Monárquico, republicano, liberal: biografía política de Manuel Portela Valladares

La trayectoria pública de Manuel Portela Valladares fue una de las más largas e intensas entre los políticos españoles de la primera mitad del siglo XX. Desde su elección como diputado por Fonsagrada en 1905 hasta su muerte en el exilio francés en 1952, fue protagonista o testigo de los acontecimientos más destacados de la política gallega y española. Durante su carrera desempeñó cargos de notable importancia (diputado en la Restauración y en la República, gobernador civil de Barcelona, fiscal del Tribunal Supremo, gobernador general de Cataluña, ministro de Fomento y de la Gobernación, presidente del Consejo de ministros en febrero de 1936) y defendió posiciones ideológicas aparentemente diversas: liberal, agrarista, monárquico, republicano, con simpatías autonomistas… De todas ellas fue el liberalismo la que definió su comportamiento durante sus cincuenta años de evolución política. A través del estudio de su vida y trayectoria pública, el objetivo de esta tesis es analizar la visión y el comportamiento de los viejos liberales en un momento de cambio crucial, aquel que supuso, en palabras de Eric Hobsbawm, el paso del “largo siglo XIX” al “corto siglo XX”, y conocer, así, cómo se adaptaron a la “edad de las catástrofes”. Partiendo de la comprensión de la historia como un proceso en el que convergen y se solapan las rupturas y las continuidades, se pretende dotar de contenido a esta frase con la intención de entender mejor lo que sucedió en un período tan decisivo y convulso como la Europa de entreguerras, en el que la democracia liberal vivió una crisis profunda al intentar procesar el cambio de escenario que supuso la incorporación de las “masas” al sistema político. Para ello y teniendo en cuenta las distinciones que establece el debate historiográfico, he optado por la elaboración de una biografía de contexto de tipo externo, es decir centrándome sobre todo en su dimensión pública y su trayectoria política con el objetivo de entender mejor el contexto histórico y sociopolítico en el que se inserta, aunque sin renunciar a intentar comprender su carácter y su personalidad en la medida en la que estos afectasen a su comportamiento como estadista.

Discursive constructions of social and environmental accounting in Brazil: the case of Petrobras.

In the 29 years following \"Our Common Future\" by the United Nations, there is considerable debate among governments, civil society, interest groups and business organisations about what constitutes sustainable development, which constitutes evidence for a contested discourse concerning sustainability. The purpose of this study is to understand this debate in the developing economic context of Brazil, and in particular, to understand and critique the social and environmental accounting [SEA] discursive constructions relating to the State-owned, Petrobras as well as to understand the Brazilian literature on SEA. The discourse theory [DT]-based analysis employs rhetorical redescription to analyse twenty-two reports from Petrobras from 2004-2013. I investigate the political notions by employing the methodological framework of the Logics of Critical Explanation [LCE]. LCE engenders five methodological steps: problematisation, retroduction, logics (social, political and fantasmatic), articulation and critique. The empirical discussion suggests that the hegemony of economic development operates to obfuscate, rhetorically, the development of sustainability, so as to maintain the core business of Petrobras conceived as capital accumulation. Equally, these articulations also illustrate how the constructions of SEA operate to serve the company\'s purpose with few (none) profound changes in integration of sustainability. The Brazilian literature on SEA sustains the status quo of neo-liberal market policies that operate to protect the dominant business case approach to maintain an agenda of wealth-creation in relation to social and environmental needs. The articulations of the case manifested in policies regarding, for example, corruption, which involved over-payments for contracts and unsustainable practices relating to the use of fossil fuels and demonstrated that there was antagonism between action and disclosure. The corruption scandal that emerged after SEA disclosures highlighted the rhetorical nature of disclosure when financial resources were subtracted from the company for political parties and engineering contractors hid facts through incomplete disclosures. The articulations of SEA misrepresent a broader context of the meanings associated with sustainability, which restricted the constructions of SEA to principally serve and represent the intention of the most powerful groups. The significance of SEA, then is narrowed to represent particular interests. The study argues for more critical studies as limited Brazilian literature concerning SEA kept a \'safe distance\' from substantively critiquing the constructions of SEA and its articulations in the Brazilian context. The literature review and the Petrobras\' case illustrate a variety of naming, instituting and articulatory practices that endeavour to maintain the current hegemony of development in an emerging economy, which allows Petrobras to continue to exercise significant profit at the expense of the social and environmental. The constructed idea of development in Petrobras\' discourses emphasises a rhetoric of wider development, but, in reality, these discourses were the antithesis of political, social and ethical developmental issues. These constructions aim to hide struggles between social inequalities and exploitation of natural resources and constitute excuses about a fanciful notion of rhetorical and hegemonic neo-liberal development. In summary, this thesis contributes to the prior literature in five ways: (i) the addition of DT to the analysis of SEA enhances the discussion of political elements such as hegemony, antagonism, logic of equivalence/difference, ideology and articulation; (ii) the analysis of an emerging economy such as Brazil incorporates a new perspective of the discussion of the discourses of SEA and development; (iii) this thesis includes a focus on rhetoric to discuss the maintenance of the status quo; (iv) the holistic structure of the LCE approach enlarges the understanding of the social, political and fantasmatic logics of SEA studies and; (v) this thesis combines an analysis of the literature and the case of Petrobras to characterise and critique the state of the Brazilian academy and its impacts and reflections on the significance of SEA. This thesis, therefore, argues for more critical studies in the Brazilian academy due to the persistence of idea of SEA and development that takes-for-granted deep exclusions and contradictions and provide little space for critiques.

La cultura política del sandinismo: nacimiento, desarrollo y realineamiento de una anomalía política centroamericana

Sandinista ideology and its political culture are born in 1927, with the refusal of the Pacto del Espino Negro by Augusto César Sandino, while its disappearance can be placed in 1999, date of the signature of the Liberal-Sandinista pact with which –effectively- the two main protagonist of nicaraguan politics at that time, Daniel Ortega and Arnoldo Alemán, halt the democratization process of Nicaragua, so putting on ice also its political development. Meanwhile, in the lapse of time between these two pacts, the most intense, feverish, dramatic and participated period of political history of the Central American country develops: an anti-imperialist guerrilla warfare ended in a bloodbath; a dynastic dictatorship of predatory authoritarianism for more than 40 years; a popular revolution that throws down the dictatorship; a decade of revolutionary government attacked by a counter-revolutionary war; an electoral defeat that will lead to a season of “pactismo” that will end the Sandinista anomaly and that will give an opening to something that we could consider –not with a certain difficulty- its pretence. The aim of this essay consists in analyzing how it has been possible that a political experience like the Sandinista Front , created not only for gaining power and for revolutionizing politically, socially and economically Nicaragua, but also for changing radically cultural, ethic and moral perspective of the country and its people, arrived being the contrary of what had been posed as the horizon to aspire...

Remembering Liberal Feminism In Radical Ways: Locating Conservative Strategies In The Narratives Of Dr. Christina Hoff Sommers, Tammy Bruce, And Dr. Laura Schlessinger

This dissertation identifies and challenges post-feminist narratives that remember the second wave or 1960s and 1970s liberal feminism as a radical form of activism. The narratives of three prominent post-feminist authors: Dr. Christina Hoff Sommers, Tammy Bruce and Dr. Laura Schlessinger are used as examples of how identification works as a rhetorical device that motivates individual actors to join in a struggle against liberal and radical feminist ideologies. I argue that each author draws on classically liberal and politically conservative virtues to define a "true" feminism that is at odds with alternative feminist commitments. I demonstrate how these authors create a subject position of a "true feminist" that is reminiscent of the classically liberal suffragist. In Burkean terms, each author constitutes the suffragist as a friend and juxtaposes her with the enemy--modern liberal and radical feminists. I articulate the consequences of such dialectical portrayals of feminist activism and further suggest that these authors' visions of feminism reinforce patriarchal practices, urging women to assimilate into a classically liberal society at the cost of social justice. In opposition to their memories of feminism, I offer a radical democratic approach of remembering feminism that is less concerned with the definition of feminism or feminist than it is with holistically addressing oppression and what oppression means to subjugated populations.

Entre materia y espíritu: la construcción moral de la enfermedad social en la España liberal (1833-1923)

A lo largo del siglo XIX, la sociedad europea se vio sometida a una serie de cambios estructurales que variaron notablemente sus formas de vida, modificando sensiblemente las formas de acceso a la salud y la incidencia de la enfermedad. El carácter de emergencia que adquirieron estos problemas fue generando consciencia en los distintos agentes sociales sobre la necesidad de adecuar las nuevas formas de vida a los principios programáticos de la higiene, dotando así a la ciencia médica de un poder político y social nuevo, debido a su autoproclamada capacidad para reconducir esa situación de emergencia socio-sanitaria del modo más adecuado y eficiente. Nuestra investigación intenta mostrar las particularidades que tuvo ese desarrollo médico-social en la España liberal, si bien, limita su objeto principal al análisis del proceso de construcción teórica de la disciplina. Gracias al uso de fuentes médicas, hemos podido detectar que los fundamentos teóricos de la Medicina española estuvieron marcados por un profundo rechazo, o al menos por una adaptación crítica, de las fórmulas teóricas racionalistas que, desde la Ilustración, habían buscado ofrecer una solución fundamentalmente material los problemas sociales ligados con la enfermedad. Frente a esta posición, una parte mayoritaria de los médicos españoles se mantuvo ligada a unos principios científico-teóricos asistemáticos vinculados a la tradición filosófica y cultural católica previa, que les llevó a dirigir el avance de la disciplina, hacia la perfección del análisis de las causas morales de los procesos patológicos...

Is Diversity Inclusiveness?" A Personal and Empirical Exploration"

While psychology recognizes and celebrates multicultural diversity connoting the inclusivity of all, it seems to ignore sociopolitical and religious diversity. Within contemporary multiculturalism, conservative voices are often found wanting. In this study, a "liberal" privilege survey was developed to examine the inclusion and limits of conservative ideology within the multicultural paradigm of psychology training programs and workplaces. It was hypothesized that mental health professionals who identified as more conservative would express more oppression of views/values in their workplace than individuals who did not identify as being conservative and those who identified as more liberal would express bias and concerns against those holding conservative views. Results did not support an overall generalization of conservative bias or intolerance, but did provide some evidence of discontent among individuals holding more conservative religious and sociopolitical values. Overall, findings reinforce the need for gathering more data on sociopolitical and religious variables within the context of multiculturalism and broadening the dialogue on diversity issues surrounding sociopolitical views and bias among colleagues and in training programs.

Ecosustainability as Ideology

In this paper, the authors settle down a systemic theory of the ideologies in one first approach, distinguishing between the Structural Base and the Superstructure, settling down projections and images between both. Distinction between material structure (Structural Base SB) and ideal or cultural Superstructure is common. This dichotomy translates to social sphere the old religious and philosophical dualism between the body and the soul. In fact, such separation between body and soul, between material structure and ideal and cultural superstructure does not exist. It is a cybernetic process with mathematical and logical images and projections. We consider the Eco-sustainability as an ediodynamic ideology in according to Waldorf’s classification.

Ecos de Europa: la representación parlamentaria en el Chile liberal del siglo XIX

This paper explores the significant influences of European liberalism, and in particular French liberalism, in the Chilean thought and political culture/praxis during the construction of the State in the mid-19th century. It reveals and discusses the significant circulation of ideas that an array of Chilean travelers and exiles in several European countries generated and promoted in Chile in the middle of the 19th century. Among the intellectuals and politicians treated by this article are Andrés Bello, Manuel Antonio Tocornal, Santiago Arcos, Francisco Bilbao, Manuel Antonio Matta and Ángel Custodio Gallo.