Spatial Modulation Aided Zero-Padded Single Carrier Transmission for Dispersive Channels

In this paper, we consider spatial modulation (SM) operating in a frequency-selective single-carrier (SC) communication scenario and propose zero-padding instead of the cyclic-prefix considered in the existing literature. We show that the zero-padded single-carrier (ZP-SC) SM system offers full multipath diversity under maximum-likelihood (ML) detection, unlike the cyclic-prefix based SM system. Furthermore, we show that the order of ML detection complexity in our proposed ZP-SC SM system is independent of the frame length and depends only on the number of multipath links between the transmitter and the receiver. Thus, we show that the zero-padding applied in the SC SM system has two advantages over the cyclic prefix: 1) achieves full multipath diversity, and 2) imposes a relatively low ML detection complexity. Furthermore, we extend the partial interference cancellation receiver (PIC-R) proposed by Guo and Xia for the detection of space-time block codes (STBCs) in order to convert the ZP-SC system into a set of narrowband subsystems experiencing flat-fading. We show that full rank STBC transmissions over these subsystems achieves full transmit, receive as well as multipath diversity for the PIC-R. Furthermore, we show that the ZP-SC SM system achieves receive and multipath diversity for the PIC-R at a detection complexity order which is the same as that of the SM system in flat-fading scenario. Our simulation results demonstrate that the symbol error ratio performance of the proposed linear receiver for the ZP-SC SM system is significantly better than that of the SM in cyclic prefix based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing as well as of the SM in the cyclic-prefixed and zero-padded single carrier systems relying on zero-forcing/minimum mean-squared error equalizer based receivers.

On the Bounds of Certain Maximal Linear Codes in a Projective Space

The set of all subspaces of F-q(n) is denoted by P-q(n). The subspace distance d(S)(X, Y) = dim(X) + dim(Y)-2dim(X boolean AND Y) defined on P-q(n) turns it into a natural coding space for error correction in random network coding. A subset of P-q(n) is called a code and the subspaces that belong to the code are called codewords. Motivated by classical coding theory, a linear coding structure can be imposed on a subset of P-q(n). Braun et al. conjectured that the largest cardinality of a linear code, that contains F-q(n), is 2(n). In this paper, we prove this conjecture and characterize the maximal linear codes that contain F-q(n).

A fast algorithm for speech polarity detection using long-term linear prediction

Speech polarity detection is a crucial first step in many speech processing techniques. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed that improvises the existing technique using the skewness of the voice source (VS) signal. Here, the integrated linear prediction residual (ILPR) is used as the VS estimate, which is obtained using linear prediction on long-term frames of the low-pass filtered speech signal. This excludes the unvoiced regions from analysis and also reduces the computation. Further, a modified skewness measure is proposed for decision, which also considers the magnitude of the skewness of the ILPR along with its sign. With the detection error rate (DER) as the performance metric, the algorithm is tested on 8 large databases and its performance (DER=0.20%) is found to be comparable to that of the best technique (DER=0.06%) on both clean and noisy speech. Further, the proposed method is found to be ten times faster than the best technique.

Efficient Low Complexity Power Allocation Policies for Wireless Communication Systems Guaranteeing QoS

We consider near-optimal policies for a single user transmitting on a wireless channel which minimize average queue length under average power constraint. The power is consumed in transmission of data only. We consider the case when the power used in transmission is a linear function of the data transmitted. The transmission channel may experience multipath fading. Later, we also extend these results to the multiuser case. We show that our policies can be used in a system with energy harvesting sources at the transmitter. Next we consider data users which require minimum rate guarantees. Finally we consider the system which has both data and real time users. Our policies have low computational complexity, closed form expression for mean delays and require only the mean arrival rate with no queue length information.

Error exponent analysis of energy-based Bayesian decentralized spectrum sensing under fading

This paper considers decentralized spectrum sensing, i.e., detection of occupancy of the primary users' spectrum by a set of Cognitive Radio (CR) nodes, under a Bayesian set-up. The nodes use energy detection to make their individual decisions, which are combined at a Fusion Center (FC) using the K-out-of-N fusion rule. The channel from the primary transmitter to the CR nodes is assumed to undergo fading, while that from the nodes to the FC is assumed to be error-free. In this scenario, a novel concept termed as the Error Exponent with a Confidence Level (EECL) is introduced to evaluate and compare the performance of different detection schemes. Expressions for the EECL under general fading conditions are derived. As a special case, it is shown that the conventional error exponent both at individual sensors, and at the FC is zero. Further, closed-form lower bounds on the EECL are derived under Rayleigh fading and lognormal shadowing. As an example application, it answers the question of whether to use pilot-signal based narrowband sensing, where the signal undergoes Rayleigh fading, or to sense over the entire bandwidth of a wideband signal, where the signal undergoes lognormal shadowing. Theoretical results are validated using Monte Carlo simulations. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Kernelization complexity of possible winner and coalitional manipulation problems in voting

In the POSSIBLE WINNER problem in computational social choice theory, we are given a set of partial preferences and the question is whether a distinguished candidate could be made winner by extending the partial preferences to linear preferences. Previous work has provided, for many common voting rules, fixed parameter tractable algorithms for the POSSIBLE WINNER problem, with number of candidates as the parameter. However, the corresponding kernelization question is still open and in fact, has been mentioned as a key research challenge 10]. In this paper, we settle this open question for many common voting rules. We show that the POSSIBLE WINNER problem for maximin, Copeland, Bucklin, ranked pairs, and a class of scoring rules that includes the Borda voting rule does not admit a polynomial kernel with the number of candidates as the parameter. We show however that the COALITIONAL MANIPULATION problem which is an important special case of the POSSIBLE WINNER problem does admit a polynomial kernel for maximin, Copeland, ranked pairs, and a class of scoring rules that includes the Borda voting rule, when the number of manipulators is polynomial in the number of candidates. A significant conclusion of our work is that the POSSIBLE WINNER problem is harder than the COALITIONAL MANIPULATION problem since the COALITIONAL MANIPULATION problem admits a polynomial kernel whereas the POSSIBLE WINNER problem does not admit a polynomial kernel. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

An out-of-plane linear motion measurement system based on optical beam deflection

Measurement of out-of-plane linear motion with high precision and bandwidth is indispensable for development of precision motion stages and for dynamic characterization of mechanical structures. This paper presents an optical beam deflection (OBD) based system for measurement of out-of-plane linear motion for fully reflective samples. The system also achieves nearly zero cross-sensitivity to angular motion, and a large working distance. The sensitivities to linear and angular motion are analytically obtained and employed to optimize the system design. The optimal shot-noise limited resolution is shown to be less than one angstrom over a bandwidth in excess of 1 kHz. Subsequently, the system is experimentally realized and the sensitivities to out-of-plane motions are calibrated using a novel strategy. The linear sensitivity is found to be in agreement with theory. The angular sensitivity is shown to be over 7.5-times smaller than that of conventional OBD. Finally, the measurement system is employed to measure the transient response of a piezo-positioner, and, with the aid of an open-loop controller, reduce the settling time by about 90%. It is also employed to operate the positioner in closed-loop and demonstrate significant minimization of hysteresis and positioning error.

Direct numerical test of the B-G-K model equation by the DSMC method

In the present paper the rarefied gas how caused by the sudden change of the wall temperature and the Rayleigh problem are simulated by the DSMC method which has been validated by experiments both in global flour field and velocity distribution function level. The comparison of the simulated results with the accurate numerical solutions of the B-G-K model equation shows that near equilibrium the BG-K equation with corrected collision frequency can give accurate result but as farther away from equilibrium the B-G-K equation is not accurate. This is for the first time that the error caused by the B-G-K model equation has been revealed.

Efecto de diferentes dosis de N.P.K. sobre el rendimiento agroindustrial de la variedad L-68-90 (Saccharum sp hibrido); en caña planta

El presente estudio se realizó de junio de 1992 a marzo de 1993 en El Ingenio Victoria de Julio. Se evaluó el efecto de 13 dosis de N-P-K (0-60-60, 40-60-60, 80-60-60, 120-60-60, 40-0-60, 40-30-60, 80-0-60, 80-30-60, 40-9Ó-60, 120-0-60, 120-30-60, 120-60-0 y 120-60-30), sobre el cultivo de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum sp. híbrido), las cuales se compararon con e1 testigo (0-0-0). Se plantó la variedad L 68-90. El diseño experimental utilizado fue de Bloques Completos al Azar modificado, las variables analizadas fueron: brotación, diámetro, altura, población, rendimiento agrícola, rendimiento industrial y rendimiento agro industrial. Los datos que se obtuvieron se sometieron al análisis de varianza y separación de medías según Tukey a un 5 % de margen de error. En ninguna de las variables evaluadas se observó diferencia estadística significativa. Con respecto a la Germinación el mayor porcentaje fue de 75.33 porciento y correspondió a los tratamientos 120-60-0 y 40-30-60. El mayor diámetro fue de 2.73 cm habiéndose obtenido con el tratamiento 120-60-30. La mayor altura se obtuvo con el tratamiento 40-30-60 y fue de 2.94 cm. La población mayor fue de 231 750 tallos/ha correspondiendo al tratamiento 40-30-60. El mayor rendimiento agrícola se logró con el tratamiento 80-0-60 y fue de 86.23 t/ha. El mayor rendimiento industrial fue de 93.80 kg/t correspondiendo éste al tratamiento 120-0-60. El mayor rendimiento agro-industrial se obtuvo con el tratamiento 80-0-60 siendo éste valor de 7.675 t/ha.

Rendimiento agroindustrial de la variedad L 68-40 (Sacharum SP) en respuesta a las aplicaciones de N, P y K, cultivada en un suelo rojo en caña planta

El presente estudio se realizó en el ingenio AGROINSA, de junio de 1994 a febrero de 1995. Se evaluó el rendimiento agro­ industrial en caña de azúcar . Se plantó la variedad L 68-40. El diseño experimental utilizado fue el de Bloques Completamente Azarizado (BCA), las variables analizadas fueron brotación, ahijamiento, diámetro, población, altura, peso promedio de tallos, rendimiento agrícola, rendimiento industrial y rendimiento agro-industrial. Los datos que se obtuvieron se sometieron al análisis de varianza y de regresión, además se realizó la separación de medias según Duncan a un 5 % de margen de error. En todas las variables evaluadas se observó diferencia significativa a excepción del diámetro y el rendimiento industrial, siendo el nitrógeno el elemento que presentó mayor influencia positiva, no encontrándose ningún efecto para el fósforo y el potasio. Las mejores dosis de nitrógeno para producir el 90 por ciento del rendimiento máximo agrícola y agro-industrial, obtenida a través del modelo matemático cuadrático fueron 58 y 55 kg/ha de N, respectivamente.

Rendimiento agroindustrial de la variedad L 68-40 (Saccharum sp.), en respuesta a las aplicaciones de N, P y K, cultivada en un suelo negro en caña planta

El presente trabajo se desarrolló en el Ingenio AGROINSA, de enero de 1995 al mes de marzo de 1996. Se evaluó el rendimiento agro-industrial de la variedad L 68-40 de caña de azúcar (Saccharum sp.), en respuesta a aplicaciones de nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio, cultivada en un suelo negro vertisol, serie Malacatoya (MY). El ensayo se monto de acuerdo a un diseño factorial incompleto en un Bloque Completamente al Azar (BCA), las variables analizadas fueron: Brotación, ahijamiento, diámetro, población, altura, peso promedio de tallo, rendimientos agrícola, industrial y agro-industrial. Los resultados se sometieron a un análisis de varianza y de regresión, además de realizarse una separación de media según la prueba de Cunean al 5 % de margen de error. En todas las variables evaluadas se observó diferencia significativa a excepción del diámetro, peso promedio de tallo y rendimiento industrial, siendo el nitrógeno el elemento que presentó mayor influencia significativa provocando una respuesta directamente proporcional a sus aplicaciones, sin embargo el fósforo y el potasio no influenciaron en la respuesta de las mismas. Las mayores dosis de nitrógeno para producir el 90 % rendimiento agrícola y agro-industrial máximo, obtenida a través del modelo lineal discontinuo fueron de 72.39 y 74.63 kg/ha de nitrógeno respectivamente

A Simplified Evaluation Procedure of the Scale of Fluctuation Combined Recurrence Averaging and Weighted Linear Regression

The divergence of properties from one location to another within a soil mass is termed spatial variability, which traditionally includes three parameters the mean, the standard deviation, and the scale of fluctuation, in order to stochastically describe a soil property. Among them, determining the scale of fluctuation in the evaluation of spatial variability of soil profiles is not easy due to soil condition complexity. A simplified procedure is presented in the paper to determine the scale of fluctuation combined recurrence averaging and weighted linear regression. The alternative approach utilizes widely usable spreadsheet to solve the problem more directly and efficiently.

Directed evolution of terpene synthases for non-natural substrates

Terpenes represent about half of known natural products, with terpene synthases catalyzing reactions to increase the complexity of substrates and generate cyclizations of the linear diphosphate substrates, therefore forming rings and stereocenters. With their diverse functionality, terpene synthases may be highly evolvable, with the ability to accept a wide range of non-natural compounds and with high product selectivity. Our hypothesis is that directed evolution of terpene synthases can be used to increase selectivity of the synthase on a specific substrate. In the first part of the work presented herein, three natural terpene synthases, Cop2, BcBOT2, and SSCG_02150, were tested for activity against the natural substrate and a non-natural substrate, called Surrogate 1, and the relative activities on both the natural and non-natural substrates were compared. In the second part of this work, a terpene synthase variant of BcBOT2 that has been evolved for thermostability, was used for directed evolution for increased activity and selectivity on the non-natural substrate referred to as Surrogate 2. Mutations for this evolution were introduced using random mutagenesis, with error prone polymerase chain reactions, and using site-specific saturation mutagenesis, in which an NNK library is designed with a specific active site amino acid targeted for mutation. The mutant enzymes were then screened and selected for enhancement of the desired functionality. Two neutral mutants, 19B7 W367F and 19B7 W118Q, were found to maintain activity on Surrogate 2, as measured by the screen.