Turbomachinery computational fluid dynamics: asymptotes and paradigm shifts.

This paper reviews the development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) specifically for turbomachinery simulations and with a particular focus on application to problems with complex geometry. The review is structured by considering this development as a series of paradigm shifts, followed by asymptotes. The original S1-S2 blade-blade-throughflow model is briefly described, followed by the development of two-dimensional then three-dimensional blade-blade analysis. This in turn evolved from inviscid to viscous analysis and then from steady to unsteady flow simulations. This development trajectory led over a surprisingly small number of years to an accepted approach-a 'CFD orthodoxy'. A very important current area of intense interest and activity in turbomachinery simulation is in accounting for real geometry effects, not just in the secondary air and turbine cooling systems but also associated with the primary path. The requirements here are threefold: capturing and representing these geometries in a computer model; making rapid design changes to these complex geometries; and managing the very large associated computational models on PC clusters. Accordingly, the challenges in the application of the current CFD orthodoxy to complex geometries are described in some detail. The main aim of this paper is to argue that the current CFD orthodoxy is on a new asymptote and is not in fact suited for application to complex geometries and that a paradigm shift must be sought. In particular, the new paradigm must be geometry centric and inherently parallel without serial bottlenecks. The main contribution of this paper is to describe such a potential paradigm shift, inspired by the animation industry, based on a fundamental shift in perspective from explicit to implicit geometry and then illustrate this with a number of applications to turbomachinery.

细胞分裂素的测定及其转基因植物的基因表达和调控的研究

细胞分裂素是一类重要的植物激素，它参与调节许多植物的生命活动过程。本文从几个方面研究了细胞分裂素的作用。 在细胞分裂素的活性测定中，通过改进尾穗蔸苋红素合成法建立了一种简便、准确的生物试法，同时还建立了根据物理化学和免疫学原理而测定细胞分裂素的HPLC和ELISA方法，使得细胞分裂素的定量更加准确。经过对上述三种方法的相互验证实验表明，同时采用二种方法可以保证细胞分裂素分析的准确和可靠。 细胞分裂素可以促进黄瓜子叶的扩张。利用离体黄瓜子叶，分析BA诱发其扩张与子叶内源细胞分裂素之间的关系，实验证明，BA能促进玉米素及其核苷的迅速积累，进而诱发子叶的扩张。上述结果还表明，黄瓜子叶可能具有合成细胞分裂素的能力。 荸荠球茎是一种贮藏器官，但实验测定发现其中含有细胞分裂素的生理活性形式——异戊烯基腺嘌呤核苷(iPA)，而且合成它的前体腺嘌呤的含量也十分丰富，考虑到球茎与种子的类似之处，推测它可能做为合成细胞分裂素的一个源，而且其合成途径可能有别于植物其它组织。 农杆菌中的异戊烯基转移酶(ipt)基因是负责细胞分裂素生物合成的关键基因。将ipt基因克隆后对其启动子进行了改造，分别构建了如下三种基因：(1) ipt启动子+ipt编码区和3，区(ipt)，(2)磷酸核酮糖羧化酶小亚基启动子SSU 301+ipt编码区和3，区(SSU -ipt)，(3)豌豆种子特异性启动子viciln+ipt编码区和3，区(vic-ipt)。上述三种基因经农杆菌介导转化烟草，获得了16株再生植株，经Southern杂交证明其中15株的基因组上含有正常整合的ipt基因。Northern杂交表明有13株转基因烟草中的ipt基因能转录出大小正常的ipt mRNA并促进了细胞分裂素的生物合成。 实验表明，转基因烟草中ipt基因的表达受到多种因素的调控。首先启动子决定了ipt基因的表达模式，SSU -ipt基因的表达受光的诱导，黑暗中这种基因的转录完全停止，而vic-ipt基因的表达是种子特异性的，它不在烟草营养生长器官如根、茎、叶和愈伤组织中表达。第二，生长素能降低ipt基因的表达活性。第三，在整体植物的根中，存在某些反式因子，能够控制ipt基因的过量表达，这其中可能涉及到细胞内的蛋白因子、基因的甲基化作用及细胞分裂素的反馈调节等。 vic-ipt基因在烟草种子中的特异性表达导致种子内形成了一个细胞分裂素合成的源(source)。对种子中营养物质积累的研究表明，ipt基因的表达促进了种子干物质的积累，其中作用最明显的是增加种子内蛋白质的合成。转入vic-ipt基因后的烟草种子其萌发率没有显著变化，但幼苗的生长速率明显加快，这表明细胞分裂素能调节植株的生长。 通过Northern杂交检测转基因烟草中基因表达的调控，实验证明，ipt基因的表达明显抑制一组植物病理相关蛋白(PR)基因的转录活性，这组基因编码：几丁质酶，β-1，3一葡萄糖苷酶，伸展蛋白和渗调蛋白。对这些调控作用的生理学意义还有待进一步探索。 上述结果表明，在高等植物中，除了传统上认为根是合成细胞分裂素的部位之外，其它组织和器官也具有合成细胞分裂素的能力，其中合成能力最强的是一些离体组织和贮藏器官。农杆菌中的细胞分裂素生物合成基因(ipt)能够在高等植物的基因组中正常的整合和表达，并受到植物体内生理、发育等多种因素的调控，而与整体植物的正常生理过程协调一致。ipt基因的表达还能够调节植物体的生长和发育，包括种子发育时营养物质的积累、幼苗的生长和某些相关基因的表达。对上述问题的深入研究,必将促进细胞分裂素及其相关生理学和发育学研究的进展。

Recruitment as an evolving random process of aggregation and mortality

The dynamics of the survival of recruiting fish are analyzed as evolving random processes of aggregation and mortality. The analyses draw on recent advances in the physics of complex networks and, in particular, the scale-free degree distribution arising from growing random networks with preferential attachment of links to nodes. In this study simulations were conducted in which recruiting fish 1) were subjected to mortality by using alternative mortality encounter models and 2) aggregated according to random encounters (two schools randomly encountering one another join into a single school) or preferential attachment (the probability of a successful aggregation of two schools is proportional to the school sizes). The simulations started from either a “disaggregated” (all schools comprised a single fish) or an aggregated initial condition. Results showed the transition of the school-size distribution with preferential attachment evolving toward a scale-free school size distribution, whereas random attachment evolved toward an exponential distribution. Preferential attachment strategies performed better than random attachment strategies in terms of recruitment survival at time when mortality encounters were weighted toward schools rather than to individual fish. Mathematical models were developed whose solutions (either analytic or numerical) mimicked the simulation results. The resulting models included both Beverton-Holt and Ricker-like recruitment, which predict recruitment as a function of initial mean school size as well as initial stock size. Results suggest that school-size distributions during recruitment may provide information on recruitment processes. The models also provide a template for expanding both theoretical and empirical recruitment research.

辽河三角洲植被结构、功能及其驱动机制

辽河三角洲优越的植被生态系统维系着多种生态功能，使该地区成为全国著名的商品粮基地、造纸原料基地和旅游基地。但是，气候变化和人为干扰使得辽河三角洲的植被结构发生了显著变化，影响到植被功能的发挥。 为了应对气候变化和人为干扰对辽河三角洲植被造成的不利影响，本论文围绕植被结构和生产功能，从空间和时间方面，重点阐述了辽河三角洲植被的结构及其驱动机制；辽河三角洲植被生产功能及其驱动机制。 采用的研究方法包括遥感解译、样带调查和全面调查。通过遥感解译方法获取各植被类型的面积、分布及其变化信息，以研究植被的空间分布格局及其变化。通过样带调查方法，获取植被类型、土壤和水文等信息，并结合规范对应分析和偏相关分析等，研究植被空间分布格局的驱动机制。通过全面调查方法，获取植被净第一性生产力、粮食产量、土壤和水文等信息，并结合地理信息系统(GIS)的插值分析和相关分析等，研究植被生产功能的空间分布格局及其驱动机制。主要结论如下： 1. 植被组成和空间格局：辽河三角洲植被主要由自然湿地植被、人工湿地植被、自然旱地植被、人工旱地植被四大植被类型组成。其中，面积最大的3种植被是玉米、水稻和芦苇。四大植被类型以双台子河口为中心，基本上呈现半环状分布格局。 2. 植被空间格局变化：1988～2006年辽河三角洲植被空间格局发生了显著变化，主要植被类型分布趋于集中，形成了一些较大的斑块，而不是离散和破碎。从面积上看，水稻是面积增加最多的植被类型；玉米是面积减少最多的植被类型。从变化速率看，水稻、玉米和芦苇的变化幅度都较大，分别为33.2%、-16.1%和-23.2% 。 3. 植被空间格局形成机制：辽河三角洲植被分布格局不是由气候因子决定的，而是由土壤因子决定。土壤可溶性盐是决定植被分布格局最重要的环境因子，其次是土壤含水量。 4. 植被生产功能：辽河三角洲植被具有极高的生产力。其中，玉米、水稻和芦苇3种主要植被的地上净第一性生产力分别为30,485、18,248和17,440 kg/(ha•a)。玉米和水稻单位面积粮食产量也非常高，分别为14,813和10,365 kg/(ha•a)。 5. 植被生产功能年际变化：辽河三角洲植被生产力存在明显的年际波动。1992～2005 年间玉米和水稻粮食产量呈现显著的年际波动；1949～1990 年间芦苇产量不仅存在较明显的年际波动，而且呈现非常显著的增加趋势。 6. 植被生产功能年际变化的驱动机制：气候因子是玉米和水稻粮食产量年际变化的主要驱动因子，气候因子对玉米和水稻粮食产量的影响远远大于人为因子（农业人口、施肥量、灌溉面积）的影响。气候因子和人为因子对芦苇产量年际变化的影响都非常显著。在气候因子中，年日照数是驱动玉米产量年际波动的主导气候因子；年降水量是驱动水稻产量年际波动的主导气候因子；年蒸发量是驱动芦苇产量年际波动的主导气候因子。 7. 植被生产功能空间格局：植被地上净第一性生产力存在显著的空间差异，表现为一种环形空间分布格局，三角洲中部较低，四周地区较高。这种空间分布格局表明，在辽河三角洲，植被地上净第一性生产力最高的不是湿地植被，而是周围旱地植被。 8. 植被生产功能空间格局的形成机制：土壤含水量和海拔是驱动辽河三角洲植被生产力空间格局的主要因子；土壤盐度、土壤pH和土壤容重对植被生产力的空间格局影响不大。土壤营养元素(氮、磷、钾) 对植被生产力的空间格局几乎没有影响。

Substitution of Artemia with Brachionus in different ratios during larval rearing of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and evaluation of their feed efficacy

Larval growth during stage I-VIII was studied in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Duration in moult periodicity were recorded-during larval development period, larvae were fed with Brachionus (grown on Baker's yeast and also Brachinous raised through organic manuring in outdoor culture containers). The performance of the feed was evaluated through substitution of Brachionus in the feeding protocol, in lieu of Artemia 1st instar. The Artemia, Brachionus substitution ratio of 75:25 was found to be most efficient. The study also indicates that the comparative growth rate of Brachionus plicatilis is higher in manure loaded tanks than with Baker's yeast. Growth rate "Y'' in culture tank being 0.245 and 0.112 and corresponding duplicating time (Td) too was found to be 2.855 and 6.365 respectively in tanks manured/enriched with pig manure.