Entwicklung und Anwendung von mobilen Messstrategien und Analysemethoden zur Untersuchung urbanen Aerosols

Seit Anbeginn der Menschheitsgeschichte beeinflussen die Menschen ihre Umwelt. Durch anthropogene Emissionen ändert sich die Zusammensetzung der Atmosphäre, was einen zunehmenden Einfluss unter anderem auf die Atmosphärenchemie, die Gesundheit von Mensch, Flora und Fauna und das Klima hat. Die steigende Anzahl riesiger, wachsender Metropolen geht einher mit einer räumlichen Konzentration der Emission von Luftschadstoffen, was vor allem einen Einfluss auf die Luftqualität der windabwärts gelegenen ruralen Regionen hat. In dieser Doktorarbeit wurde im Rahmen des MEGAPOLI-Projektes die Abluftfahne der Megastadt Paris unter Anwendung des mobilen Aerosolforschungslabors MoLa untersucht. Dieses ist mit modernen, zeitlich hochauflösenden Instrumenten zur Messung der chemischen Zusammensetzung und Größenverteilung der Aerosolpartikel sowie einiger Spurengase ausgestattet. Es wurden mobile Messstrategien entwickelt und angewendet, die besonders geeignet zur Charakterisierung urbaner Emissionen sind. Querschnittsmessfahrten durch die Abluftfahne und atmosphärische Hintergrundluftmassen erlaubten sowohl die Bestimmung der Struktur und Homogenität der Abluftfahne als auch die Berechnung des Beitrags der urbanen Emissionen zur Gesamtbelastung der Atmosphäre. Quasi-Lagrange’sche Radialmessfahrten dienten der Erkundung der räumlichen Erstreckung der Abluftfahne sowie auftretender Transformationsprozesse der advehierten Luftschadstoffe. In Kombination mit Modellierungen konnte die Struktur der Abluftfahne vertieft untersucht werden. Flexible stationäre Messungen ergänzten den Datensatz und ließen zudem Vergleichsmessungen mit anderen Messstationen zu. Die Daten einer ortsfesten Messstation wurden zusätzlich verwendet, um die Alterung des organischen Partikelanteils zu beschreiben. Die Analyse der mobilen Messdaten erforderte die Entwicklung einer neuen Methode zur Bereinigung des Datensatzes von lokalen Störeinflüssen. Des Weiteren wurden die Möglichkeiten, Grenzen und Fehler bei der Anwendung komplexer Analyseprogramme zur Berechnung des O/C-Verhältnisses der Partikel sowie der Klassifizierung der Aerosolorganik untersucht. Eine Validierung verschiedener Methoden zur Bestimmung der Luftmassenherkunft war für die Auswertung ebenfalls notwendig. Die detaillierte Untersuchung der Abluftfahne von Paris ergab, dass diese sich anhand der Erhöhung der Konzentrationen von Indikatoren für unprozessierte Luftverschmutzung im Vergleich zu Hintergrundwerten identifizieren lässt. Ihre eher homogene Struktur kann zumeist durch eine Gauß-Form im Querschnitt mit einem exponentiellen Abfall der unprozessierten Schadstoffkonzentrationen mit zunehmender Distanz zur Stadt beschrieben werden. Hierfür ist hauptsächlich die turbulente Vermischung mit Umgebungsluftmassen verantwortlich. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass in der advehierten Abluftfahne eine deutliche Oxidation der Aerosolorganik im Sommer stattfindet; im Winter hingegen ließ sich dieser Prozess während der durchgeführten Messungen nicht beobachten. In beiden Jahreszeiten setzt sich die Abluftfahne hauptsächlich aus Ruß und organischen Partikelkomponenten im PM1-Größenbereich zusammen, wobei die Quellen Verkehr und Kochen sowie zusätzlich Heizen in der kalten Jahreszeit dominieren. Die PM1-Partikelmasse erhöhte sich durch die urbanen Emissionen im Vergleich zum Hintergrundwert im Sommer in der Abluftfahne im Mittel um 30% und im Winter um 10%. Besonders starke Erhöhungen ließen sich für Polyaromaten beobachten, wo im Sommer eine mittlere Zunahme von 194% und im Winter von 131% vorlag. Jahreszeitliche Unterschiede waren ebenso in der Größenverteilung der Partikel der Abluftfahne zu finden, wo im Winter im Gegensatz zum Sommer keine zusätzlichen nukleierten kleinen Partikel, sondern nur durch Kondensation und Koagulation angewachsene Partikel zwischen etwa 10nm und 200nm auftraten. Die Spurengaskonzentrationen unterschieden sich ebenfalls, da chemische Reaktionen temperatur- und mitunter strahlungsabhängig sind. Weitere Anwendungsmöglichkeiten des MoLa wurden bei einer Überführungsfahrt von Deutschland an die spanische Atlantikküste demonstriert, woraus eine Kartierung der Luftqualität entlang der Fahrtroute resultierte. Es zeigte sich, dass hauptsächlich urbane Ballungszentren von unprozessierten Luftschadstoffen betroffen sind, advehierte gealterte Substanzen jedoch jede Region beeinflussen können. Die Untersuchung der Luftqualität an Standorten mit unterschiedlicher Exposition bezüglich anthropogener Quellen erweiterte diese Aussage um einen Einblick in die Variation der Luftqualität, abhängig unter anderem von der Wetterlage und der Nähe zu Emissionsquellen. Damit konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich die entwickelten Messstrategien und Analysemethoden nicht nur zur Untersuchung der Abluftfahne einer Großstadt, sondern auch auf verschiedene andere wissenschaftliche und umweltmesstechnische Fragestellungen anwenden lassen.

Charakterisierung von optischen Partikelspektrometern und in-situ Messungen zur Mikrophysik der polaren Stratosphärenwolken

Polare Stratosphärenwolken (PSC), die unterhalb einer Temperatur von etwa -78 °C in polaren Regionen auftreten, üben einen starken Einfluss auf die stratosphärische Ozonschicht aus. Dieser Einfluss erfolgt größtenteils über heterogene chemische Reaktionen, die auf den Oberflächen von Wolkenpartikeln stattfinden. Chemische Reaktionen die dabei ablaufen sind eine Voraussetzung für den späteren Ozonabbau. Des Weiteren verändert die Sedimentation der Wolkenpartikel die chemische Zusammensetzung bzw. die vertikale Verteilung der Spurengase in der Stratosphäre. Für die Ozonchemie spielt dabei die Beseitigung von reaktivem Stickstoff durch Sedimentation Salpetersäure-haltiger Wolkenpartikeln (Denitrifizierung) eine wichtige Rolle. Durch gleichen Sedimentationsprozess von PSC Elementen wird der Stratosphäre des weiteren Wasserdampf entzogen (Dehydrierung). Beide Prozesse begünstigen einen länger andauernden stratosphärischen Ozonabbau im polaren Frühling.rnGerade im Hinblick auf die Denitrifikation durch Sedimentation größerer PSC-Partikel werden in dieser Arbeit neue Resultate von in-situ Messungen vorgestellt, die im Rahmen der RECONCILE-Kampagne im Winter des Jahres 2010 an Bord des Höhenforschungs-Flugzeugs M-55 Geophysica durchgeführt wurden. Dabei wurden in fünf Flügen Partikelgrößenverteilungen in einem Größenbereich zwischen 0,5 und 35 µm mittels auf der Lichtstreuung basierender Wolkenpartikel-Spektrometer gemessen. Da polare Stratosphärenwolken in Höhen zwischen 17 und 30 km auftreten, sind in-situ Messungen vergleichsweise selten, so dass noch einige offene Fragen bestehen bleiben. Gerade Partikel mit optischen Durchmessern von bis zu 35µm, die während der neuen Messungen detektiert wurden, müssen mit theoretischen Einschränkungen in Einklang gebracht werden. Die Größe der Partikel wird dabei durch die Verfügbarkeit der beteiligten Spurenstoffe (Wasserdampf und Salpetersäure), die Sedimentationsgeschwindigkeit, Zeit zum Anwachsen und von der Umgebungstemperatur begrenzt. Diese Faktoren werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit diskutiert. Aus dem gemessenen Partikelvolumen wird beispielsweise unter der Annahme der NAT-Zusammensetzung (Nitric Acid Trihydrate) die äquivalente Konzentration des HNO 3 der Gasphase berechnet. Im Ergebnis wird die verfügbare Konzentration von Salpetersäure der Stratosphäre überschritten. Anschließend werden Hypothesen diskutiert, wodurch das gemessene Partikelvolumen überschätzt worden sein könnte, was z.B. im Fall einer starken Asphärizität der Partikel möglich wäre. Weiterhin wurde eine Partikelmode unterhalb von 2-3µm im Durchmesser aufgrund des Temperaturverhaltens als STS (Supercooled Ternary Solution droplets) identifiziert.rnUm die Konzentration der Wolkenpartikel anhand der Messung möglichst genau berechnen zu können, muss das Messvolumen bzw. die effektive Messfläche der Instrumente bekannt sein. Zum Vermessen dieser Messfläche wurde ein Tröpfchengenerator aufgebaut und zum Kalibrieren von drei Instrumenten benutzt. Die Kalibration mittels des Tröpfchengenerators konzentrierte sich auf die Cloud Combination Probe (CCP). Neben der Messfläche und der Größenbestimmung der Partikel werden in der Arbeit unter Zuhilfenahme von Messungen in troposphärischen Wolken und an einer Wolkensimulationskammer auch weitere Fehlerquellen der Messung untersucht. Dazu wurde unter anderem die statistische Betrachtung von Intervallzeiten einzelner Messereignisse, die in neueren Sonden aufgezeichnet werden, herangezogen. Letzteres ermöglicht es, Messartefakte wie Rauschen, Koinzidenzfehler oder „Shattering“ zu identifizieren.rn

Toxic effects of brake wear particles on epithelial lung cells in vitro

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Fine particulate matter originating from traffic correlates with increased morbidity and mortality. An important source of traffic particles is brake wear of cars which contributes up to 20% of the total traffic emissions. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential toxicological effects of human epithelial lung cells exposed to freshly generated brake wear particles. RESULTS: An exposure box was mounted around a car's braking system. Lung cells cultured at the air-liquid interface were then exposed to particles emitted from two typical braking behaviours ("full stop" and "normal deceleration"). The particle size distribution as well as the brake emission components like metals and carbons was measured on-line, and the particles deposited on grids for transmission electron microscopy were counted. The tight junction arrangement was observed by laser scanning microscopy. Cellular responses were assessed by measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (cytotoxicity), by investigating the production of reactive oxidative species and the release of the pro-inflammatory mediator interleukin-8. The tight junction protein occludin density decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing concentrations of metals on the particles (iron, copper and manganese, which were all strongly correlated with each other). Occludin was also negatively correlated with the intensity of reactive oxidative species. The concentrations of interleukin-8 were significantly correlated with increasing organic carbon concentrations. No correlation was observed between occludin and interleukin-8, nor between reactive oxidative species and interleukin-8. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the metals on brake wear particles damage tight junctions with a mechanism involving oxidative stress. Brake wear particles also increase pro-inflammatory responses. However, this might be due to another mechanism than via oxidative stress.

Particles induce apical plasma membrane enlargement in epithelial lung cell line depending on particle surface area dose

Background Airborne particles entering the respiratory tract may interact with the apical plasma membrane (APM) of epithelial cells and enter them. Differences in the entering mechanisms of fine (between 0.1 μm and 2.5 μm) and ultrafine ( ≤ 0.1 μm) particles may be associated with different effects on the APM. Therefore, we studied particle-induced changes in APM surface area in relation to applied and intracellular particle size, surface and number. Methods Human pulmonary epithelial cells (A549 cell line) were incubated with various concentrations of different sized fluorescent polystyrene spheres without surface charge (∅ fine – 1.062 μm, ultrafine – 0.041 μm) by submersed exposure for 24 h. APM surface area of A549 cells was estimated by design-based stereology and transmission electron microscopy. Intracellular particles were visualized and quantified by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results Particle exposure induced an increase in APM surface area compared to negative control (p < 0.01) at the same surface area concentration of fine and ultrafine particles a finding not observed at low particle concentrations. Ultrafine particle entering was less pronounced than fine particle entering into epithelial cells, however, at the same particle surface area dose, the number of intracellular ultrafine particles was higher than that of fine particles. The number of intracellular particles showed a stronger increase for fine than for ultrafine particles at rising particle concentrations. Conclusion This study demonstrates a particle-induced enlargement of the APM surface area of a pulmonary epithelial cell line, depending on particle surface area dose. Particle uptake by epithelial cells does not seem to be responsible for this effect. We propose that direct interactions between particle surface area and cell membrane cause the enlargement of the APM.

Size-Dependent Uptake of Particles by Pulmonary Antigen-Presenting Cell Populations and Trafficking to Regional Lymph Nodes

The respiratory tract is an attractive target organ for novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications with nano-sized carriers, but their immune effects and interactions with key resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs) and alveolar macrophages (AMs) in different anatomical compartments remain poorly understood. Polystyrene particles ranging from 20 nm to 1,000 nm were instilled intranasally in BALB/c mice, and their interactions with APC populations in airways, lung parenchyma, and lung-draining lymph nodes (LDLNs) were examined after 2 and 24 hours by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. In the main conducting airways and lung parenchyma, DC subpopulations preferentially captured 20-nm particles, compared with 1,000-nm particles that were transported to the LDLNs by migratory CD11blow DCs and that were observed in close proximity to CD3+ T cells. Generally, the uptake of particles increased the expression of CD40 and CD86 in all DC populations, independent of particle size, whereas 20-nm particles induced enhanced antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells in LDLNs in vivo. Despite measurable uptake by DCs, the majority of particles were taken up by AMs, irrespective of size. Confocal microscopy and FACS analysis showed few particles in the main conducting airways, but a homogeneous distribution of all particle sizes was evident in the lung parenchyma, mostly confined to AMs. Particulate size as a key parameter determining uptake and trafficking therefore determines the fate of inhaled particulates, and this may have important consequences in the development of novel carriers for pulmonary diagnostic or therapeutic applications.

The calculation of Afρ and mass loss rate for comets

Ab initio calculations of Afρ are presented using Mie scattering theory and a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) dust outflow model in support of the Rosetta mission and its target 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (CG). These calculations are performed for particle sizes ranging from 0.010 μm to 1.0 cm. The present status of our knowledge of various differential particle size distributions is reviewed and a variety of particle size distributions is used to explore their effect on Afρ , and the dust mass production View the MathML sourcem˙. A new simple two parameter particle size distribution that curtails the effect of particles below 1 μm is developed. The contributions of all particle sizes are summed to get a resulting overall Afρ. The resultant Afρ could not easily be predicted a priori and turned out to be considerably more constraining regarding the mass loss rate than expected. It is found that a proper calculation of Afρ combined with a good Afρ measurement can constrain the dust/gas ratio in the coma of comets as well as other methods presently available. Phase curves of Afρ versus scattering angle are calculated and produce good agreement with observational data. The major conclusions of our calculations are: – The original definition of A in Afρ is problematical and Afρ should be: qsca(n,λ)×p(g)×f×ρqsca(n,λ)×p(g)×f×ρ. Nevertheless, we keep the present nomenclature of Afρ as a measured quantity for an ensemble of coma particles.– The ratio between Afρ and the dust mass loss rate View the MathML sourcem˙ is dominated by the particle size distribution. – For most particle size distributions presently in use, small particles in the range from 0.10 to 1.0 μm contribute a large fraction to Afρ. – Simplifying the calculation of Afρ by considering only large particles and approximating qsca does not represent a realistic model. Mie scattering theory or if necessary, more complex scattering calculations must be used. – For the commonly used particle size distribution, dn/da ∼ a−3.5 to a−4, there is a natural cut off in Afρ contribution for both small and large particles. – The scattering phase function must be taken into account for each particle size; otherwise the contribution of large particles can be over-estimated by a factor of 10. – Using an imaginary index of refraction of i = 0.10 does not produce sufficient backscattering to match observational data. – A mixture of dark particles with i ⩾ 0.10 and brighter silicate particles with i ⩽ 0.04 matches the observed phase curves quite well. – Using current observational constraints, we find the dust/gas mass-production ratio of CG at 1.3 AU is confined to a range of 0.03–0.5 with a reasonably likely value around 0.1.

Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is associated with risk factors of the metabolic syndrome and LDL size in clinically healthy 58-year-old men (AIR study).

OBJECTIVES Hypothetically the atherogenic effect of the metabolic syndrome may be mediated through the increased occurrence of small LDL-particles which are easily modified to atherogenic oxidized LDL (ox-LDL). The aim of this study was to test this concept by examining the association between circulating ox-LDL, LDL-particle size, and the metabolic syndrome. DESIGN AND RESULTS A population-based sample of clinically healthy 58-year-old men (n = 391) was recruited. Ox-LDL was measured by ELISA (specific monoclonal antibody, mAb-4E6) and LDL-particle size by gradient gel electrophoresis. The results showed that ox-LDL significantly correlated to factors constituting the metabolic syndrome; triglycerides (r = 0.43), plasma insulin (r = 0.20), body mass index (r = 0.20), waist-to-hip ratio (r = 0.21) and HDL (r = -0.24); (P < 0.001). Ox-LDL correlated also to LDL-particle size (r = -0.42), Apo-B (r = 0.70), LDL (r = 0.65); (P < 0.001) and, furthermore, with Apo A-1 (r = -0.13) and heart rate (r = 0.13); (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The metabolic syndrome was accompanied by high plasma ox-LDL concentrations compared with those without the syndrome. Ox-LDL levels were associated with most of the risk factors constituting the metabolic syndrome and was, in addition related to small LDL-particle size. To our knowledge the present study is the first one to demonstrate that circulating ox-LDL levels are associated with small LDL-particle size in a population representative sample of clinically healthy middle-aged men. The high degree of intercorrelation amongst several factors makes it difficult to clarify the independent role of any specific factor.

Grain size analysis on CRP sediment cores from the Ross Sea, Antarctica

The upper 1200 m of pre-Pliocene sediment recovered by Cape Roberts Project (CRP) drilling off the Victoria Land coast of Antarctica between 1997-1999 has been subdivided into 54 unconformity-bound stratigraphic sequences, spanning the period c. 32 to 17 Ma. The sequences are recognised on the basis of the cyclical vertical stacking of their constituent lithofacies, which are enclosed by erosion surfaces produced during the grounding of the advancing ice margin onto the sea floor. Each sequence represents deposition in a range of offshore shelf to coastal glacimarine sedimentary environments during oscillations in the ice margin across the Western Ross Sea shelf, and coeval fluctuations in water depth. This paper applies spectral analysis techniques to depth- and time-series of sediment grain size (500 samples) for intervals of the core with adequate chronological data. Time series analysis of 0.5-l.0m-spaced grainsize data spanning sequences 9-11 (CRP-2/2A) and sequences 1-7 (CRP-3) suggests that the length of individual sequences correspond to Milankovitch frequencies, probably 41 k.y., but possibly as low as 100 k.y. Higher frequency periodic components at 23 k.y. (orbital precession) and 15-10 k.y. (sub-orbital) are recognised at the intrasequence-scale, and may represent climatic cycles akin to the ice rafting episodes described in the North Atlantic Ocean during the Quaternary. The cyclicity recorded by glacimarine sequences in CRP core provides direct evidence from the periphery of Antarctica for orbital oscillations in the size of the Oligocene-Early Miocene East Antarctic Ice Sheet.

Grain size analysis of sediment coring site CRP-2 from the Ross Sea, Antarctica

The purpose of this note is to present results of grain size analyses from 118 samples of the CRP-2/2A core using sieve and Sedigraph techniques. The samples were selected to represent the range of facies encountered, and tend to become more widely spaced with depth. Fifteen came from the upper 27 m of Quaternary and Pliocene sediments, 62 from the early Miocene-late Oligocene strata (27 to 307 mbsf), and 41 from the early Oligocene strata beneath (307 to 624 mbsf). The results are intended to provide reference data for lithological descriptions in the core logs (Cape Roberts Science Team, 1999), and to help with facies interpretation. The analytical technique used for determining size frequency of the sand fraction in our samples (sieving) is simple, physical and widely practised for over a century. Thus it provides a useful reference point for analyses produced by other faster and more sophisticated techniques, such as the Malvern laser particle size analysis system (Woolfe et al., 2000), and estimates derived from measurements taken with down-hole logging tools (Bücker, pers. com., 1999).

Grain-size analysis and geochemistry of sediment core GeoB13602-1

Grain-size, terrigenous element and rock magnetic remanence data of Quaternary marine sediments retrieved at the NW African continental margin off Gambia (gravity core GeoB 13602-1, 13°32.71' N, 17°50.96'W) were jointly analyzed by end-member (EM) unmixing methods to distinguish and budget past terrigenous fluxes. We compare and cross-validate the identified single-parameter EM systems and develop a numerical strategy to calculate associated multi-parameter EM properties. One aeolian and two fluvial EMs were found. The aeolian EM is much coarser than the fluvial EMs and is associated with a lower goethite/hematite ratio, a higher relative concentration of magnetite and lower Al/Si and Fe/K ratios. Accumulation rates and grain sizes of the fluvial sediment appear to be primarily constrained by shore distance (i.e., sea-level fluctuations) and to a lesser extent by changes in hinterland precipitation. High dust fluxes occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and during Heinrich Stadials (HS) while the fluvial input remained unchanged. Our approach reveals that the LGM dust fluxes were ~7 times higher than today's. However, by far the highest dust accumulation occurred during HS 1 (~300 g m**-2 yr** -1), when dust fluxes were ~80 fold higher than today. Such numbers have not yet been reported for NW Africa, and emphasize strikingly different environmental conditions during HSs. They suggest that deflation rate and areal extent of HSs dust sources were much larger due to retreating vegetation covers. Beyond its regional and temporal scope, this study develops new, in principle, generally applicable strategies for multi-method end-member interpretation, validation and flux budgeting calibration.

Grain-size analyses and bulk chemistry determined in surface sediment samples along the Chilean continental margin in the Southeast Pacific Ocean

Physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of a set of surface sediment samples collected along the Chilean continental slope (21-44°S) are used to characterise present-day sedimentation patterns and sediment provenance on the Chilean margin. Despite the presence of several exceptional latitudinal gradients in relief, oceanography, tectonic evolution, volcanic activity and onshore geology, the present-day input of terrigenous sediments to the Chilean continental margin appears to be mainly controlled by precipitation gradients, and source-rock composition in the hinterland. General trends in grain size denote a southward decrease in median grain-size of the terrigenous (Corganic, CaCO3 and Opal-free) fraction, which is interpreted as a shift from aeolian to fluvial sedimentation. This interpretation is supported by previous observations of southward increasing bulk sedimentation rates. North-south trends in sediment bulk chemistry are best recognised in the iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti) vs. potassium (K) and aluminium (Al) ratios of the sediments that most likely reflect the contribution of source rocks from the Andean volcanic arc. These ratios are high in the northernmost part, abruptly decrease at 25°S, and then more or less constantly increase southwards to a maximum at ~40°S.

Stable oxygen isotope ratios and grain size analyses of sediment cores from the Propeller Mound, Northeast Atlantic

The first detailed stratigraphic record from a deep-water carbonate mound in the Northeast Atlantic based on absolute datings (U/Th and AMS 14C) and stable oxygen isotope records reveals that its top sediment sequences are condensed by numerous hiatuses. According to stable isotope data, mainly sediments with an intermediate signal are preserved on the mound, while almost all fully glacial and interglacial sediments have either not been deposited or have been eroded later. The resulting hiatuses reduce the Late Pleistocene sediment accumulation at Propeller Mound to amounts smaller than the background sedimentation. The hiatuses most likely result due to the sweeping of the mound in turn with the re-establishment of vigour interglacial circulation patterns after sluggish current regimes during glacials. Thus, within the discussion if internal, fluid-driven or external environmentally driven processes control the evolution of such carbonate mounds, our findings for Propeller Mound clearly point to environmental forcing as the dominant mechanism shaping deep-water carbonate mounds in the NE Atlantic during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene.

Clay mineraology and grain size composition of surface sediments from South Pacific Ocean

The reconstruction of low-latitude ocean-atmosphere interactions is one of the major issues of (paleo-)environmental studies. The trade winds, extending over 20° to 30° of latitude in both hemispheres, between the subtropical highs and the intertropical convergence zone, are major components of the atmospheric circulation and little is known about their long-term variability on geological time-scales, in particular in the Pacific sector. We present the modern spatial pattern of eolian-derived marine sediments in the eastern equatorial and subtropical Pacific (10°N to 25°S) as a reference data set for the interpretation of SE Pacific paleo-dust records. The terrigenous silt and clay fractions of 75 surface sediment samples have been investigated for their grain-size distribution and clay-mineral compositions, respectively, to identify their provenances and transport agents. Dust delivered to the southeast Pacific from the semi- to hyper-arid areas of Peru and Chile is rather fine-grained (4-8 µm) due to low-level transport within the southeast trade winds. Nevertheless, wind is the dominant transport agent and eolian material is the dominant terrigenous component west of the Peru-Chile Trench south of ~ 5°S. Grain-size distributions alone are insufficient to identify the eolian signal in marine sediments due to authigenic particle formation on the sub-oceanic ridges and abundant volcanic glass around the Galapagos Islands. Together with the clay-mineral compositions of the clay fraction, we have identified the dust lobe extending from the coasts of Peru and Chile onto Galapagos Rise as well as across the equator into the doldrums. Illite is a very useful parameter to identify source areas of dust in this smectite-dominated study area.

Carbonate and bulk grain-size record for ODP Leg 130 holes

A major goal of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 130 was to drill four sites down the northeastern flank of the Ontong Java Plateau to collect a series of continuous sedimentary sequences that would provide a depth transect of Neogene sediments. In particular, the study of the sediments recovered along the depth transect is expected to yield high-resolution stratigraphic, geochemical, and physical properties records across intervals of major paleoceanographic changes by evaluating variations of primary sedimentological and paleoceanographic indicators (e.g., carbonates, isotopes, grain size, microfossil assemblages, etc.). This data report presents the results of highresolution (3-5 Ka sample intervals) analyses of carbonate concentration and bulk sediment grain size at Sites 803-806 for the time interval from 2 Ma to the present.