Beech bark disease distribution and resistance in Michigan and fungal endophyte ecology of resistant and susceptible beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.)

Beech bark disease (BBD), a non-native association of the fungal pathogen Neonectria faginata and the beech scale insect Cryptococcus fagisuga, has dramatically affected American beech within North American forests. To monitor the spread and effects of BBD in Michigan, a network of forest health monitoring plots was established in 2001 following the disease discovery in Ludington State Park (Mason County). Forest health canopy condition and basic forestry measurements including basal area were reassessed on beech trees in these plots in 2011 and 2012. The influence of bark-inhabiting fungal endophytes on BBD resistance was investigated by collecting cambium tissue from apparently resistant and susceptible beech. Vigor rating showed significant influences of BBD in sample beech resulting in reduced health and substantiated by significant increases of dead beech basal area over time. C. fagisuga distribution was found to be spatially clustered and widespread in the 22 counties in Michigan's Lower Peninsula which contained monitoring plots. Neonectria has been found in Emmet, Cheboygan and Wexford in the Lower Peninsula which may coincide with additional BBD introduction locations. Surveys for BBD resistance resulted in five apparently resistant beech which were added to a BBD resistance database. The most frequently isolated endophytes from cambium tissue were identified by DNA sequencing primarily as Deuteromycetes and Ascomycetes including Chaetomium globosum, Neohendersonia kickxii and Fusarium flocciferum. N. faginata in antagonism trials showed significant growth reduction when paired with three beech fungal endophytes. The results of the antagonism trial and decay tests indicate that N. faginata may be a relatively poor competitor in vivo with limited ability to degrade cellulose.

Autonomía financiera de los municipios en Colombia. Contenido, alcance y principales dificultades en el Estado unitario

Informe final de investigación en el que se define el contenido y se delimita el alcance de la autonomía financiera en los entes municipales en Colombia. Lo anterior, partiendo del premisa del artículo 311 de la C.N., en donde el Municipio es concebido como la “entidad fundamental de la división político-administrativa del Estado (…)”, al cual se le arrogó autonomía como derecho y como garantía institucional, para destinarlo a ser la piedra angular de la organización territorial del Estado, autonomía para la gestión de sus intereses que se manifiesta en la facultad de administrar sus recursos, establecer tributos y participar en las rentas nacionales; indicando que es éste el objeto de análisis del presente documento. La autonomía financiera en los municipios será analizada desde el punto de vista constitucional, normativo, jurisprudencial y doctrinal. Se demostrará que ésta es el resultado de la evolución en la forma en la cual se ha hecho y se hace el gasto público en Colombia, una transición que de manera simultánea al proceso político administrativo, ha demostrado que sólo a través del empoderamiento de los municipios puede concretarse la eficiencia como principio orientador del gasto público. Además, se examinará la autonomía financiera municipal en sus dos manifestaciones esenciales, es decir, revisando la forma en que los municipios obtienen sus recursos y la forma en que posteriormente los ejecutan.

Desempenho de genótipos de girassol em Jaguariúna - SP - Análise preliminar.

A cultura do girassol vem se destacando no Brasil e um dos principais motivos para este crescimento é seu uso como matéria-prima no Programa Nacional de Produção e uso do Biodiesel. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo de 12 genótipos de girassol (HLS 01; HLE 11; HELIO 358; EMBRAPA 122; BRSGIRA 01; BRSGIRA 09; SRM 822; TRITON MAX; ZENIT; AGROBEL 960; MG 52 e M 734) na região de Jaguariúna-SP. Os materiais foram avaliados através das seguintes características agronômicas: produtividade (kg.ha-1), produção por capítulo (g), diâmetro do capítulo (m), altura da planta (m) e altura do capítulo (m). Os genótipos apresentaram altos rendimentos (média de 2869 kg ha-1), sem diferirem estatisticamente entre si; o que nos leva a concluir que na região de Jaguariúna - SP há grande potencial de cultivo do girassol, sendo inclusive, uma possível opção para o plantio em sucessão à cana de açúcar.

Realidad de las comunidades rurales de Costa Rica

The purpose of this article is to reflect about current reality experimented in rural communities in our country in order to look for solutions to their problems that allow them to reach a better quality of life. Analyses are made from different perspectives. Within this context, we take into account the role that rural communities have in the development of a country as well as the part education plays in the fight for the achievement of a better quality of life.

Encuentro de Geografos para América Latina

XIII EGAL 2011