Ecologie d'une population de Crocidura russula en milieu rural montagnard (Insectivora, Soricidae)

Crocidura russula is restricted to the vicinity of human dwellings in the northern parts of its range and in the mountain regions of Central and Western Europe. In order to better understand the causes of such a distribution, a population was studied in a rural mountain habitat (750 m above sea level), where the species was found almost exclusively in the neighbourhood of human dwellings. The study was conducted on a 2000 m2 area, over a period of 20 months, by live-trapping and radioactive tracking. The abundance, the local distribution and the behaviour of the shrews vary greatly throughout the year. In summer, they chiefly inhabit areas with a dense herbaceous cover or shruby vegetation; they are mainly active at ground level, in the litter. In autumn, changes in the environmental conditions (lowering of temperatures, subsidence of the herbaceous vegetation, presence of snow) create important energetic problems. At that time, the shrews gradually become more active around and inside compost-heaps and buildings. The microclimate of such environments is mild and prey are numerous. The winter population is reduced (reaching its lowest level in late winter) and consists only of shrews frequenting these sites. The observed spatial distribution is the result of the energetic dependence of the wintering shrews on human dwellings and their surroundings. This dependence is probably related to the physiological characteristics of the species. In the prospected region, Crocidura russula is the only shrew which regularly takes advantage of man-made habitats; the maintenance of the species in the rural mountain enviroment is probably favoured by the social organization of the populations in winter. The other native Soricids are observed only occasionaly int he neighbourhood of human dwellings.

Narrating urban entrepreneurship: a matter of imagineering?

The battle between cities with regard to their creative possibilities has evolved into a process of multiplying ever-new images and variegated stories of urban attractiveness and success. Engineering “cool” images and “hot” stories about one’s city is now a central endeavor in the narratives of urban policy-making that center more and more on the idea of the entrepreneurial city. The making of an entrepreneurial image is enacted through various narrative genres that lie somewhere between place making and place marketing, between branding and boosting, between restoration and revanchism, between iconic architecture and mega-spectacle. This “imagineering” is not only part of the way cities try to (re)present themselves as entrepreneurial to various audiences through a real “image inflation” (Zukin, 2008, p. xii) but is 1 Forthcoming in: B. Lange,.A. Kalandides, B. Stoeber, I. Wellmann (Hrsg.) (2009): Governance der Kreativwirtschaft. Diagnosen und Handlungsoptionen. Transcript-Verlag, Bielefeld. 2 also inscribed in the various ways urban creativity and entrepreneurship can be studied, researched and imagined. In this chapter we aim to differentiate the political narratives of the entrepreneurial city as we emphasize the need to understand the politics of narration and make a plea for critical reflexivity in our forms of researching and theorizing. We will thus try to investigate how the politics of narration is intertwined with the narration of political concepts and will argue that the narrating of urban entrepreneurship can raise very different images and discourses of city life beyond those that are currently engineered. We will distinguish between a grand narrative, a counter-narrative, and an assemblage of more ambivalent little narratives, which we call prosaic narration. While the distinction between these three types might be seen as a bit too simple and “straight”, we believe that by juxtaposing these different forms of narration and alternating between them, we can help problematize the engineering of the city as entrepreneurial and imagine alternative views both of city life and of what is understood as its creativity.

Public policy for entrepreneurship and innovation: impact in managed and entrepreneurial economies

Many of the most advanced economies of the world have undergone significant transformation in the last few decades. Globalization and technological changes, especially developments in information technologies, have helped to stimulate this transformation. These have contributed to changing institutional frameworks in many respects within the economies including adjustments to economic policies. The results of these transformations take many different forms and are manifested in different areas of an economy. At the heart of these changes however, has been the increasingly important role of entrepreneurship in the economy. The transformed ("new") economy stimulates and supports activities in innovation and entrepreneurship and is labelled the entrepreneurial economy. The "old" economy on the other hand restricts such activities and is referred to as the managed economy (Audretsch & Thurik, 2001).

Efficacy of insecticide impregnated bed-nets to control malaria in a rural forested area in Southern Cameron

Due to current spreading of chemoresistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum malaria control must incorporate vector control programmes. Due to well known constraints house sprayings cannot be performed as before. Personal protection can be developed and a large scale use of insecticide treated bed-nets appeared to be very useful to reduce man-vector contact in Asia, South America and West and East Africa. No trial has done is forest Central Africa where transmission is permanent. We performed such a trial in the southern part of Cameroon (using deltamethrin, at 25mg/m*) and obtained similar data to those observed in the Gambia Burkina Faso and Tanzania with a noteworthy reduction of both transmission and high parasitaemia of P. falciparum (respectively 78% and 75%) meaning a drop of malaria morbidity.

The distribution of intestinal helminth infections in a rural village in Guatemala

Fecal egg count scores were used to investigate the distribution and abundance of intestinal helminths in the population of a rural village. Prevalences of the major helminths were 41% with Ascaris lumbricoides 60% with Trichuris trichiura and 50% with Necator americanus. All three parasites showed a highly aggregated distribution among hosts. Age/prevalence and age/intensity profiles were typical for both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura with the highest worm burdens in the 50-10 year old children. For hookworm both prevalence and intensity curves were convex in shape with maximum infection levels in the 30-40 year old age class. Infected females had higher burdens of T. trichiura than infected males in all age classes of the population; there were no other effects of host gender. Analysis of associations between parasites within hosts revealed strong correlations between A. lumbricoides and T. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. Individuals with heavy infections of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura showed highly significant aggregation within households. Associations between a variety of household features and heavy infections with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura are described.

Implantació del distintiu de garantia de qualitat ambiental als establiments de turisme rural d'influència al Parc del Garraf

El present projecte té com a objecte d’estudi l’anàlisi de la situació ambiental en que es troben els ETR de l’àrea d’influència del Parc del Garraf (PG). En una primera fase, s’inventarien i analitzen els 12 ETR més propers als límits del sistema natural del PG, Parc d’Olèrdola i Foix a partir d’una ecofitxa de criteris ambientals d’àmbit general. Posteriorment, s’estudia la viabilitat d’implantació del Distintiu de Garantia de Qualitat Ambiental (DGQA) en els 6 ETR pilot escollits a partir d’una segona ecofitxa creada a partir dels criteris del distintiu. D’aquest detallat estudi s’extreuen relacions interessants com per exemple, que els ETR més aïllats del nucli urbà fan servir el doble de sistemes per obtenir energia que els establiments ubicats al recinte urbà i que actualment, el preu segueix estant més associat a confort que no pas a compromís ambiental. Finalment, s’elaboren unes propostes de millora i els pressupostos associats per que aquests ETR puguin complir les exigències del distintiu.

La inserción sociolaboral de las personas inmigrantes en la Cataluña rural

En els últims anys, s’ha produït l’arribada massiva de població immigrant, que principalment, s’instal•la a las grans ciutats o barris específics. Normalment, son zones amb alts nivells de desocupació. Amb aquest treball acadèmic es vol contribuir a augmentar el coneixement relatiu a la inserció sociolaboral de les persones immigrants en tot el territori, incloent el rural; amb tot allò, es vol afavorir a la no massificació d’immigrants en les grans ciutats. Es pretén estimular la mobilitat geogràfica a les àrees rurals de Catalunya, especialment, a aquelles que tenen problemes de despoblació o supervivència, degut a diferents factors. Per aconseguir-ho, es té que analitzar les diferents ajudes i subvencions, els plans o programes de repoblació estatals, autonòmics y locals existents; es a dir, els mecanismes que existeixen per aconseguir la no massificació d’immigració a una zona determinada i millorar la integració i inserció d’aquests immigrants.

Early sporogonic development in local vectors of Plasmodium falciparum in rural Cameroon

In ongoing studies on experimental transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in the city of Yaounde gametocyte carriers are daily being identified among dispensary patients with malaria-like complaints. This species comprises 93 of all parasitemias and because of the selection criteria most patients have it as a recent infection. 17 of all P. falciparum-positives carry detectable gametocytes with little difference between youngsters and adults. Blood of adult carriers is taken and infection of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes is attempted by membrane feeding; the establishment of infection is judged by the presence of oocysts.

Lack of metabolic and behavioral adaptations in rural Gambian men with low body mass index.

Energy expenditure was measured by means of a respiratory chamber in two groups of adult rural Gambian men. The first group (n = 29) had a low body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) < 18.5), whereas the control group (n = 29) had a higher BMI (> 22). This study shows that the energy expenditure of Gambian men with low BMI is not different from that of Gambian men with normal BMI when the results are normalized for fat-free mass or for weight by analysis of covariance. In Gambian men the nutritional status thus does not seem to affect energy metabolism notably. No differences in respiratory quotient, diet-induced thermogenesis, net work efficiency, spontaneous physical activity, heart rate, or urinary catecholamine excretion were observed between the two groups. It is, however, interesting to note that the basal metabolic rate of Gambian men, regardless of their nutritional status, is approximately 10% (range 4-12% depending on the reference value used) lower than that predicted for individuals living in industrialized countries.

Acceso a la propiedad y desigualdad social en el mundo rural catalán de mediados del siglo XIX

El análisis de la distribución de la propiedad de la tierra —y de las consecuencias sociales de ésta— entraña dificultades heurísticas y metodológicas importantes que suelen limitar la posibilidad de establecer comparaciones territoriales suficientemente sólidas y sistemáticas. Dicho análisis es difícilmente asumible a partir de aquellas estadísticas fiscales y catastrales que presentan los datos agregados y, por ello, ofrecen mayor cobertura territorial. Un acercamiento más realista y con mayor potencial sólo es posible combinando prospecciones locales en distintos ámbitos territoriales, en los cuales sea posible la identificación nominal tanto de los habitantes como de los propietarios de tierra usando simultáneamente padrones de población y relaciones catastrales. La presente comunicación pretende desarrollar un enfoque metodológico basado en el análisis de casos locales con el objetivo de analizar comparativamente el nivel de desigualdad social existente en la sociedad rural catalana de mediados del siglo XIX.

Environmental factors and social entrepreneurship

Social entrepreneurship has been a subject of growing interest by academics and governments, however little still being known about environmental factors that affect this phenomenon. The main objective of this study is to analyze how these factors affect social entrepreneurial activity, in the light of the institutional economic theory as the conceptual framework. Using linear regression analysis for a sample of 49 countries, is studied the impact of informal institutions (social needs, societal attitudes and education) and formal institutions (public spending, access to finance and governance effectiveness) on social entrepreneurial activity. The findings suggest that while societal attitudes increase the rates of social entrepreneurship, public spending has a negative relationship with this phenomenon. Finally, the empirical evidence found could be useful for the definition of government policies on promoting social entrepreneurship.

La Societat rural de les riberes del Xúquer davant la inundació de 1864

Entre el quatre i el cinc de novembre del 1864 la vall baixa del Xúquer va patir la major inundació del segle i una de les més greus de les que es tenen registre històric. En 1864 el volum d’aigua desbordada, reflectit en l'altura inundada en diferents punts de referència, va ultrapassar el d'anteriors revingudes. A més, per l’extensió invadida i el nombre de localitats i de població afectades (les Riberes reunien 95.000 habitants i a la resta de la zona implicada vivien 88.000 persones més) l'episodi va constituir una de les majors catàstrofes naturals en Espanya durant aquell segle. Un fet diferencial destacat és que la inundació de 1864 s’esdevenia en una etapa històrica nova. La construcció de l’Estat liberal es podia considerar culminada a la dècada dels seixanta,encara que les disensions internes entre les èlits polítiques i el descontent social creixien i estaven a prop de provocar la ruptura de 1868.

Mejora del medio ambiente y nivel de desarrollo: elementos explicativos de las diferentes opciones en los programas de desarrollo rural (2007-2013) de la Unión Europea

Los programas de desarrollo rural del actual período de programación (2007-13) se han estructurado en 4 ejes. El eje 2 correspondiente a la Mejora del medio ambiente y del entorno rural es, con casi la mitad de los recursos públicos, el principal. El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar los elementos que explican los diferentes niveles de gasto adjudicados a este eje, que oscilan entre el 82,5% y el 25% del gasto público total según Estado Miembro. Se aprecia que el nivel de gasto en el eje 2 está correlacionado con el nivel de renta pero no guarda relación alguna con los indicadores que la Comisión Europea ha establecido en la priorización del la problemática e interés agroambiental de los diferentes territorios europeos.