Identificação de adulteração de biocombustível por adição de óleo residual ao diesel por espectrofluorimetria total 3D e análise das componentes principais

Total spectrofluorimetry associated to Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were used to classify into different groups the samples of diesel oil, biodiesel, vegetal oil and residual oil, as well as, to identify addition of non-transesterified residual vegetable oil, instead of biodiesel, to the diesel oil. Using this method, the samples of diesel oil, mixtures of biodiesel in diesel and mixtures of residual oil in diesel were separated into well-defined groups.

QSAR-3D/CoMFA em compostos imídicos com atividade antinociceptiva

Imide compounds have shown biological activity. These compounds can be easily synthesized with good yields. The objective of this paper was the rational planning of imides and sulfonamides with antinociceptive activity using the 3D-QSAR/CoMFA approach. The studies were performed using two data sets. The first set consisted of 39 cyclic imides while the second set consisted of 39 imides and 15 sulfonamides. The 3D- QSAR/CoMFA models have shown that the steric effect is important for the antinociceptive activity of imide and sulphonamide compounds. Ten new compounds with improved potential antinociceptive activity have been proposed by de novo design leapfrog simulations.

3D Stripixel Detectors Simulation

Solid-state silicon detectors have replaced conventional ones in almost all recent high-energy physics experiments. Pixel silicon sensors don't have any alternative in the area near the interaction point because of their high resolution and fast operation speed. However, present detectors hardly withstand high radiation doses. Forthcoming upgrade of the LHC in 2014 requires development of a new generation of pixel detectors which will be able to operate under ten times increased luminosity. A planar fabrication technique has some physical limitations; an improvement of the radiation hardness will reduce sensitivity of a detector. In that case a 3D pixel detector seems to be the most promising device which can overcome these difficulties. The objective of this work was to model a structure of the 3D stripixel detector and to simulate electrical characteristics of the device. Silvaco Atlas software has been used for these purposes. The structures of single and double sided dual column detectors with active edges were described using special command language. Simulations of these detectors have shown that electric field inside an active area has more uniform distribution in comparison to the planar structure. A smaller interelectrode space leads to a stronger field and also decreases the collection time. This makes the new type of detectors more radiation resistant. Other discovered advantages are the lower full depletion voltage and increased charge collection efficiency. So the 3D stripixel detectors have demonstrated improved characteristics and will be a suitable replacement for the planar ones.

Synthesis and magnetic properties of heteronuclear 3d-4f compound

A novel heteronuclear 3d-4f compound having formula NdCu3L3·13H2O (where H3L = Schiff base derived from 5-bromosalicylaldehyde and glycylglycine and L³ = C11H8 N2O4Br) was obtained. It was characterized by elemental and thermal analyses and magnetic measurements. The Cu(II)-Nd(III) compound is stable up to 323 K. During dehydration process the water molecules are lost in two stages. The magnetic susceptibility data for this complex change with temperature according to the Curie-Weiss law with theta = -35 K. The magnetic moment values decrease from 5.00µB at 303 K to 4.38µB at 76 K.

Validation of a 3D model for oxygen combustion in a circulating fluidized bed

In this thesis, a model called CFB3D is validated for oxygen combustion in circulating fluidized bed boiler. The first part of the work consists of literature review in which circulating fluidized bed and oxygen combustion technologies are studied. In addition, the modeling of circulating fluidized bed furnaces is discussed and currently available industrial scale three-dimensional furnace models are presented. The main features of CFB3D model are presented along with the theories and equations related to the model parameters used in this work. The second part of this work consists of the actual research and modeling work including measurements, model setup, and modeling results. The objectives of this thesis is to study how well CFB3D model works with oxygen combustion compared to air combustion in circulating fluidized bed boiler and what model parameters need to be adjusted when changing from air to oxygen combustion. The study is performed by modeling two air combustion cases and two oxygen combustion cases with comparable boiler loads. The cases are measured at Ciuden 30 MWth Flexi-Burn demonstration plant in April 2012. The modeled furnace temperatures match with the measurements as well in oxygen combustion cases as in air combustion cases but the modeled gas concentrations differ from the measurements clearly more in oxygen combustion cases. However, the same model parameters are optimal for both air and oxygen combustion cases. When the boiler load is changed, some combustion and heat transfer related model parameters need to be adjusted. To improve the accuracy of modeling results, better flow dynamics model should be developed in the CFB3D model. Additionally, more measurements are needed from the lower furnace to find the best model parameters for each case. The validation work needs to be continued in order to improve the modeling results and model predictability.

Prediction of 3D structure and ligand-binding properties : ABC transporters and flavodiiron proteins from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803

Cyanobacteria are unicellular, non-nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes, which perform photosynthesis similarly as higher plants. The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 is used as a model organism in photosynthesis research. My research described herein aims at understanding the function of the photosynthetic machinery and how it responds to changes in the environment. Detailed knowledge of the regulation of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria can be utilized for biotechnological purposes, for example in the harnessing of solar energy for biofuel production. In photosynthesis, iron participates in electron transfer. Here, we focused on iron transport in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 and particularly on the environmental regulation of the genes encoding the FutA2BC ferric iron transporter, which belongs to the ABC transporter family. A homology model built for the ATP-binding subunit FutC indicates that it has a functional ATPbinding site as well as conserved interactions with the channel-forming subunit FutB in the transporter complex. Polyamines are important for the cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In plants, polyamines have special roles in stress response and in plant survival. The polyamine metabolism in cyanobacteria in response to environmental stress is of interest in research on stress tolerance of higher plants. In this thesis, the potd gene encoding an polyamine transporter subunit from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 was characterized for the first time. A homology model built for PotD protein indicated that it has capability of binding polyamines, with the preference for spermidine. Furthermore, in order to investigate the structural features of the substrate specificity, polyamines were docked into the binding site. Spermidine was positioned very similarly in Synechocystis PotD as in the template structure and had most favorable interactions of the docked polyamines. Based on the homology model, experimental work was conducted, which confirmed the binding preference. Flavodiiron proteins (Flv) are enzymes, which protect the cell against toxicity of oxygen and/or nitric oxide by reduction. In this thesis, we present a novel type of photoprotection mechanism in cyanobacteria by the heterodimer of Flv2/Flv4. The constructed homology model of Flv2/Flv4 suggests a functional heterodimer capable of rapid electron transfer. The unknown protein sll0218, encoded by the flv2-flv4 operon, is assumed to facilitate the interaction of the Flv2/Flv4 heterodimer and energy transfer between the phycobilisome and PSII. Flv2/Flv4 provides an alternative electron transfer pathway and functions as an electron sink in PSII electron transfer.

Be-Fe coupled method for the analysis of 3D elastodynamic problems in the time domain

By coupling the Boundary Element Method (BEM) and the Finite Element Method (FEM) an algorithm that combines the advantages of both numerical processes is developed. The main aim of the work concerns the time domain analysis of general three-dimensional wave propagation problems in elastic media. In addition, mathematical and numerical aspects of the related BE-, FE- and BE/FE-formulations are discussed. The coupling algorithm allows investigations of elastodynamic problems with a BE- and a FE-subdomain. In order to observe the performance of the coupling algorithm two problems are solved and their results compared to other numerical solutions.

Application of a non isotropic turbulence model to stable atmospheric flows and dispersion over 3D topography

A non isotropic turbulence model is extended and applied to three dimensional stably stratified flows and dispersion calculations. The model is derived from the algebraic stress model (including wall proximity effects), but it retains the simplicity of the "eddy viscosity" concept of first order models. The "modified k-epsilon" is implemented in a three dimensional numerical code. Once the flow is resolved, the predicted velocity and turbulence fields are interpolated into a second grid and used to solve the concentration equation. To evaluate the model, various steady state numerical solutions are compared with small scale dispersion experiments which were conducted at the wind tunnel of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, in Japan. Stably stratified flows and plume dispersion over three distinct idealized complex topographies (flat and hilly terrain) are studied. Vertical profiles of velocity and pollutant concentration are shown and discussed. Also, comparisons are made against the results obtained with the standard k-epsilon model.

The Shadow Moiré method using the phase shifting technique and digital image processing: computational implementation and application to the 3D-reconstruction of a buckled plate

The Shadow Moiré fringe patterns are level lines of equal depth generated by interference between a master grid and its shadow projected on the surface. In simplistic approach, the minimum error is about the order of the master grid pitch, that is, always larger than 0,1 mm, resulting in an experimental technique of low precision. The use of a phase shift increases the accuracy of the Shadow Moiré technique. The current work uses the phase shifting method to determine the surfaces three-dimensional shape using isothamic fringe patterns and digital image processing. The current study presents the method and applies it to images obtained by simulation for error evaluation, as well as to a buckled plate, obtaining excellent results. The method hands itself particularly useful to decrease the errors in the interpretation of the Moiré fringes that can adversely affect the calculations of displacements in pieces containing many concave and convex regions in relatively small areas.

Performance evaluation of 3D computer vision techniques

This work presents the implementation and comparison of three different techniques of three-dimensional computer vision as follows: • Stereo vision - correlation between two 2D images • Sensorial fusion - use of different sensors: camera 2D + ultrasound sensor (1D); • Structured light The computer vision techniques herein presented took into consideration the following characteristics: • Computational effort ( elapsed time for obtain the 3D information); • Influence of environmental conditions (noise due to a non uniform lighting, overlighting and shades); • The cost of the infrastructure for each technique; • Analysis of uncertainties, precision and accuracy. The option of using the Matlab software, version 5.1, for algorithm implementation of the three techniques was due to the simplicity of their commands, programming and debugging. Besides, this software is well known and used by the academic community, allowing the results of this work to be obtained and verified. Examples of three-dimensional vision applied to robotic assembling tasks ("pick-and-place") are presented.

Kattilan ja kanaviston eristykset 3D-laitossuunnitteluohjelmassa

Työn tavoitteena oli kehittää kanavistojen ja kattilan eristyksien mallintamista 3D-laitossuunitteluohjelmassa sekä siitä saatavia materiaalilistoja. Kanavistojen eristeitä kuvastavaa geometriaa muokattiin vastaamaan eristyksen todellista tilanvarausta. Kattilan eristyksen mallintaminen on aikaisemmin jouduttu tekemään manuaalisesti, työssä kehitettiin työkalu, jonka avulla eristysten materiaalitiedot ja oikeat tilanvaraukset saadaan lisättyä 3D-malliin. Kaikkia eristyksen mallintamista ei kuitenkaan pystytä mielekkäästi toteuttamaan automaattisesti työkalujen avulla, näitä kohteita ovat tukikehikkorakenteet kuten kattilan vinttikehikko. Lisäksi täytyi selvittää, mitä tietoja eristyksien materiaalimäärälistoille vaaditaan, ja kuinka nämä tiedot saataisiin listoihin mukaan. Jotta kaikki eristettävät kohteet saadaan tuotettaviin materiaalilistoihin, on ohjelmaan lisättävä käytettäväksi uusia komponentteja. Näitä ovat uudet kanavistojen osat sekä muun muassa venturit ja huoltoluukut kanavistoille. Kattilaan asennettavat laitteet kuten näkölasit ja polttimet vaativat tukirakenteen, joka samalla toimii kotelona putkistojen taivutuksille. Näitä kohteita on aikaisemmin tuotu vanhoista projekteista tai ne on tehty suunnittelijan toimesta uusiksi. Työssä esitettiin uusi tapa mallintaa kattilan pinnat, jolloin niihin voidaan liittää koteloita erillisestä komponenttikirjastosta. Kanavistojen eristyksien materiaalimäärälistojen tuottaminen suoraan ohjelmasta auto-matisoitiin. Kattilan ja siihen liittyvien eristyskehysrakenteiden listojen tuotanto kuitenkin vaatii yhteisten toimintamallien kehittämistä. Tämän työn uudet menetelmät mahdollistavat yhä uusien työkalujen kehittämisen, esimerkiksi automaattisen eristysten teknisten piirustusten kuvatuotannon tulevaisuudessa.

Katsaus lisäävän valmistuksen (aka 3D-tulostus) mahdollisuuksiin ja kustannuksiin metallisten tuotteiden valmistuksessa: Case jauhepetitekniikka

Suurelle yleisölle lisäävä valmistustekniikka eli ns. 3D-tulostustekniikka näyttäytyy lehtien otsikoissa ja artikkeleissa esiin pulpahtavana ”muotiaiheena”, mutta sekä muovien 3D-tulostustekniikka että metallienkin vastaava valmistustekniikka on ollut olemassa maailmalla ja Suomessa 80-luvun puolivälistä alkaen. Yhdysvalloissa ja Saksassa tekniikkaa käytetään valmistavassa teollisuudessa toiminnallisten osien tuotannossa. Esimerkiksi lentokoneen suihkumoottorien osia ja lääketieteellisiä välineitä tehdään metallijauheesta lisäävän valmistuksen avulla. Itse asiassa eräs menetelmä metalliesineiden valmistamiseksi lasersäteen avulla keksittiin Suomessa ja sitä myös kehiteltiin täällä, mutta teollisuudenala lähti aikanaan nousuun Saksassa. Lisäävä valmistus on tällä hetkellä maailmanlaajuisesti eräs kiinnostavista tuotantotekniikoista, jonka uskotaan muuttavan monia asioita tuotteiden suunnittelussa, toiminnoissa ja valmistuksessa. Tämä tekniikka ei kiinnosta pelkästään valmistavaa teollisuutta, vaan tietotekniikan, lääketieteen, koruvalmistuksen ja muotoilun osaajat sekä uusien liiketoimintamallien kehittäjät ja logistiikka operaattorit ovat teknologiasta kiinnostuneita. Suomelle 3D-tulostustekniikka on suuri mahdollisuus, sillä maassamme on vahva teollinen tieto- ja viestintätekniikkaosaaminen sekä lisäksi olemme maassamme erikoistuneet varsin vaativien teollisiin laitteiden valmistukseen. Eräät suurimmista mahdollisuuksista tällä tekniikalla ovat toimitusketjuihin liittyvät muutokset. Uutta on, että pienetkin yritykset ja organisaatiot voivat soveltaa tätä tekniikkaa valmistuksessa ja jopa kehitellä täysin uusia tuotteita. On myös arvioitu, että lisäävän valmistuksen merkitys valmistustapoihin ja toimitusketjuihin voi olla suurempi kuin koskaan aikaisemmin minkään teknologisen uudistuksen kohdalla. Lisäävästä valmistuksesta usein puhutaankin kolmantena teollisena vallankumouksena juuri tämän takia. 3D-tulostuksen kustannuksia tarkasteltaessa on tärkeätä huomata että vain sulatetun jauheen määrä ratkaisee, ei käytettävän geometrian monimutkaisuus. Tämä erottaa perinteisen ja lisäävän valmistuksen toisistaan. Perinteisesti kappaleen keventäminen on maksanut ”ylimääräistä”, kun taas lisäävässä valmistuksessa kappaleen keveys on jopa kustannusta alentava tekijä. Valmistettavan kappaleen korkeus on yksi kriittisimpiä kustannuksiin vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Tämän vuoksi useamman kappaleen valmistus yhdellä kertaa parantaa kannattavuutta huomattavasti. Samalla kertaa voi ja itse asiassa kannattaakin valmistaa keskenään erilaisia kappaleita. Perinteiset valmistustavat sen sijaan ovat nykyajan vaatimuksille liian hitaita; ne joustavat huonosti, kun kyseessä on pienet, asiakaslähtöiset erät. Trendi on globaalisti kohden yksilöllisiä asiakaslähtöisiä tuotteita, jolloin myös valmistustekniikoiden on oltava joustavia pysyäkseen näiden vaatimusten perässä. Lisäävä valmistus sopii erityisesti hyvin piensarjatuotantoon. Suuremmissa valmistuserissä kuitenkin perinteiset tekniikat ovat kustannustehokkaampia.