Quitosana na indução de resistência ao tombamento de plântulas de espécies olerícolas e no controle de fitopatógenos in vitro

Induction of resistance is defined as the activation of a state of resistance against diseases which is induced systemically in plants by the use of biotic or abiotic agents without any modification of the plant genome, occurring non-specific way, by activating genes coding for various plant defense responses. Chitosan is a polymer derived from the deacetylation of chitin, which is found in large quantities in crustacean shell, and studied with the potential to control plant pathogens, both by its direct fungistatic action, as the ability to induce protection of plants, indicating the presence of molecules of elicitoras characteristics. Three experiments with objective of evaluating the potential of chitosan in the seedling resistance induction were developed, beet (Beta vulgaris) seeds, cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seeds and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seeds, and the control of Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani K¨uhn e Pythium sp. in vitro conditions. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. Beet seeds, tomato and cucumber were submerged in chitosan solution for 20 minutes, in concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2% in the control and distilled water. Seeds were sown in trays containing Plantmax Florestalr substrate sterilized and inoculated with Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani K¨unh and Pythium sp., respectively for the three cultures. The experiment was conducted for 14 days in growth chamber with controlled temperature (25 C 2 C), light (12 hour photoperiod) and humidity (70% 10%). The evaluations were seed emergency, seedling damping-off, seedling length, fresh weight and activity of the enzymes phenylalanine amˆonia-liase (PAL), chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase. It was also rated the mycelial growth of Fusarium sp., Pythium sp. and R. solani on P.D.A. (Potato-Dextrose and Agar) culture medium containing chitosan at the same concentrations evaluated in seeds. For beet growing, seed treatment with chitosan presented higher emergence and the length of the seedlings, and reduced the percentage of tipping. Treatment with chitosan activated the systemic acquired resistance with expression of chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase enzymes. For the tomato crop in chitosan concentration of 0.25% favored the emergency of seedlings, reduced the incidence of tipping and activated the PAL enzymes, chitinase and b-1,3-glucanase. In cucumber on the concentration of up 0.5% favored seedlings emergence and reduces the incidence of tipping. Chitosan activated the PAL enzymes and b-1,3-glucanase. Chitosan also presented fungistatic action on the initial growth of Pythium sp. and R. solani in vitro conditions, however, such action did not prevail until the end of the experiment. To Fusarium sp. the concentration of chitosan resulted in the reduction of mycelial growth in vitro.

Potencial do óleo de Aloysia citriodora Palau no controle de fitopatógenos e na indução de resistência ao tombamento de plântulas de feijão, pepino e beterraba

The crops are affected by pests and diseases that decrease productivity. Among them are the damping off of seedlings that can occur in pre and post-emergence. In bean crops, cucumber and beet these diseases occur, being caused by various pathogens, especialy fitopathogenic fungi. Several measures are used for the controle of such diseases, among them, is the chemical seed treatment fungicides. However, society has become increasingly concerned about the quality and food and environmental contamination, generation a growting search for sensitive products to humans and the environment. The use of essential oils to control plant pathogens is an example of alternative tested by science in the search for less aggressive technologies. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the use of essential oil Aloysia citriodora, in control of pathogens causing damping off in beans, cucumber and beet. This thesis was divided in four chapters, the introductory first, and the other addressing the control of Pythium sp. in beans, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on cucumber, and Fusarium sp. on beet. The methodology consisted of four experiments in each pathosystem, with all the work done at the Federal Technological University of Parana, Campus Dois Vizinhos. In the first experiment evaluated the fungistatic and fungicidal effect of the essential oil of A. citriodora on PDA in vitro in mycelial growth of pathogens studied. In the second experiment evaluated the in vitro effect of essential oil concentrations of A. citriodora in BD medium on microscope slides, on the germination of sporangia Pythium sp. and conidia Fusarium sp., and in Petri dishes with PDA medium, the sclerotia germination speed index of S. sclerotiorum. In the third experiment, we evaluated in germination test in paper roll (PR), the phytotoxic effect or not the use of essential oil concentrations of A. citriodora in dry bean seed, cucumber and beet. The variables used to assess this experiment were the germination percentage, mediun green mass per plant and average length of seedlings. In the fourth experiment we assessed the effect of treating bean seeds, cucumber and beet with essential oil contents of A. citriodora, seeds in their subsequent substrates contamined with pathogens studied, Pythium sp., S. sclerotiorum and Fusarium sp. In this experiment we used the following variables: percentage of emergence, percentage of post-emergence damping off, green average mass per plant, average length per plant and biochemical analyzes. The biochemistry of plant tissues evaluated were as follows: protein content, enzymatic activities of peroxidases, phenylalanine ammonia-liase (PAL), chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases. The in vitro results show that the essential oil has fungistatic and fungicidal effect on mycelial growth, on sporangia germination, conidia and sclerotia of the pathogens studied in this work, wich may be related to its major components, citral and limonene. The oil also exhibits low phytotoxicity to seeds of the species studied, only in beans decreases germination in most studied dosage (0,25%), cucumber also in the higher dosage (0,25%) reduce the length of seedlings, and beet there were no negative effects to the seedlings. In the test in substrate contaminated with the pathogens, the use of essential oil: increased germination and decreased post emergence damping off of beans seedlings; at a concentration of 0,0625% decreases post emergence damping off in cucumber. In biochemical analyzes found an increase in the enzymatic activity of peroxidases and β-1,3-glucanases on beans, and glucanases on cucumber, and increased enzyme activity of peroxidases on beet, showing action in resistance induction at damping off.

Indução de resistência e tratamento de sementes de soja com fosfitos de potássio

The use of inputs containing phosphites have been presenting results in many studies, taking on importance to the control of diseases in some cultures and demonstrating the resistance induction in seedlings, with ability to activate defense mechanisms, conferring protection to plants against microorganisms. The soybean crop is recognized for its importance in providing grains and derivatives for human consumption, animal, production of biofuels, pharmaceuticals, among others. Positive results obtained through studies based on resistance inducers in some cultures arouse the interest for further study. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of potassium phosphites on the resistance induction and treatment of soybean seeds. Therefore were conducted four laboratory studies at the Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campus of Dois Vizinhos. In the first study it was evaluated the quality attributes of the seeds and the resistance induction as seed treatment. Then it was verified that phosphites have action upon the seedlings metabolism in due to seed treatment, having the phosphite Reforce® contributed to seed quality attributes and phosphites FitofosK® and Fitofos K Plus® induced the resistance increasing the activity of β-1,3-glucanase. In the second study it was evaluated the the resistance induction in soybean cotyledons, in which the phosphites demonstrated induction potential of phytoalexin gliceolin. In the third study It was evaluated the soybean seed health treated with potassium phosphites.. it was observed that the phosphites reduced the incidence of many fungi on seeds, especially of storage fungi like Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium semitectum. In the fourth study it was evaluated the in vitro effect of potassium phosphites on pathogenic fungi of the culture. And it was found direct action of phosphites on the mycelial growth of Fusarium semitectum, Pythium sp. and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Based on these results, we concluded that potassium phosphites have potential in seeds treatment, as resistance inducer and on in vitro control of phytopathogens.

Análise e proposição de estratégias de estimação e controle de velocidade para motores de indução trifásicos

This study presents a proposal of speed servomechanisms without the use of mechanical sensors (sensorless) using induction motors. A comparison is performed and propose techniques for pet rotor speed, analyzing performance in different conditions of speed and load. For the determination of control technique, initially, is performed an analysis of the technical literature of the main control and speed estimation used, with their characteristics and limitations. The proposed technique for servo sensorless speed induction motor uses indirect field-oriented control (IFOC), composed of four controllers of the proportional-integral type (PI): rotor flux controller, speed controller and current controllers in the direct and quadrature shaft. As the main focus of the work is in the speed control loop was implemented in Matlab the recursive least squares algorithm (RLS) for identification of mechanical parameters, such as moment of inertia and friction coefficient. Thus, the speed of outer loop controller gains can be self adjusted to compensate for any changes in the mechanical parameters. For speed estimation techniques are analyzed: MRAS by rotóricos fluxes MRAS by counter EMF, MRAS by instantaneous reactive power, slip, locked loop phase (PLL) and sliding mode. A proposition of estimation in sliding mode based on speed, which is performed a change in rotor flux observer structure is displayed. To evaluate the techniques are performed theoretical analyzes in Matlab simulation environment and experimental platform in electrical machinery drives. The DSP TMS320F28069 was used for experimental implementation of speed estimation techniques and check the performance of the same in a wide speed range, including load insertion. From this analysis is carried out to implement closed-loop control of sensorless speed IFOC structure. The results demonstrated the real possibility of replacing mechanical sensors for estimation techniques proposed and analyzed. Among these, the estimator based on PLL demonstrated the best performance in various conditions, while the technique based on sliding mode has good capacity estimation in steady state and robustness to parametric variations.

Indução de morte celular em células de adenocarcinoma cervical humano (HeLa) pela lectina da esponja Cinachyrella apion (CaL)

Cancer is a term used to represent a set of more than 100 diseases, including malignant tumors from different locations. The malignancies are the second leading cause of death in the population, representing approximately 17% of deaths of known cause. Strategies that induce differentiation have had limited success in the treatment of established cancers. In this work, a lectin purified from the marine sponge Cinachyrella apion (CaL) was evaluated due to its hemolytic, cytotoxic and antiproliferative properties, besides the ability to induce cell death via apoptosis in tumor cells. The antiproliferative activity of CaL was tested against cell lines, with the highest inhibition of tumor growth for HeLa, reducing cell growth at a dose dependent manner, with a concentration of 10 μg/mL. The hemolytic activity and toxicity against peripheral blood cells were tested using the concentration of IC50 for both trials and twice the IC50 for analysis in flow cytometry, indicating that CaL is not toxic to these cells. To assess the mechanism of cell death caused by CaL in HeLa cells, we performed flow cytometry and western blotting. The results showed the lectin probably induces cell death by apoptosis activation by pro-apoptotic protein Bax, promoting mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, cell cycle arrest in S phase, with accumulation of cells of approximately 57% in this phase, and acting as both dependent and/or independent of caspases pathway. These results suggest that CaL has the potential to be used as drug treatment against cancer.

MULTIPLICAÇÃO de sementes de mandioca: programa 18: Nordeste/Vale do Jequitinhonha.

O projeto Reniva estimula a multiplicação de sementes de mandioca no Maranhão. Este projeto tem a participação da Embrapa e busca beneficiar agricultores familiares. O projeto Reniva busca promover a capacitação de profissionais de extensão rural e agricultores dos municípios atendidos, para que possam difundir novas técnicas de indução à brotação e enraizamento dos brotos de manivas.

MULTIPLICAÇÃO de sementes de mandioca: programa 18: Norte.

O projeto Reniva estimula a multiplicação de sementes de mandioca no Maranhão. Este projeto tem a participação da Embrapa e busca beneficiar agricultores familiares. O projeto Reniva busca promover a capacitação de profissionais de extensão rural e agricultores dos municípios atendidos, para que possam difundir novas técnicas de indução à brotação e enraizamento dos brotos de manivas.

Análise de agrupamentos dos dados de DFA oriundos de perfis elétricos de indução de poços de petróleo

The main objective of this study is to apply recently developed methods of physical-statistic to time series analysis, particularly in electrical induction s profiles of oil wells data, to study the petrophysical similarity of those wells in a spatial distribution. For this, we used the DFA method in order to know if we can or not use this technique to characterize spatially the fields. After obtain the DFA values for all wells, we applied clustering analysis. To do these tests we used the non-hierarchical method called K-means. Usually based on the Euclidean distance, the K-means consists in dividing the elements of a data matrix N in k groups, so that the similarities among elements belonging to different groups are the smallest possible. In order to test if a dataset generated by the K-means method or randomly generated datasets form spatial patterns, we created the parameter Ω (index of neighborhood). High values of Ω reveals more aggregated data and low values of Ω show scattered data or data without spatial correlation. Thus we concluded that data from the DFA of 54 wells are grouped and can be used to characterize spatial fields. Applying contour level technique we confirm the results obtained by the K-means, confirming that DFA is effective to perform spatial analysis

Indução anestésica com óleo essencial de Lippia alba e respostas fisiológicas ao estresse de manuseio em tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum).

O presente estudo avaliou a atividade anestésica do óleo essencial de Lippia alba em tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e as respostas fisiológicas de estresse decorrentes da anestesia e do manuseio para biometria.

Manejo da poda e de indutores de brotação em diferentes cultivares Vitis vinifera na região da Campanha Gaúcha.

A vitivinicultura no Rio Grande do Sul tem reconhecimento no cenário enológico nacional e a Campanha Gaúcha tem sua participação neste processo. Com vinhedos implantados na década de 70, no município de Santana do Livramento- RS, para produção de uvas finas, a região tem apresentado crescente desenvolvimento com instalação de novas vinícolas. Apesar dos benefícios climáticos, a Campanha apresenta invernos irregulares, tanto na distribuição como na qualidade do frio, provocando brotações irregulares, baixa produtividade e desuniformidade na produção dos vinhedos. Buscando novas tecnologias para melhorar a qualidade de brotação e consequente qualidade produtiva, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o comportamento de brotação de diferentes cultivares de Vitis vinifera em relação às diferentes épocas de poda com a interação de indutores químicos de brotação.

Requerimento em frio e uniformidade de brotação de portaenxertos para macieira no Sul do Brasil.

No cultivo da macieira, em regiões de inverno ameno, é importante o conhecimento do acúmulo de horas de frio hibernal, desta forma pode-se selecionar cultivares com maior ou menor exigência para cada região produtora. O inadequado suprimento de frio afeta de forma negativa a uniformidade de brotação das plantas. Apesar da exigência em frio das principais cultivares produzidas no Sul do Brasil já serem conhecidas, pouco se sabe a respeito do requerimento de frio dos porta-enxertos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a necessidade de acúmulo de frio para superação da dormência e a uniformidade de brotação dos porta-enxertos G.213 e M.9.

Efeito da aplicação de etefom e ácido abscísico na desfolha de mudas de macieira "Maxi Gala".

queda das folhas da macieira faz parte do processo de senescência e pode ocorrer naturalmente, ou por meio de indução, com a utilização de desfolhantes artificiais. Diversos produtos podem ser utilizados para a realização da desfolha química. No entanto, alguns podem influenciar na brotação e nas reservas nutricionais da planta para o novo ciclo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da concentração de ácido abscísico (ABA) e etefom, aplicados isoladamente ou associados, sobre a efetividade de desfolha química em mudas de macieira ?Maxi Gala?.

Quantificação do frio hibernal e sua associação com a brotação em macieira (Malus pumila L. Borkh).

Devido à importância do frio hibernal para a fenologia de fruteiras de clima temperado, muitos modelos têm sido propostos para medir a quantidade de frio de modo a usar tais medidas como fator explanatório das fases fenológicas. A quantidade de frio necessária para a superação da dormência varia com a espécie e cultivar. Em macieira, há especial interesse na relação entre elementos agroclimáticos e a quebra de dormência para caracterizar diferentes materiais genéticos e com vistas ao estabelecimento de práticas de manejo cultural. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar dois modelos de quantificação do frio acumulado quanto à associação com a data de brotação em macieira.

Brotação de clones da cultivar Moscato Branco (Vitis vinifera) submetidas a diferentes períodos de frio durante a endodormência.

A videira é uma planta caducifólia, perde suas folhas e inicia a endodormência com as primeiras horas de frio (HF, horas em temperatura <7,2°C) no outono. Portanto, suprindo a exigência de HF, que pode ser distinta entre genótipos, a planta tende a uma brotação plena e uniforme e pode ser um parâmetro de seleção para as condições locais de cultivo. O trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar a evolução do potencial de brotação de clones de Moscato Branco ao longo do período da endodormência.