Fibras solúveis e insolúveis de verduras, tubérculos e canela para uso em nutrição clínica

Dietas enterais com alimentos convencionais são usadas para obter individualização e menor custo. No entanto, para melhorar o teor de fibras alimentares, o valor nutritivo e a confiabilidade, mais estudos são necessários. A proposta desse estudo foi estudar fontes de fibra alimentar de abóbora, agrião, canela em pó, couve-flor, inhame e tomate, para uso em nutrição enteral ou suplemento nutricional oral. Esses alimentos foram escolhidos por conter fibras alimentares e outros elementos considerados funcionais (isotiocianatos, indóis, licopeno, carotenoides, clorofila). Foram formuladas preparações com os alimentos em solução de água e adicionadas a uma formulação enteral domiciliar. Foram determinadas fibras solúvel e insolúvel, a composição centesimal dos alimentos e a atividade de água das formulações. Os alimentos foram acrescentados à formulação enteral domiciliar em quantidades de 100 g/2000 kcal/2 L e à água 150 g/2000kcal/2 L. Essas quantidades equivalem a duas porções diárias de cada alimento. A maior quantidade de fibra alimentar (base úmida) foi de canela (50,11%), sendo o teor dos outros alimentos: abóbora 1,76%; agrião 0,85%; couve-flor 1,51%; inhame 1,56%; e tomate 1,00%. Os valores de atividades de água ficaram entre 0,988 e 0,999, indicando que as dietas são suscetíveis à contaminação microbiana, sendo mais seguro consumir essas dietas imediatamente após o preparo.

Preparação de um material de referência certificado para controle de agrotóxicos em hortifrutigranjeiros: estudo da homogeneidade

Neste trabalho são apresentados os esforços para garantir a homogeneidade de um material de referência. Níveis residuais (mg.kg-1) de quatro agrotóxicos (γ-HCH, fenitrotiona, clorpirifós e procimidona) foram adicionados à polpa de tomate com o objetivo de se preparar um material de referência certificado. As propriedades mais importantes desses materiais são a homogeneidade e a estabilidade. Antes de serem enviados a outros laboratórios, os materiais de referência precisam ter sua homogeneidade verificada. Nas etapas prévias, amostras foram avaliadas de modo a prover dados sobre o tratamento mais adequado para minimizar a variabilidade analítica do lote preparado e garantir a qualidade da amostra candidata a material de referência certificado, tão bem como a estimativa da incerteza associada à homogeneidade. A análise de variância fornece informações sobre a variabilidade do lote preparado e o grau de invariabilidade da amostra fortificada. Depois da preparação, as amostras foram expostas à radiação gama na dose de 2 kGy e submetidas a um estudo interlaboratorial para certificação. As concentrações certificadas dos agrotóxicos após caracterização foram 0,191 ± 0,047 mg.kg-1; 0,192 ± 0,068 mg.kg-1; 0,225 ± 0,076 mg.kg-1e 0,177 ± 0,051 mg.kg-1 para o γ-HCH, a fenitrotiona, clorpirifós e procimidona respectivamente.

Preparação de um material de referência certificado para controle de agrotóxicos em hortifrutigranjeiros: estudo da estabilidade

Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados dos estudos de estabilidade referentes à produção de um material de referência certificado. Foram avaliados níveis residuais de concentração dos agrotóxicos γ-HCH, fenitrotiona, clorpirifós e procimidona em polpa de tomate. A pasteurização e a irradiação gama foram empregadas à polpa de tomate, visando manter a integridade da amostra candidata a material de referência. A polpa foi preparada e dividida em duas partes. Cada parte foi fortificada com os referidos agrotóxicos na faixa de concentração de 0,1 a 0,2 mg.kg-1. Uma das partes foi submetida à pasteurização a 90 °C por 4 minutos e a outra parte foi irradiada com dose de 2,0 kGy depois de homogeneizada. A estabilidade e a incerteza da amostra, correspondente ao período de tempo avaliado, foram determinadas através da análise de regressão em conjunto com a ANOVA. Os resultados indicaram que ambos os procedimentos de preparo da amostra são adequados para a conservação da polpa de tomate fortificada com os quatro agrotóxicos, com vantagem para o tratamento por irradiação com a dose de 2,0 kGy.

Segurança alimentar de hortaliças orgânicas: aspectos sanitários e nutricionais

A procura por alimentos orgânicos é expressiva em todo o mundo devido à conscientização da população sobre os riscos para a saúde decorrentes da presença de resíduos químicos nos alimentos. Vários trabalhos sugerem que algumas práticas do sistema orgânico, como o uso de esterco animal e a proibição de aplicação de agrotóxicos possam aumentar o risco de uma contaminação microbiológica e parasitária, tornando o alimento não adequado ao consumo. Dessa forma, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar a qualidade sanitária de hortaliças orgânicas no que se refere à contaminação microbiológica por coliformes totais e fecais, presença de Salmonella sp. e contaminação parasitológica. Adicionalmente, descreveu-se a qualidade nutricional através de análises de características físico-químicas de alface, tomate e cenoura cultivados organicamente, provenientes da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba-PR. Coliformes fecais foram detectados em 40% das amostras de alface e em 25% das amostras de cenoura. A presença de Salmonella sp. foi verificada em 25% das amostras de cenoura e em 20% das amostras de alface. As amostras de tomate orgânico avaliadas apresentaram ausência de coliformes fecais e Salmonella sp. Os principais parasitas identificados nas amostras de alface orgânica foram: Entamoeba sp., ovos de ácaro, ovos de ancilostomídeo e insetos (pulgões). Nas amostras de cenoura orgânica foram identificados ovos de ancilostomídeo, cistos de Entamoeba sp. e ovos de Toxocara sp. Nenhuma estrutura parasitária foi identificada nas amostras de tomate orgânico. A presença de coliformes fecais, Salmonella sp. e estruturas parasitárias em algumas amostras de alface e cenoura orgânicas demonstraram que foram contaminadas de alguma forma, seja através da água de irrigação, presença de animais silvestres ou domésticos, solo contaminado ou emprego de adubos sem tempo de compostagem adequado.

Management approaches in organic potato and tomato production

The presented thesis considered three different system approach topics to ensure yield and plant health in organically grown potatoes and tomatoes. The first topic describes interactions between late blight (Phytophthora infestans) incidence and soil nitrogen supply on yield in organic potato farming focussing in detail on the yield loss relationship of late blight based on results of several field trials. The interactive effects of soil N-supply, climatic conditions and late blight on the yield were studied in the presence and absence of copper fungicides from 2002-2004 for the potato cultivar Nicola. Under conditions of central Germany the use of copper significantly reduced late blight in almost all cases (15-30 %). However, the reductions in disease through copper application did not result in statistically significant yield increases (+0 – +10 %). Subsequently, only 30 % of the variation in yield could be attributed to disease reductions. A multiple regression model (R²Max), however, including disease reduction, growth duration and temperature sum from planting until 60 % disease severity was reached and soil mineral N contents 10 days after emergence could explain 75 % of the observed variations in yield. The second topic describes the effect of some selected organic fertilisers and biostimulant products on nitrogen-mineralization and efficiency, yield and diseases in organic potato and tomato trials. The organic fertilisers Biofeed Basis (BFB, plant derived, AgroBioProducts, Wageningen, Netherlands) and BioIlsa 12,5 Export (physically hydrolysed leather shavings, hair and skin of animals; ILSA, Arizignano, Italy) and two biostimulant products BioFeed Quality (BFQ, multi-compound seaweed extract, AgroBioProducts) and AUSMA (aqueous pine and spruce needle extract, A/S BIOLAT, Latvia), were tested. Both fertilisers supplied considerable amounts of nitrogen during the main uptake phases of the crops and reached yields as high or higher as compared to the control with horn meal fertilisation. The N-efficiency of the tested fertilisers in potatoes ranged from 90 to 159 kg yield*kg-1 N – input. Most effective with tomatoes were the combined treatments of fertiliser BFB and the biostimulants AUSMA and BFQ. Both biostimulants significantly increased the share of healthy fruit and/or the number of fruits. BFQ significantly increased potato yields (+6 %) in one out of two years and reduced R. solani-infestation in the potatoes. This suggests that the biostimulants had effects on plant metabolism and resistance properties. However, no effects of biostimulants on potato late blight could be observed in the fields. The third topic focused on the effect of suppressive composts and seed tuber health on the saprophytic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani in organic potato systems. In the present study 5t ha-1 DM of a yard and bio-waste (60/40) compost produced in a 5 month composting process and a 15 month old 100 % yard waste compost were used to assess the effects on potato infection with R. solani when applying composts within the limits allowed. Across the differences in initial seed tuber infestation and 12 cultivars 5t DM ha-1 of high quality composts, applied in the seed tuber area, reduced the infestation of harvested potatoes with black scurf, tuber malformations and dry core tubers by 20 to 84 %, 20 to 49 % and 38 to 54 %, respectively, while marketable yields were increased by 5 to 25 % due to lower rates of wastes after sorting (marketable yield is gross yield minus malformed tubers, tubers with dry core, tubers with black scurf > 15% infested skin). The rate of initial black scurf infection of the seed tubers also affected tuber number, health and quality significantly. Compared to healthy seed tubers initial black scurf sclerotia infestation of 2-5 and >10 % of tuber surface led in untreated plots to a decrease in marketable yields by 14-19 and 44-66 %, a increase of black scurf severity by 8-40 and 34-86 % and also increased the amount of malformed and dry core tubers by 32-57 and 109-214 %.

Genetic variation of and environmental effects on inducibility of resistance in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary

Many plant strengtheners are promoted for their supposed effects on nutrient uptake and/or resistance induction (IR). In addition, many organic fertilizers are supposed to enhance plant health and several studies have shown that tomatoes grown organically are more resistant to late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans to tomatoes grown conventionally. Much is known about the mechanisms underlying IR. In contrast, there is no systematic knowledge about genetic variation for IR. Therefore, the following questions were addressed in the presented dissertation: (i) Is there genetic variation among tomato genotypes for inducibility of resistance to P. infestans? (ii) How do different PS compare with the chemical inducer BABA in their ability to IR? (iii) Does IR interact with the inducer used and different organic fertilizers? A varietal screening showed that contrary to the commonly held belief IR in tomatoes is genotype and isolate specific. These results indicate that it should be possible to select for inducibility of resistance in tomato breeding. However, isolate specificity also suggests that there could be pathogen adaptation. The three tested PS as well as two of the three tested organic fertilisers all induced resistance in the tomatoes. Depending on PS or BABA variety and isolate effects varied. In contrast, there were no variety and isolate specific effects of the fertilisers and no interactions with the PS and fertilisers. This suggests that the different PS should work independent of the soil substrate used. In contrast the results were markedly different when isolate mixtures were used for challenge inoculations. Plants were generally less susceptible to isolate mixtures than to single isolates. In addition, the effectiveness of the PS was greater and more similar to BABA when isolate mixtures were used. The fact that the different PS and BABA differed in their ability to induce resistance in different host genotype -pathogen isolate combinations puts the usefulness of IR as a breeding goal in question. This would result in varieties depending on specific inducers. The results with the isolate mixtures are highly relevant. On the one hand they increase the effectiveness of the resistance inducers. On the other hand, measures that increase the pathogen diversity such as the use of diversified host populations will also increase the overall resistance of the hosts. For organic tomato production the results indicate that it is possible to enhance the tomato growing system with respect to plant health management by using optimal fertilisers, plant strengtheners and any measures that increase system diversity.

Development and Integration of Biocontrol Products in Branched Broomrape (Phelipanche ramosa) management in Tomato

Parasitic weeds of the genera Striga, Orobanche, and Phelipanche pose a severe problem for agriculture because they are difficult to control and are highly destructive to several crops. The present work was carried out during the period October, 2009 to February, 2012 to evaluate the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to suppress P. ramosa on tomatoes and to investigate the effects of air-dried powder and aqueous extracts from Euphorbia hirta on germination and haustorium initiation in Phelipanche ramosa. The work was divided into three parts: a survey of the indigenous mycorrhizal flora in Sudan, second, laboratory and greenhouse experiments (conducted in Germany and Sudan) to construct a base for the third part, which was a field trial in Sudan. A survey was performed in 2009 in the White Nile state, Sudan to assess AMF spore densities and root colonization in nine fields planted with 13 different important agricultural crops. In addition, an attempt was made to study the relationship between soil physico-chemical properties and AMF spore density, colonization rate, species richness and other diversity indices. The mean percentage of AMF colonization was 34%, ranging from 19-50%. The spore densities (expressed as per 100 g dry soil) retrieved from the rhizosphere of different crops were relatively high, varying from 344 to 1222 with a mean of 798. There was no correlation between spore densities in soil and root colonization percentage. A total of 45 morphologically classifiable species representing ten genera of AMF were detected with no correlation between the number of species found in a soil sample and the spore density. The most abundant genus was Glomus (20 species). The AMF diversity expressed by the Shannon–Weaver index was highest in sorghum (H\= 2.27) and Jews mallow (H\= 2.13) and lowest in alfalfa (H\= 1.4). With respect to crop species, the genera Glomus and Entrophospora were encountered in almost all crops, except for Entrophospora in alfalfa. Kuklospora was found only in sugarcane and sorghum. The genus Ambispora was recovered only in mint and okra, while mint and onion were the only species on which no Acaulospora was found. The hierarchical cluster analysis based on the similarity among AMF communities with respect to crop species overall showed that species compositions were relatively similar with the highest dissimilarity of about 25% separating three of the mango samples and the four sorghum samples from all other samples. Laboratory experiments studied the influence of root and stem exudates of three tomato varieties infected by three different Glomus species on germination of P. ramosa. Root exudates were collected 21or 42 days after transplanting (DAT) and stem exudates 42 DAT and tested for their effects on germination of P. ramosa seeds in vitro. The tomato varieties studied did not have an effect on either mycorrhizal colonization or Phelipanche germination. Germination in response to exudates from 42 day old mycorrhizal plants was significantly reduced in comparison to non-mycorrhizal controls. Germination of P. ramosa in response to root exudates from 21 day old plants was consistently higher than for 42 day-old plants (F=121.6; P<.0001). Stem diffusates from non-mycorrhizal plants invariably elicited higher germination than diffusates from the corresponding mycorrhizal ones and differences were mostly statistically significant. A series of laboratory experiments was undertaken to investigate the effects of aqueous extracts from Euphorbia hirta on germination, radicle elongation, and haustorium initiation in P. ramosa. P. ramosa seeds conditioned in water and subsequently treated with diluted E. hirta extract (10-25% v/v) displayed considerable germination (47-62%). Increasing extract concentration to 50% or more reduced germination in response to the synthetic germination stimulants GR24 and Nijmegen-1 in a concentration dependent manner. P. ramosa germlings treated with diluted Euphorbia extract (10-75 % v/v) displayed haustorium initiation comparable to 2, 5-Dimethoxy-p-benzoquinon (DMBQ) at 20 µM. Euphorbia extract applied during conditioning reduced haustorium initiation in a concentration dependent manner. E. hirta extract or air-dried powder, applied to soil, induced considerable P. ramosa germination. Pot experiments were undertaken in a glasshouse at the University of Kassel, Germany, to investigate the effects of P. ramosa seed bank on tomato growth parameters. Different Phelipanche seed banks were established by mixing the parasite seeds (0 - 32 mg) with the potting medium in each pot. P. ramosa reduced all tomato growth parameters measured and the reduction progressively increased with seed bank. Root and total dry matter accumulation per tomato plant were most affected. P. ramosa emergence, number of tubercles, and tubercle dry weight increased with the seed bank and were, invariably, maximal with the highest seed bank. Another objective was to determine if different AM fungi differ in their effects on the colonization of tomatoes with P. ramosa and the performance of P. ramosa after colonization. Three AMF species viz. GIomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae and Glomus Sprint® were used in this study. For the infection, P. ramosa seeds (8 mg) were mixed with the top 5 cm soil in each pot. No mycorrhizal colonization was detected in un-inoculated control plants. P. ramosa infested, mycorrhiza inoculated tomato plants had significantly lower AMF colonization compared to plants not infested with P. ramosa. Inoculation with G. intraradices, G. mosseae and Glomus Sprint® reduced the number of emerged P. ramosa plants by 29.3, 45.3 and 62.7% and the number of tubercles by 22.2, 42 and 56.8%, respectively. Mycorrhizal root colonization was positively correlated with number of branches and total dry matter of tomatoes. Field experiments on tomato undertaken in 2010/12 were only partially successful because of insect infestations which resulted in the complete destruction of the second run of the experiment. The effects of the inoculation with AMF, the addition of 10 t ha-1 filter mud (FM), an organic residues from sugar processing and 36 or 72 kg N ha-1 on the infestation of tomatoes with P. ramosa were assessed. In un-inoculated control plants, AMF colonization ranged between 13.4 to 22.1% with no significant differences among FM and N treatments. Adding AMF or FM resulted in a significant increase of branching in the tomato plants with no additive effects. Dry weights were slightly increased through FM application when no N was applied and significantly at 36 kg N ha-1. There was no effect of FM on the time until the first Phelipanche emerged while AMF and N application interacted. Especially AMF inoculation resulted in a tendency to delayed P. ramosa emergence. The marketable yield was extremely low due to the strong fruit infestation with insects mainly whitefly Bemisia tabaci and tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta). Tomatoes inoculated with varied mycorrhiza species displayed different response to the insect infestation, as G. intraradices significantly reduced the infestation, while G. mosseae elicited higher insect infestation. The results of the present thesis indicate that there may be a potential of developing management strategies for P. ramosa targeting the pre-attachment stage namely germination and haustorial initiation using plant extracts. However, ways of practical use need to be developed. If such treatments can be combined with AMF inoculation also needs to be investigated. Overall, it will require a systematic approach to develop management tools that are easily applicable and affordable to Sudanese farmers. It is well-known that proper agronomical practices such as the design of an optimum crop rotation in cropping systems, reduced tillage, promotion of cover crops, the introduction of multi-microbial inoculants, and maintenance of proper phosphorus levels are advantageous if the mycorrhiza protection method is exploited against Phelipanche ramosa infestation. Without the knowledge about the biology of the parasitic weeds by the farmers and basic preventive measures such as hygiene and seed quality control no control strategy will be successful, however.

Estrategias de supervivencia campesina: alternativas organizativas para mercados especializados. El caso del municipio El Colegio, Cundinamarca

La monografía es un estudio de la organización campesina en algunos mercados especializados en el municipio de El Colegio (Cundinamarca), donde existe una red de cooperación entre organizaciones públicas y privadas que han desarrollado una experiencia valiosa de trabajo asociativo campesino. Se tomaron en cuenta los casos de organizaciones como la ANUC municipal y Aromacol (organización de base campesina que produce tomate y aromáticas orgánicas) que están vinculadas a la producción para mercados de exportación, mercados orgánicos ó para programas distritales como Bogotá Sin Hambre. En el contexto de estos nuevos mercados, indago por las estrategias que desarrollan los campesinos para vincularse y permanecer en estos escenarios que presentan situaciones económicas y políticas específicas. Presento un análisis crítico de las políticas públicas y privadas que promueven el modelo agroexportador, que condicionan el rol del campesinado y también doy cuenta de la forma como las organizaciones campesinas responden a este marco institucional.

Diagnósticos de las apuestas productivas para seis productos del sector agrícola en Colombia

El documento “Diagnósticos de las apuestas productivas para seis productos del sector agrícola en Colombia”, pretende proporcionar herramientas para el incremento productivo de seis productos agrícolas con un alto potencial en el país, mediante la identificación de mercados internacionales factibles, el análisis de sus procesos de producción y la comparación de eficiencia en costos del transporte de mercancía a nivel nacional; buscando el aumento de la participación del PIB agrícola en el PIB nacional. Los productos seleccionados son el Aguacate, el Ají, el Algodón, la Uchuva, la Pitahaya y el Tomate de árbol.

Acción de organizaciones no gubernamentales frente a las semillas genéticamente modificadas en Colombia

Los efectos ambientales, económicos, sociales y culturales generados por las Semillas Genéticamente Modificadas-SGM y su control por empresas transnacionales como Monsanto, han incentivado la acción colectiva liderada por ONGs, tanto internacionalmente como en Colombia. El objetivo principal es analizar cómo la ONG “Semillas” ha incidido en las políticas colombianas relacionadas con la introducción y uso de SGM durante el periodo 2002-2013. Se centra en la Teoría de Redes Transnacionales de Defensa expuesta por M. Keck y K. Sikkink (1998). Además, se analiza el papel de las ONGs ambientales y las corporaciones transnacionales. El argumento central es que al crear vínculos con actores nacionales e internacionales y vincularse con redes y campañas con impacto transnacional, “Semillas” ha posicionado la lucha en contra de las SGM y ha logrado presionar al Estado influyendo parcialmente en sus políticas y leyes, al igual que en su posición y discurso frente al uso de SGM.

Estudio preliminar del retardo mental en la población de Rovira (Tolima, Colombia)

El retardo mental se caracteriza por limitaciones en el desempeño como resultado de significativas deficiencias de la inteligencia y la conducta adaptativa. En Colombia, la mayor parte de los pacientes con esta alteración no reciben evaluación genética. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar y caracterizar el retardo mental en un grupo de personas con esta condición en la población de Rovira (Tolima, Colombia) e identificar los posibles factores asociados. La metodología consistió en realizar un diagnóstico clínico preliminar de 25 pacientes con retardo mental y realizar la correspondiente toma de muestras de sangre y orina para efectuar los exámenes correspondientes. Se realizaron estudios bioquímicos (cloruro férrico, nitrosonaftol, nitroprusiato de sodio, Benedict, cromatografía para la detección de aminoácidos y carbohidratos) y citogenéticos (bandeo G). Para la detección de plaguicidas, se realizó un muestreo aleatorio en diferentes puntos de todo el recorrido del sistema de distribución de agua y ciertos lugares del centro del municipio de Rovira. Con este fin, se recolectaron 20 muestras de agua y 20 muestras de tomate, elegidas al azar, de los diferentes sitios de distribución y cultivos de la hortaliza. Se identificó una familia de tres hijos afectados (dos mujeres y un hombre) con retardo mental, lo cual sugiere un componente genético en este caso. Las pruebas metabólicas fueron negativas y los cariotipos normales. Se plantea la necesidad de realizar pruebas moleculares que incluyan el síndrome de X-frágil para complementar el estudio y realizar consejería genética. En cuanto a los resultados y el análisis pertinente de las muestras para organofosforados, el 100% de éstas resultaron positivas. Se reportó un 60% de positividad en las muestras de agua y del 100% en las muestras de tomate, para el caso de los carbamatos; sin embargo, para el caso de los organoclorados, el 100% de las muestras estudiadas resultaron negativas.

Niveles de exposición a fungicidas ditiocarbamatos y su relación con las condiciones de trabajo en el sector floricultor en la Sabana de Bogotá D.C. (Cundinamarca) y Rionegro (Antioquia), Colombia, durante el año 2011

El interés del estudio de investigación se basó en recolectar datos de exposición ocupacional a plaguicidas ditiocarbamatos en el sector floricultor. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de exposición a fungicidas ditiocarbamatos y su relación con las condiciones laborales de los trabajadores del sector floricultor en la Sabana de Bogotá D.C. (Cundinamarca) y Rionegro (Antioquia), Colombia, durante el año 2011. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal, en 358 trabajadores de un total de 3700 empleados de 27 empresas del sector floricultor, 12 ubicadas en la Sabana de Bogotá (Cundinamarca) y 3 en Rionegro (Antioquia). Se recoleto información sobre condiciones de trabajo y antecedentes de exposición de la población y se determinaron los niveles de exposición a fungicidas ditiocarbamatos en muestra en orina mediante método Montesano. Conclusiones: Este estudio describe la forma como se utilizan y los niveles de exposición a fungicidas ditiocarbamatos ETU, en el sector floricultor en Colombia. Se dan recomendaciones para mejorar los tiempos de re-ingreso al cultivo según la categoría toxicológica de los productos.

Caracterización de las principales cadenas agroalimentarias en Argentina y Brasil

Cada día es mayor la demanda de alimentos a nivel mundial y menor su oferta debido a múltiples razones, por eso que es de gran importancia encontrar las mejores prácticas para que la cadena de suministro de productos alimenticios sea más eficiente y productiva, no sólo con el fin de llegar a la mayor población posible, sino también de mejorar los rendimientos de cada uno de los participantes de la misma. Este proyecto busca analizar las tres principales cadenas agroalimentarias de Argentina y Brasil, con el fin de determinar su desempeño actual, su grado de madurez y su productividad; para lograr esto, primero se va a levantar la información pertinente al tema, luego se identificarán las mejores prácticas en la cadena de suministro para los tres productos más importantes de la canasta básica de ambos países, posteriormente se analizará el desempeño de las agrocadenas y por último se determinará la madurez y productividad de las mismas. La metodología utilizada en este documento se basa principalmente en la búsqueda de información en fuentes gubernamentales y oficiales de cada país para obtener información verídica, confiable y actualizada. Estas fuentes nos aportarán la información que junto con un análisis propio permitirá cumplir los objetivos del proyecto. El resultado de estos datos es de gran importancia, ya que con la investigación realizada se podrán identificar las buenas prácticas para enriquecer el análisis o identificar las malas prácticas y así, proponer modelos que permitan el manejo eficiente de las agrocadenas buscando su desarrollo y perdurabilidad.

El huerto de Arqui.

El proyecto pretende desarrollar la educación ambiental y la educación en valores, a través de la creación de un huerto escolar. Los objetivos son valorar la importancia del medio natural; observar los cambios del entorno e identificar los factores; favorecer la participación de las familias; utilizar las posibilidades motrices y sensoriales; expresar y comunicar en distintos lenguajes las vivencias en el entorno natural; comprender y respetar a los otros; y comprender y recrear textos de diferentes culturas sobre el huerto y la naturaleza. La metodología fomenta aprendizajes activos y significativos por medio de la experimentación y la actividad física, y se trabaja en talleres diarios. Las actividades son el conocimiento de las herramientas; siembra de semillas, plantación de tallos y bulbos, y recolección de plantas; elaboración de cuentos, retahílas, canciones, poesías, adivinanzas y juegos; talleres de plástica y cocina con los productos del huerto; visita a una Granja Escuela; visita al Centro del Producto Reciclado, que organiza talleres de fabricación de juguetes con materiales de reciclado; y creación del rincón de las plantas aromáticas. Se elaboran materiales, como los personajes del huerto la Fresa Traviesa, Rogelio el tomate cocinero, y Arqui el espantapájaros; un mural interactivo; los cuentos de Arqui; poesías y adivinanzas; Libros del huerto; cuentero para el aula de los talleres; expositor de cuentos de Arqui; chapas de los hortelanos; casitas de animales; comedero para pájaros; maceteros y semilleros; plancha para el secado de hojas; recipientes para las herramientas; y CD-ROM para espantapájaros. Para las familias se elaboran, con la colaboración de los niños, dos corcheras, una con información sobre los talleres y otra con información medioambiental; y para el profesorado se crea un recetario con recetas aportadas por la comunidad educativa. Se incluyen como anexos diversos materiales elaborados..

The sandwich that Max made.

Max se prepara un sandwich con varias capas de alimentos: pan moreno, queso, tomate, pimiento verde, jamón, brotes y lechuga.