, c'est-à-dire le bilan psychomoteur, sont ici mobilisés pour décrire les profils adaptatifs d'enfants à hauts potentiels intellectuels en souffrance pour apprendre. Si les principaux travaux consacrés à ces enfants hors-normes et à leurs développements atypiques évoquent leur sensibilité et fragilité, ils sont trop souvent restreints aux seuls aspects du quotient intellectuel. Les apports de la psychomotricité peuvent donc les compléter. À partir de la description du dialogue tonicoémotionnel, qui inscrit le sujet dans la continuité biologiquepsychologique, l'expérience du corps, sous le double effet de la maturation neuromotrice et du bain environnemental, évolue vers la différenciation des fonctions psychomotrices qui permet la maîtrise gestuelle, la représentation du corps, de l'espace et du temps. Ces descriptions sont cohérentes avec d'autres conceptions multi-référencées qui reconnaissent aux émotions et à leur devenir un rôle important dans le développement, comme la théorie de l'attachement. Elles conduisent au repérage de troubles psychomoteurs. Ceux-ci peuvent friner l'accès aux apprentissages scolaires notamment l'écriture. Ce sont des perturbations de l'équilibre psychocorporel. Par définition et spécifiquement, ils ne répondent pas à une atteinte neurologique et expriment une souffrance psychique. L'analyse centrée sur les variables fournit une vision générale des données collectées. Les corrélations entre les 30 rubriques sont étudiées en les classant par sphères correspondant aux fonctions psychomotrices - motricité - rythme - espace - intégration corporelle - graphomotricité; puis par processus - tonicoémotionnel - sensori-perceptivo-moteur - cognitif - apprentissage explicité. Cette taxonomie éclaire les corrélations et donc les niveaux d'organisation. Ce premier traitement statistique débouche sur a) l'intérêt de la démarche globale en psychomotricité puisque toutes les rubriques étudiées se sont avérées troublées, b) l'apport de la prise en considération des dimensions tonicoémotionnelles, c) l'importance de l'articulation sensori-perceptivo-motrice et d) une confirmation des liens entre les compétences psychomotrices et l'écriture. La seconde étape est une classification hiérarchique ascendante puis une analyse factorielle des grappes. Elle dégage des résultats concernant des différences entre les organisations internes de ces enfants sous-réalisateurs, à partir des poids respectifs des facteurs 1) de la dyspraxie et de la dysgraphie, 2) de l'hyperactivité et de l'anxiété avec impulsivité et difficultés graphiques, 3) des troubles de la motricité large et fine et de l'expression émotionnelle, 4) des troubles spatiaux, 5) des troubles visuopraxiques et de l'intégration corporelle floue, 6) des troubles diffus et légers et 7) des troubles du rythme. Ainsi les cinq grappes sont décrites de manière dynamique comme caractérisées par 1) de bonnes compétences scripturales, des difficultés légères mais aussi des perturbations du tonus musculaire, 2) des tendances dysgraphiques pour des enfants maladroits et inquiets mais aussi avec des compétences préservées, qui se différencient 3) d'enfants franchement dysgraphiques avec des difficultés à se situer et manier les informations relatives à l'espace et au rythme, 4) d'enfants également dysgraphiques mais aussi hyperactifs, anxieux et manquant de référence spatio-temporelle, et 5) de sujets qui dysgraphiques, dyspraxiques, émotifs ont des tendances hyperactives et des incertitudes visuopraxiques. Ainsi à partir de la référence holistique-interactionniste, ces résultats confirment l'intérêt des approches globales et multi-référencées pour explorer les profils des enfants dont le développement n'est pas harmonieux et qui se trouvent confrontés à des difficultés pour apprendre dans le cadre scolaire.

Special Section Guest Editorial: Image/Video Quality and System Performance

Rapid developments in display technologies, digital printing, imaging sensors, image processing and image transmission are providing new possibilities for creating and conveying visual content. In an age in which images and video are ubiquitous and where mobile, satellite, and three-dimensional (3-D) imaging have become ordinary experiences, quantification of the performance of modern imaging systems requires appropriate approaches. At the end of the imaging chain, a human observer must decide whether images and video are of a satisfactory visual quality. Hence the measurement and modeling of perceived image quality is of crucial importance, not only in visual arts and commercial applications but also in scientific and entertainment environments. Advances in our understanding of the human visual system offer new possibilities for creating visually superior imaging systems and promise more accurate modeling of image quality. As a result, there is a profusion of new research on imaging performance and perceived quality.

« L'istoire des faitz du conte Simon de Montfort et des chevalleries et proesses qu'il fist en la terre d'Aubigays ; » traduction française de la Chronique de PIERRE DES VAUX-DE-CERNAY.

Début : « En l'an de l'incarnacion nostre Seigneur Jhesucrist mil CC. VI. ans... » — A la fin, la signature du copiste du ms. « J. Guillon. » Au bas du f. 1, et dans l'initiale, blason peint : écartelé, au 1 et 3 d'hermine, au 2 et 4 d'argent à 2 fasces de gueules ; au bas du feuillet l'écu est mi-parti du précédent, et écartelé de France et de Montmorency, avec un lion d'argent sur fond de gueules, brochant sur le tout.