From Kandinsky to Java (The Use of 20th Century Abstract Art in Learning Programming)

At the University of Worcester we are continually striving to find new approaches to the learning and teaching of programming, to improve the quality of learning and the student experience. Over the past three years we have used the contexts of robotics, computer games, and most recently a study of Abstract Art to this end. This paper discusses our motivation for using Abstract Art as a context, details our principles and methodology, and reports on an evaluation of the student experience. Our basic tenet is that one can view the works of artists such as Kandinsky, Klee and Malevich as Object-Oriented (OO) constructions. Discussion of these works can therefore be used to introduce OO principles, to explore the meaning of classes, methods and attributes and finally to synthesize new works of art through Java code. This research has been conducted during delivery of an “Advanced OOP (Java)” programming module at final-year Undergraduate level, and during a Masters’ OO-Programming (Java) module. This allows a comparative evaluation of novice and experienced programmers’ learning. In this paper, we identify several instructional factors which emerge from our approach, and reflect upon the associated pedagogy. A Catalogue of ArtApplets is provided at the associated web-site.

Exploring Intrinsic Gender Identity Using Second Life

Virtual Worlds (VWs) provide an environment to understand and explore notions of gender and identity, particularly given the ability for users to experiment with gender in online worlds. Our study analyses gender identity using the virtual space of Second Life (SL) to explore experiences and responses to gender in an avatar. We introduced 46 novice users to the VW of SL in order to see if real life gender influenced their choices of avatar. Participants selected the gender of their original avatar and once they were used to SL, they were then asked to change the gender of that avatar. We used mixed methods research consisting of paper based questionnaires (n=34) and focus groups (n=46) conducted in SL. Nearly all participants chose an initial avatar that reflected their real-life gender with females (n=22) reporting higher levels of identification with this initial avatar. Females were significantly more concerned with the gender-specific appearance of their initial avatar. On swapping gender, females reported higher levels of discomfort and many changed back before 7 minutes. Males (n=24) did not report significant discomfort with their changed-gender avatar and did not revert back to their original avatar as quickly. Our findings suggest that female participants in this study tended to reinforce gender binaries through such things as clothing, hairstyles and behaviors of their avatars. Male participants were less likely to experience discomfort through changing the gender of their avatar (with the males noting they still perceived an avatar with a female appearance as male).

Prioritizing Purposes: Two American History Teachers' Choices Among Subject Matter and Classroom-Related Purposes

This study explores how two American history teachers - one novice and one experienced – make in-the-moment choices among their history subject matter and classroom-related purposes during the teaching of an American history unit. Using classroom observations, lesson artifacts, student work products, and deep, retrospective interviews with the teachers as they watched videos of their teaching, this study maps out in detail the teachers’ purposes, both within and across different lesson activity structures. This study finds that the novice and the experienced teacher navigated among their purposes differently from each other, and that the characteristics of each teacher’s purposes navigation aligned with student outcomes in that teacher’s class. The novice teacher acted more like a juggler, with visible, reactive navigation among each purpose operational throughout his teaching; student outcomes in his class were similarly fragmented and discrete. The experienced teacher presented more like an orchestra conductor, interweaving his purposes and anticipating the navigation decisions that would create a more seamless whole; student outcomes in his class were aligned with his holistic navigation of purposes. Findings from this study have important implications for education research and teacher practice, including the relationship between teachers’ navigation among purposes and desired student outcomes, the integral role of classroom-related purposes interwoven with history subject matter purposes in teachers’ decision-making, and the differences in purposes navigation between a novice and an experienced history teacher.

La première année d'insertion professionnelle des nouveaux enseignants du secondaire: comment se poursuit la construction de l'identité enseignante?

Des recherches récentes (Boies, 2012; Chong et Low, 2011; Riopel, 2006; Vallerand, 2008) ont démontré que les difficultés vécues par les enseignants lors de l’insertion professionnelle sont liées à la fragilité de leur identité professionnelle. Toutefois, peu de recherches ont étudié la construction identitaire des enseignants novices au cours de la première année d’insertion, ce que cette recherche exploratoire entend faire. Afin d’appréhender le processus dans son instantanéité, six enseignants novices du secondaire, cinq femmes et un homme, ont été suivis tout au long de leur première année d’insertion. Des données qualitatives ont été recueillies à l’aide de journaux de moments (Hess, 2006) tenus régulièrement ainsi qu'une entrevue semi-dirigée en début de première année. Nos résultats décrivent l’interaction entre les différentes sous-identités des novices (Day et Kington, 2008) constitutives de leur construction identitaire en proposant trois constats, c'est-à-dire l'unicité, la nécessité et la dualité des trois sous-identités au sein de l'articulation identitaire. Cette recherche contribue à une meilleure compréhension de l’expérience de la première année d’insertion et permet de proposer des améliorations à la formation initiale ainsi qu’aux mesures de soutien à l’insertion.

The Effect of Attentional Focus on Singing Voice Quality: Towards the Interdisciplinary Experimental Investigation of Singing Pedagogy

Instructional methods employed by teachers of singing are mostly drawn from personal experience, personal reflections, and methods encountered in their own voice training (Welch & Howard, 2005). Even in Academia, singing pedagogy is one of the few disciplines in which research of teaching/learning practice efficacy has not been established (Crocco, et al., 2016). This dissertation argues the reason for this deficit is a lack of operationalization of constructs in singing, which, to date has not been undertaken. The researcher addresses issues of paradigm, epistemology, and methodology to suggest an appropriate model of experimental research towards the assessment of teaching/learning practice efficacy. A study was conducted adapting attentional focus research methodologies to test the effect of attentional focus on singing voice quality in adult novice singers. Based on previous attentional focus studies, it was hypothesized that external focus conditions would result in superior singing voice quality than internal focus conditions. While the hypothesis was partially supported by the data, the researcher welcomed refinement of the suggested research model. It is hoped that new research methodologies will emerge to investigate singing phenomena, yielding data that may be used towards the development of evidence-based frameworks for singing training.

How to reply to referees’ comments when submitting manuscripts for publication

Background: The publication of articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals is a fairly complex and stepwise process that involves responding to referees’ comments. Little guidance is available in the biomedical literature on how to deal with such comments. Objective: The objective of this article is to provide guidance to novice writers on dealing with peer review comments in a way that maximizes the chance of subsequent acceptance. Methods: This will be a literature review and review of the author’s experience as a writer and referee. Results: Where possible, the author should consider revising and resubmitting rather than sending an article elsewhere. A structured layout for responding to referees’ comments is suggested that includes the 3 golden rules: (1) respond completely; (2) respond politely; and (3) respond with evidence. Conclusion: Responding to referees’ comments requires the writer to overcome any feelings of personal attack, and to instead concentrate on addressing referees’ concerns in a courteous, objective, and evidencebased way. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51:79-83.)

Identifying and enhancing risk thresholds in the detection of elder financial abuse: A signal detection analysis of professionals' decision making

Background: Financial abuse of elders is an under acknowledged problem and professionals' judgements contribute to both the prevalence of abuse and the ability to prevent and intervene. In the absence of a definitive "gold standard" for the judgement, it is desirable to try and bring novice professionals' judgemental risk thresholds to the level of competent professionals as quickly and effectively as possible. This study aimed to test if a training intervention was able to bring novices' risk thresholds for financial abuse in line with expert opinion. Methods: A signal detection analysis, within a randomised controlled trial of an educational intervention, was undertaken to examine the effect on the ability of novices to efficiently detect financial abuse. Novices (n = 154) and experts (n = 33) judged "certainty of risk" across 43 scenarios; whether a scenario constituted a case of financial abuse or not was a function of expert opinion. Novices (n = 154) were randomised to receive either an on-line educational intervention to improve financial abuse detection (n = 78) or a control group (no on-line educational intervention, n = 76). Both groups examined 28 scenarios of abuse (11 "signal" scenarios of risk and 17 "noise" scenarios of no risk). After the intervention group had received the on-line training, both groups then examined 15 further scenarios (5 "signal" and 10 "noise" scenarios). Results: Experts were more certain than the novices, pre (Mean 70.61 vs. 58.04) and post intervention (Mean 70.84 vs. 63.04); and more consistent. The intervention group (mean 64.64) were more certain of abuse post-intervention than the control group (mean 61.41, p = 0.02). Signal detection analysis of sensitivity (Á) and bias (C) revealed that this was due to the intervention shifting the novices' tendency towards saying "at risk" (C post intervention -.34) and away from their pre intervention levels of bias (C-.12). Receiver operating curves revealed more efficient judgments in the intervention group. Conclusion: An educational intervention can improve judgements of financial abuse amongst novice professionals.

Objective evaluation of surgical competency for minimally invasive surgery with a collection of simple tests

Objective: This study aims at determining if a collection of 16 motor tests on a physical simulator can objectively discriminate and evaluate practitioners' competency level, i.e. novice, resident, and expert. Methods: An experimental design with three study groups (novice, resident, and expert) was developed to test the evaluation power of each of the 16 simple tests. An ANOVA and a Student Newman-Keuls (SNK) test were used to analyze results of each test to determine which of them can discriminate participants' competency level. Results: Four of the 16 tests used discriminated all of the three competency levels and 15 discriminated at least two of the three groups (α= 0.05). Moreover, other two tests differentiate beginners\' level from intermediate, and other seven tests differentiate intermediate level from expert. Conclusion: The competency level of a practitioner of minimally invasive surgery can be evaluated by a specific collection of basic tests in a physical surgical simulator. Reduction of the number of tests needed to discriminate the competency level of surgeons can be the aim of future research.

La collaboration intra professionnelle lors de l'intégration des candidates à l'exercice de la profession infirmière : expériences d'infirmières

Lors de l'intégration d'infirmières nouvellement diplômées, nommées candidates à l'exercice de la profession infirmière (CEPI), ces dernières s’appuient fréquemment sur l’expérience de leurs collègues infirmières afin de les guider dans les soins à offrir (Ballem et McIntosh, 2014 ; Fink, Krugman, Casey, et Goode, 2008). Ce type de collaboration permet de faire un transfert de connaissances (D’Amour, 2002 ; Lavoie-Tremblay, Wright, Desforges, et Drevniok, 2008) et d’augmenter la qualité des soins offerts (Pfaff, Baxter, et Ploeg, 2013). Cependant, cette collaboration peut être plus difficile à initier sur certaines unités de soins (Thrysoe, Hounsgaard, Dohn, et Wagner, 2012). La littérature disponible portant principalement sur l’expérience qu’en ont les infirmières débutantes, l'expérience des infirmières quant à ce phénomène est encore méconnue. Cette étude qualitative exploratoire inspirée de l'approche de théorisation ancrée avait pour but d'explorer l’expérience d’infirmières de l’équipe de soins quant à la collaboration intra professionnelle durant l’intégration de CEPI en centre hospitalier. Des entrevues réalisées auprès de huit infirmières ont été analysées selon la démarche de théorisation ancrée. Les résultats de cette recherche ont mené à la schématisation de l'expérience d'infirmières quant à la collaboration durant l'intégration des CEPI. Cette schématisation souligne l'importance de la collaboration durant les différentes périodes d’intégration des CEPI ainsi que la complémentarité des rôles infirmiers dans l'équipe de soins, incluant l'assistante infirmière-chef, la préceptrice et l'infirmière soignante. Le résultat de cette collaboration est l’autonomie dans la tâche et le fait d’entrer dans l’équipe. En regard de cette schématisation, des recommandations ont été formulées pour la recherche, la formation, la gestion et la pratique.

THE EFFECTS OF MODELING INSTRUCTION ON STUDENT LEARNING OF A NEWTONIAN FORCE CONCEPT

This study explores the effects of modeling instruction on student learning in physics. Multiple representations grounded in physical contexts were employed by students to analyze the results of inquiry lab investigations. Class whiteboard discussions geared toward a class consensus following Socratic dialogue were implemented throughout the modeling cycle. Lab investigations designed to address student preconceptions related to Newton’s Third Law were implemented. Student achievement was measured based on normalized gains on the Force Concept Inventory. Normalized FCI gains achieved by students in this study were comparable to those achieved by students of other novice modelers. Physics students who had taken a modeling Intro to Physics course scored significantly higher on the FCI posttest than those who had not. The FCI results also provided insight into deeply rooted student preconceptions related to Newton’s Third Law. Implications for instruction and the design of lab investigations related to Newton’s Third Law are discussed.

An Ethnographic Study: Becoming a Physics Expert in a Biophysics Research Group

Expertise in physics has been traditionally studied in cognitive science, where physics expertise is understood through the difference between novice and expert problem solving skills. The cognitive perspective of physics experts only create a partial model of physics expertise and does not take into account the development of physics experts in the natural context of research. This dissertation takes a social and cultural perspective of learning through apprenticeship to model the development of physics expertise of physics graduate students in a research group. I use a qualitative methodological approach of an ethnographic case study to observe and video record the common practices of graduate students in their biophysics weekly research group meetings. I recorded notes on observations and conduct interviews with all participants of the biophysics research group for a period of eight months. I apply the theoretical framework of Communities of Practice to distinguish the cultural norms of the group that cultivate physics expert practices. Results indicate that physics expertise is specific to a topic or subfield and it is established through effectively publishing research in the larger biophysics research community. The participant biophysics research group follows a learning trajectory for its students to contribute to research and learn to communicate their research in the larger biophysics community. In this learning trajectory students develop expert member competencies to learn to communicate their research and to learn the standards and trends of research in the larger research community. Findings from this dissertation expand the model of physics expertise beyond the cognitive realm and add the social and cultural nature of physics expertise development. This research also addresses ways to increase physics graduate student success towards their PhD. and decrease the 48% attrition rate of physics graduate students. Cultivating effective research experiences that give graduate students agency and autonomy beyond their research groups gives students the motivation to finish graduate school and establish their physics expertise.

La collaboration intra professionnelle lors de l'intégration des candidates à l'exercice de la profession infirmière : expériences d'infirmières

Lors de l'intégration d'infirmières nouvellement diplômées, nommées candidates à l'exercice de la profession infirmière (CEPI), ces dernières s’appuient fréquemment sur l’expérience de leurs collègues infirmières afin de les guider dans les soins à offrir (Ballem et McIntosh, 2014 ; Fink, Krugman, Casey, et Goode, 2008). Ce type de collaboration permet de faire un transfert de connaissances (D’Amour, 2002 ; Lavoie-Tremblay, Wright, Desforges, et Drevniok, 2008) et d’augmenter la qualité des soins offerts (Pfaff, Baxter, et Ploeg, 2013). Cependant, cette collaboration peut être plus difficile à initier sur certaines unités de soins (Thrysoe, Hounsgaard, Dohn, et Wagner, 2012). La littérature disponible portant principalement sur l’expérience qu’en ont les infirmières débutantes, l'expérience des infirmières quant à ce phénomène est encore méconnue. Cette étude qualitative exploratoire inspirée de l'approche de théorisation ancrée avait pour but d'explorer l’expérience d’infirmières de l’équipe de soins quant à la collaboration intra professionnelle durant l’intégration de CEPI en centre hospitalier. Des entrevues réalisées auprès de huit infirmières ont été analysées selon la démarche de théorisation ancrée. Les résultats de cette recherche ont mené à la schématisation de l'expérience d'infirmières quant à la collaboration durant l'intégration des CEPI. Cette schématisation souligne l'importance de la collaboration durant les différentes périodes d’intégration des CEPI ainsi que la complémentarité des rôles infirmiers dans l'équipe de soins, incluant l'assistante infirmière-chef, la préceptrice et l'infirmière soignante. Le résultat de cette collaboration est l’autonomie dans la tâche et le fait d’entrer dans l’équipe. En regard de cette schématisation, des recommandations ont été formulées pour la recherche, la formation, la gestion et la pratique.

A reflective characterization of occasional user

This work revisits established user classifications and aims to characterise a historically unspecified user category, the Occasional User (OU). Three user categories, novice, intermediate and expert, have dominated the work of user interface (UI) designers, researchers and educators for decades. These categories were created to conceptualise user's needs, strategies and goals around the 80s. Since then, UI paradigm shifts, such as direct manipulation and touch, along with other advances in technology, gave new access to people with little computer knowledge. This fact produced a diversification of the existing user categories not observed in the literature review of traditional classification of users. The findings of this work include a new characterisation of the occasional user, distinguished by user's uncertainty of repetitive use of an interface and little knowledge about its functioning. In addition, the specification of the OU, together with principles and recommendations will help UI community to informatively design for users without requiring a prospective use and previous knowledge of the UI. The OU is an essential type of user to apply user-centred design approach to understand the interaction with technology as universal, accessible and transparent for the user, independently of accumulated experience and technological era that users live in.

Novel resistance training-specific rating of perceived exertion scale measuring repetitions in reserve

The primary aim of this study was to compare rating of perceived exertion (RPE) values measuring repetitions in reserve (RIR) at particular intensities of 1 repetition maximum (RM) in experienced (ES) and novice squatters (NS). Furthermore, this investigation compared average velocity between ES and NS at the same intensities. Twenty-nine individuals (24.0 ± 3.4 years) performed a 1RM squat followed by a single repetition with loads corresponding to 60, 75, and 90% of 1RM and an 8-repetition set at 70% 1RM. Average velocity was recorded at 60, 75, and 90% 1RM and on the first and last repetitions of the 8-repetition set. Subjects reported an RPE value that corresponded to an RIR value (RPE-10 = 0-RIR, RPE-9 = 1-RIR, and so forth). Subjects were assigned to one of the 2 groups: (a) ES (n = 15, training age: 5.2 ± 3.5 years) and (b) NS (n = 14, training age: 0.4 ± 0.6 years). The mean of the average velocities for ES was slower (p ≤ 0.05) than NS at 100% and 90% 1RM. However, there were no differences (p > 0.05) between groups at 60, 75%, or for the first and eighth repetitions at 70% 1RM. In addition, ES recorded greater RPE at 1RM than NS (p = 0.023). In ES, there was a strong inverse relationship between average velocity and RPE at all percentages (r = −0.88, p < 0.001), and a strong inverse correlation in NS between average velocity and RPE at all intensities (r = −0.77, p = 0.001). Our findings demonstrate an inverse relationship between average velocity and RPE/RIR. Experienced squatter group exhibited slower average velocity and higher RPE at 1RM than NS, signaling greater efficiency at high intensities. The RIR-based RPE scale is a practical method to regulate daily training load and provide feedback during a 1RM test.

Setan Bantal-Satoe tjerita jang telah kedjadian di tana Preangan v.01

No cover