Participação no processo orçamentário (PPA, LDO, LOA) por meio de aplicativos móveis: uma proposta para o governo do estado de São Paulo

Este trabalho tem como objetivo explorar como o governo do Estado de São Paulo pode utilizar a tecnologia para fortalecer a participação dos cidadãos no processo orçamentário público por meio de aplicativos móveis. Nos últimos anos, o advento e a difusão de novas tecnologias tem impactado significativamente o relacionamento do Estado com os cidadãos em todo o mundo. Uma destas mudanças é a difusão e popularização de smartphones e tablets, que impõe desafios e oportunidades em termos de prestação de serviços e participação do cidadão no processo de elaboração, implementação e avaliação de políticas públicas. Para o alcance dos objetivos deste trabalho, como método de pesquisa, foi realizada, inicialmente, uma revisão da literatura sobre m-government, e-democracia e sistema orçamentário brasileiro. Em um segundo momento foi realizada a observação de experiências internacionais e nacionais, posteriormente aplicada ao estudo do caso do governo do Estado de São Paulo, explorando as possibilidades de utilização do m-government no processo orçamentário paulista. A partir de 2010, as leis anuais de diretrizes orçamentárias do Estado de São Paulo, passaram a conter dispositivos com relação à realização de audiências públicas ao Orçamento Estadual, de forma regionalizada. O uso das TICs no processo orçamentário pode contribuir para facilitar o entendimento dos complexos conceitos de finanças públicas e orçamento público. A utilização do m-government para elaboração de um futuro aplicativo no Estado de São Paulo deve possuir uma área explicativa, com textos e vídeos educativos, possibilitando aos cidadãos uma participação mais qualificada e efetiva. Conclui-se que os temas de e-democracia e m-government ainda são incipientes no Brasil, porém representam uma oportunidade para que governos se aproximem dos cidadãos, tendo em vista que ainda não está sendo explorado o potencial de interação e comunicação através da internet e aplicativos móveis. Esta perspectiva ainda não está inserida na agenda governamental, mas a sociedade civil está cobrando participação efetiva no ciclo de políticas públicas. Sugere-se que seja ampliada a adoção do uso de ferramentas tecnológicas de m-government e e-government, porque tendem a contribuir na interação entre cidadãos e o governo na elaboração, implementação e avaliação de políticas públicas com o aperfeiçoamento da alocação dos escassos recursos orçamentários disponíveis.

Alasdair Gray`s 1982 Janine (1984): a postmodernist scottish novel

Alasdair Gray is now an established figure in the Scottish literary scene and has numerous claims to be considered an important voice writing in English. First Lanark: A Life in Four Books (1981) and then 1982 Janine (1984) contributed to the recognition of Gray as one of the founding fathers of the new Scottish writing and as a figure of importance in international contemporary fiction due to his innovative, experimental and postmodernist novels. As the title of this dissertation - “Alasdair Gray’s 1982 Janine (1984): A Postmodernist Scottish Novel” - suggests, it aims at analysing the author’s second novel, 1982 Janine (1984), in a thematic and formal perspective, in order to justify the choice of the terms - Postmodernist and Scottish - to classify this novel. 1982 Janine projects a world through Jock McLeish’s mind and is a powerful stream-of-consciousness narrative. Jock is an alcoholic who lives a personal crisis and, therefore, tries to escape from his depressing reality through sexual fantasies and political diatribes. During a single night in a Scottish hotel room, he drinks and dreams, and spends the whole night alone with his fantasies and fears, his memories and hopes. In Chapter 11, the most daring experimental section of the novel, Jock attempts to commit suicide by taking an overdose of tablets with alcohol but fails. Following this, he decides to review his life and make for a new beginning; the novel thus closing with an optimistic note. Also, the narrative is based on a constant interweaving of sex fantasy with political satire, that is, it is through his protagonist that Gray manages to convey the state of Scotland as well as the concerns and aspirations of the Scottish people and then, proceed to a political and social critique. This dissertation appears structured in three chapters. In Chapter I - “Alasdair Gray: A Postmodernist Scottish Writer” - I present Gray as a powerful postmodernist writer who also sees himself as a Scottish author, and more particularly as a Glaswegian, who concentrates on Scottish subject matter in his literary work. In a first section, I offer a brief survey of the Scottish literary scene from the fourteenth to the twentieth century, in order to understand Gray’s choice of setting and themes and to check his influence or indebtedness to previous Scottish authors. As 1982 Janine is also a good example of selfconscious experimental writing, in a second section, I present various seminal fictional works that introduced and developed experimentalism in British fiction, in order to evaluate the influence of modernist developments in form and technique on recent experimental writing. The third section consists of an introduction to Gray’s work for he is not only a novelist, but also an artist, a playwright, a poet, an activist and a scholar. Chapter II - “Postmodernist Features in 1982 Janine” - aims at listing and examining the postmodernist devices that the novel includes, in what content and form are concerned. On the one hand, the use of a developed type of the modernist stream of consciousness, the presence of a protagonist who feels entrapped in a specific system, the quest for freedom, the incoherence and fragmentation of time, the nonchronological order of the narrative, the blending of fantasy and “reality”, as well as the importance of the Scottish material are definitely current aspects within postmodernist literature that can be found in Gray’s novel. On the other hand, the handling of literary self-conscious devices, such as typographical experimentation, presence of metafiction and intertextuality, and inclusion of an Epilogue, are likewise among recurrent postmodernist features. As the title - “A Narratological Analysis of 1982 Janine” - evidences, Chapter III offers a description of the mechanics of the narrative and its functioning in order to better understand the narrative technique of postmodernist fiction. This study is based primarily on Gérard Genette’s theoretical framework and terminology, presented in Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method, an analytical tool that allows me to provide a more objective and scientific analysis. Hence, I follow the Genettian division of narrative discourse in Time, Mood and Voice while examining the novel. Finally, I proceed to a description of the intertextual relationships 1982 Janine establishes with other texts.

Breadcrumbs: location and context aware mobile platform for story sharing

With the current proliferation of sensor equipped mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, location aware services are expanding beyond the mere efficiency and work related needs of users, evolving in order to incorporate fun, culture and the social life of users. Today people on the move have more and more connectivity and are expected to be able to communicate with their usual and familiar social networks. That means communications not only with their peers and colleagues, friends and family but also with unknown people that might share their interests, curiosities or happen to use the same social network. Through social networks, location aware blogging, cultural mobile applications relevant information is now available at specific geographical locations and open to feedback and conversations among friends as well as strangers. In fact, nowadays smartphone technologies aloud users to post and retrieve content while on the move, often relating to specific physical landmarks or locations, engaging and being engaged in conversations with strangers as much as their own social network. The use of such technologies and applications while on the move can often lead people to serendipitous discoveries and interactions. Throughout our thesis we are engaging on a two folded investigation: how can we foster and support serendipitous discoveries and what are the best interfaces for it? In fact, to read and write content while on the move is a cognitively intensive task. While the map serves the function of orienting the user, it also absorbs most of the user’s concentration. In order to address this kind of cognitive overload issue with Breadcrumbs we propose a 360 degrees interface that enables the user to find content around them by means of scanning the surrounding space with the mobile device. By using a loose metaphor of a periscope, harnessing the power of the smartphone sensors we designed an interactive interface capable of detecting content around the users and display it in the form of 2 dimensional bubbles which diameter depends on their distance from the users. Users will navigate the space in relation to the content that they are curious about, rather than in relation to the traditional geographical map. Through this model we envisage alleviating a certain cognitive overload generated by having to continuously confront a two dimensional map with the real three dimensional space surrounding the user, but also use the content as a navigational filter. Furthermore this alternative mean of navigating space might bring serendipitous discovery about places that user where not aware of or intending to reach. We hence conclude our thesis with the evaluation of the Breadcrumbs application and the comparison of the 360 degrees interface with a traditional 2 dimensional map displayed on the devise screen. Results from the evaluation are compiled in findings and insights for future use in designing and developing context aware mobile applications.

Desenho e implementação da presença web do Rali Vinho da Madeira

A promoção de qualquer evento passa, em muito, pela utilização da Internet como meio de disponibilização e propagação de conteúdos, através de um website ou de redes sociais. Mas não é só para a disponibilização de conteúdos que estes websites são úteis. A adição de funcionalidades permite torná-los em plataformas mais completas e com os mais diversos propósitos, incluindo elementos para a gestão do próprio evento. Este projeto surge da necessidade da organização do Rali Vinho Madeira (RVM) em substituir a plataforma existente, insuficiente para as necessidades atuais na área da divulgação pública do evento e na gestão das inscrições e registo de diversas entidades participantes no evento. Assim, o objetivo principal deste projeto passou pelo desenvolvimento de um novo website que implementasse os requisitos de forma satisfatória tanto para a organização do RVM como para os utilizadores. Ao mesmo tempo foi também importante garantir que o servidor onde estaria alojada a nova plataforma possuiria o melhor desempenho possível em condições reais, usando para o efeito um plano de testes de carga para validar as configurações escolhidas e detetar atempadamente possíveis problemas. Um último componente da plataforma do RVM, desenvolvido ainda no âmbito deste trabalho, foi o desenvolvimento de uma aplicação web para consulta dos resultados em equipamentos mobile, como smartphones e tablet’s. Ao longo deste documento são descritas as várias etapas do projeto, de onde se destacam: (1) a avaliação de websites para melhorar a caracterização dos requisitos, (2) o processo de análise, especificação e desenvolvimento da plataforma, e (3) a realização de testes de carga como meio de validação das configurações do servidor para um desempenho satisfatório durante a prova. O módulo Rally Entries, central para a organização e também para este projeto, transforma uma plataforma simples de disponibilização de conteúdos num sistema para gestão das inscrições de diversas entidades no âmbito do RVM. Além da descrição da implementação e das funcionalidades deste módulo, é ainda descrita a forma como este componente será capaz de se adaptar a novos requisitos em futuros eventos. A validação da plataforma desenvolvida passou por um contato com os utilizadores através de inquéritos. No geral os resultados obtidos foram positivos, comparativamente à plataforma existente e a websites de outros ralis. Como evento integrante das atividades da Federação Internacional do Automóvel (FIA) e da Federação Portuguesa de Automobilismo e Karting, o website também integrou a avaliação do evento feito por estas organizações, tendo recebido em ambas as avaliações 4 pontos em 5 possíveis. Por último, os testes de carga realizados revelaram ser uma grande ajuda na preparação da plataforma, principalmente para os períodos de pico de acessos, tendo esta sido capaz de responder de forma previsível à carga a que foi sujeita.

Otimização evalidação de métodos analíticos para a determinação simultânea de tuberculostáticos (4-FDC) por CLAE/DAD e CLUE/ DAD

Tuberculosis is a serious disease, but curable in practically 100% of new cases, since complied the principles of modern chemotherapy. Isoniazid (ISN), Rifampicin (RIF), Pyrazinamide (PYR) and Chloride Ethambutol (ETA) are considered first line drugs in the treatment of tuberculosis, by combining the highest level of efficiency with acceptable degree of toxicity. Concerning USP 33 - NF28 (2010) the chromatography analysis to 3 of 4 drugs (ISN, PYR and RIF) last in average 15 minutes and 10 minutes more to obtain the 4th drug (ETA) using a column and mobile phase mixture different, becoming its industrial application unfavorable. Thus, many studies have being carried out to minimize this problem. An alternative would use the UFLC, which is based with the same principles of HPLC, however it uses stationary phases with particles smaller than 2 μm. Therefore, this study goals to develop and validate new analytical methods to determine simultaneously the drugs by HPLC/DAD and UFLC/DAD. For this, a analytical screening was carried out, which verified that is necessary a gradient of mobile phase system A (acetate buffer:methanol 94:6 v/v) and B (acetate buffer:acetonitrile 55:45 v/v). Furthermore, to the development and optimization of the method in HPLC and UFLC, with achievement of the values of system suitability into the criteria limits required for both techniques, the validations have began. Standard solutions and tablets test solutions were prepared and injected into HPLC and UFLC, containing 0.008 mg/mL ISN, 0.043 mg/mL PYR, 0.030 mg.mL-1 ETA and 0.016 mg/mL RIF. The validation of analytical methods for HPLC and UFLC was carried out with the determination of specificity/selectivity, analytical curve, linearity, precision, limits of detection and quantification, accuracy and robustness. The methods were adequate for determination of 4 drugs separately without interfered with the others. Precise, due to the fact of the methods demonstrated since with the days variation, besides the repeatability, the values were into the level required by the regular agency. Linear (R> 0,99), once the methods were capable to demonstrate results directly proportional to the concentration of the analyte sample, within of specified range. Accurate, once the methods were capable to present values of variation coefficient and recovery percentage into the required limits (98 to 102%). The methods showed LOD and LOQ very low showing the high sensitivity of the methods for the four drugs. The robustness of the methods were evaluate, facing the temperature and flow changes, where they showed robustness just with the preview conditions established of temperature and flow, abrupt changes may influence with the results of methods

Preparação e caracterização de sistemas emulsionados lipidicos contendo praziquantel

Praziquantel (PRZ) is the main drug used for treatment of schistosomiasis in Brazil. It is administered by oral rout as tablets. However, has low aqueous solubility which limits this therapeutic success dosage form and availability of liquid forms. The emulsion systems have great potential and represent an interesting strategy to increase the solubility of drugs. The aim of study was the development and characterization of lipid-emulsified liquid systems of the type oil in water (O / W), the base of soybean oil as the internal phase stabilized by surfactants pair Tween® 80 and Span® 80, for improving the phase biopharmaceutical of PRZ. After selecting the best value of Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB = 11), the parameters of the preparation of the formulations were optimized emulsification technique. The emulsions were successfully obtained; the liquid forms provided exhibited Newtonian behavior and an increase in solubility of PRZ higher than 20 times. The accelerated stability study demonstrated the stability of the emulsions and the effect of cosurfactants investigated. The study of the dynamics of interaction between components in the diagram showed pseudoternary phase regions to obtain O/W emulsions, whereas the study of the interaction of the components and their effect on system structure and the efficiency of incorporation of the drug led to systems with an amount of soluble drug even higher (about 1.5%), which demonstrates the potential of this new input mainly for the treatment of schistosomiasis, which resulted in the filing of patent BR 10 2013 0004 55 3

Desenvolvimento de antenas de microfita e antenas DRA Broadband

The search for ever smaller device and without loss of performance has been increasingly investigated by researchers involving applied electromagnetics. Antennas using ceramics materials with a high dielectric constant, whether acting as a substract element of patch radiating or as the radiant element are in evidence in current research, that due to the numerous advantages offered, such as: low profile, ability to reduce the its dimensions when compared to other devices, high efficiency of ratiation, suitability the microwave range and/or millimeter wave, low temperature coefficient and low cost. The reason for this high efficiency is that the dielectric losses of ceramics are very low when compared to commercially materials sold used in printed circuit boards, such as fiberglass and phenolite. These characteristics make ceramic devices suitable for operation in the microwave band. Combining the design of patch antennas and/or dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) to certain materials and the method of synthesis of these powders in the manufacture of devices, it s possible choose a material with a dielectric constant appropriate for the design of an antenna with the desired size. The main aim of this work is the design of patch antennas and DRA antennas on synthesis of ceramic powders (synthesis by combustion and polymeric precursors - Pe- chini method) nanostructured with applications in the microwave band. The conventional method of mix oxides was also used to obtain nanometric powders for the preparation of tablets and dielectric resonators. The devices manufactured and studied on high dielectric constant materials make them good candidates to have their small size compared to other devices operating at the same frequency band. The structures analyzed are excited by three different techniques: i) microstrip line, ii) aperture coupling and iii) inductive coupling. The efficiency of these techniques have been investigated experimentally and compared with simulations by Ansoft HFSS, used in the accurate analysis of the electromagnetic behavior of antennas over the finite element method (FEM). In this thesis a literature study on the theory of microstrip antennas and DRA antenna is performed. The same study is performed about the materials and methods of synthesis of ceramic powders, which are used in the manufacture of tablets and dielectric cylinders that make up the devices investigated. The dielectric media which were used to support the analysis of the DRA and/or patch antennas are analyzed using accurate simulations using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) based on the relative electrical permittivity (er) and loss tangent of these means (tand). This work also presents a study on artificial neural networks, showing the network architecture used and their characteristics, as well as the training algorithms that were used in training and modeling some parameters associated with the devices investigated

Trendtv : uma arquitetura para mudança automática de canais de TV baseada em redes sociais virtuais com graus de amizade e suporte a múltiplos dispositivos no cenário da TV digital brasileira

Due to the large amount of television content, which emerged from the Digital TV, viewers are facing a new challenge, how to find interesting content intuitively and efficiently. The Personalized Electronic Programming Guides (pEPG) arise as an answer to this complex challenge. We propose TrendTV a layered architecture that allows the formation of social networks among viewers of Interactive Digital TV based on online microblogging. Associated with a pEPG, this social network allows the viewer to perform content filtering on a particular subject from the indications made by other viewers of his network. Allowing the viewer to create his own indications for a particular content when it is displayed, or to analyze the importance of a particular program online, based on these indications. This allows any user to perform filtering on content and generate or exchange information with other users in a flexible and transparent way, using several different devices (TVs, Smartphones, Tablets or PCs). Moreover, this architecture defines a mechanism to perform the automatic exchange of channels based on the best program that is showing at the moment, suggesting new components to be added to the middleware of the Brazilian Digital TV System (Ginga). The result is a constructed and dynamic database containing the classification of several TV programs as well as an application to automatically switch to the best channel of the moment

On the release of metronidazole from natural rubber latex membranes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Determination of gatifloxacin in bulk and tablet preparations by high-performance liquid chromatography

A sensitive, precise, and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the assay of gatifloxacin (GATX) in raw material and tablets. The method validation parameters yielded good results and included the range, linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and recovery. It was also found that the excipients in the commercial tablet preparation did not interfere with the assay. The HPLC separation was carried out by reversed-phase chromatography on a C18 absorbosphere column (250 x 4.6 mm id, 5 pm particle size) with a mobile phase composed of acetic acid 50/o--acetonitrile-methanol (70 + 15 + 15, v/v/v) pumped isocratically at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The effluent was monitored at 287 nm. The calibration graph for GATX was linear from 4.0 to 14.0 mu g/mL. The interday and intraday precisions (relative standard deviation) were less than 1.05%.

Determination of lomefloxacin in tablet preparations by liquid chromatography

A sensitive, precise, and specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the assay of lomefloxacin (LFLX) in raw material and tablet preparations. The method validation parameters yielded good results and included the range, linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and recovery. It was also found that the excipients in the commercial tablet preparation did not interfere with the assay. The HPLC separation was performed on a reversed-phase Phenomenex C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm id, 5 pm particle size) with a mobile phase composed of 1% acetic acid-acetonitrile-methanol (70 + 15 + 15, v/v/v), pumped isocratically at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The effluent was monitored at 280 nm. The calibration graph for LFLX was linear from 2.0 to 7.0 mg/mL. The interday and intraday precisions (relative standard deviation) were less than 1.0%. The method was applied for the quality control of commercial LFLX tablets to quantitate the drug.

Spectrophotometric determination of sparfloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations using bromothymol blue

A visible light spectrophotometric method is described for them determination of sparfloxacin in tablets. The procedure is based on the complexation of bromothymol blue 0.5% and sparfloxacin to form a compound of yellow colour with maximum absorption at 385 nm. The Lambert-Beer law was obeyed in the concentration range of 2-12 mg/l. The present study describes a sensitive and accurate method for the determination of the concentration of sparfloxacin in tablets. It was also found that the excipients in the commercial tablet preparation did not interfere with the assay.

Microbiological assay for gatifloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations

A simple, sensitive and specific agar diffusion bioassay for the antibacterial gatifloxacin was developed using a strain of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9372 as the test organism. Gatifloxacin could be measured in tablets and raw material at concentration ranging 4-16 mu g ml(-1). The calibration graph for gatifloxacin was linear from 4.0 to 16.0 mu g ml(-1). A prospective validation of the method demonstrated that the method was linear (r(2) = 0.9993), precise (R.S.D. = 1.14%) and accurate. The results confirmed its precision and did not differ significantly from others methods described in the literature. The validated method yielded good results in terms of the range, linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity and recovery. We concluded that the microbiological assay is satisfactory for in vitro quantification of the antibacterial activity of gatifloxacin. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A new approach to the granulation of beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are annular oligosaccharides containing 6-12 glucose unities joined together by alpha-1,4 bonds. They have a conical-truncated shape with a lipophilic cavity in which different molecules can be included resulting in a stable inclusion complex. The cyclodextrins have been widely applied in pharmaceutical technology with the objective of increasing the solubility, stability and bioavailability of drugs in different pharmaceutical dosage forms, such as tablets. In order to obtain beta-CD tablets, liquid dispersions of drug/beta-CD are usually submitted to different drying processes, like spray-drying, freeze-drying or slow evaporation, being this dry material added to a number of excipients. However, such drying processes can generate particulate materials showing problems of flow and compressibility, needing their conversion into granulates by means of wetting with granulation liquid followed by additional drying. In this work, the main objective was to evaluate the preparation of tablets without the need of this additional drying step. For this purpose an aqueous dispersion containing acetaminophen/beta-CD complex and cornstarch was dried using a spouted bed and the obtained granules were compressed in tablets. Acetaminophen was used as model drug due to its low water solubility and the inexpensive and widely available cornstarch was chosen as excipient. Acetaminophen powder was added into a beta-cyclodextrin solution prepared in distilled water at 70 degrees C. Stirring was kept until this dispersion cooled to room temperature. Then cornstarch was added and the resulting dispersion was dried in spouted bed equipment. This material was compressed into tablets using an Erweka Korsh EKO tablet machine. This innovative approach allowed the tablets preparation process to be carried out with fewer steps and represents a technological reliable strategy to produce beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes tablets. (C) 2010 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.

A discriminating dissolution method for glimepiride polymorphs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)