A self-categorization explanation for the third-person effect

Three studies tested a self-categorization theory explanation for the third-person effect. In Study 1 (N = 49) undergraduate students judged the influence of the National Enquirer, Wall Street Journal, and TV show Friends on themselves, relative to low- and high-status outgroup members, and other undergraduate students. The profile of first- and third-person perceptions was largely consistent with predictions, and the size of the third-person effect decreased as perceived similarity to target others increased-but only for media that were normative for comparison others. Study 2 (N = 49) provided evidence for this process with different media and showed that the profile of first- and third-person perceptions matched closely with perceived norms of media consumption-but not the social desirability of those media. Study 3 (N = 64) showed that the third-person effect for the same media and target other shifts with the frame of reference in which the judgment is made. Taken together, the findings are consistent with self-categorization theory and difficult to reconcile with other explanations.

Social identity, self-categorization, and the communication of group norms

We articulate the role of norms within the social identity perspective as a basis for theorizing a number of manifestly communicative phenomena. We describe how group norms are cognitively represented as context-dependent prototypes that capture the distinctive properties of groups. The same process that governs the psychological salience of different prototypes, and thus generates group normative behavior, can be used to understand the formation, perception, and diffusion of norms, and also how some group members, for example, leaders, have more normative influence than others. life illustrate this process across a number of phenomena and make suggestions for future interfaces between the social identity perspective and communication research. We believe that the social identity approach represents a truly integrative force for the communication discipline.

Stability for parametric implicit vector equilibrium problems

In this paper, we consider a class of parametric implicit vector equilibrium problems in Hausdorff topological vector spaces where a mapping f and a set K are perturbed by parameters is an element of and lambda respectively. We establish sufficient conditions for the upper semicontinuity and lower semicontinuity of the solution set mapping S : Lambda(1) x A(2) -> 2(X) for such parametric implicit vector equilibrium problems. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analysis of trigonometric implicit Runge-Kutta methods

Using generalized collocation techniques based on fitting functions that are trigonometric (rather than algebraic as in classical integrators), we develop a new class of multistage, one-step, variable stepsize, and variable coefficients implicit Runge-Kutta methods to solve oscillatory ODE problems. The coefficients of the methods are functions of the frequency and the stepsize. We refer to this class as trigonometric implicit Runge-Kutta (TIRK) methods. They integrate an equation exactly if its solution is a trigonometric polynomial with a known frequency. We characterize the order and A-stability of the methods and establish results similar to that of classical algebraic collocation RK methods. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Implicit learning is not subject to blocking

Explicit (aware) learning has been shown to evidence certain characteristics, such as extinction, blocking, occasion setting, and reliance on context. These characteristics have not been assessed in implicit (unaware) learning. The current study investigated whether implicit learning is subject to blocking. Participants completed a cued reaction time task, where they watched rapid presentations of a random sequence of 8 pairs of shapes, and responded to two target shapes. One target was always preceded by a cue. The experimental group completed a pretraining phase where half the cue, one shape, was followed by the target. Both experimental and control groups completed a training phase where both elements of the cue, two shapes, were followed by the target. Both aware and unaware participants evidenced learning, whereby responding was faster for cued than uncued targets. Aware participants in the experimental group responded faster to targets preceded by the pretrained element than by the other element of the cue. Control and unaware experimental participants were faster to respond to targets preceded by either element of the cue. As blocking was only evident in aware participants, but implicit learning was observed in all participants, it is concluded that implicit learning is not subject to blocking.

An empirical investigation of host country national categorization of expatriates in the United Kingdom

In recent times, some authors have argued that Host Country National (HCN) categorization of expatriate co-workers plays a major role in expatriate adjustment. Previous studies have argued that HCN categorization of expatriates maybe be based on gender, or national origin. In this study, using data from 331 HCNs in the U.K., we find that HCN expectations of foreigners may play a big role in categorization. Further, we find that categorization leads to lower levels of support offered by HCNs, which can affect expatriate adjustment. We discuss implications and offer suggestions for future research.

Two-nation study of host country national categorization of female expatriates - United States and India

This study was designed to study the role of Host Country National categorizationof female expatriate co-workers, in two samples – U.S., and India. Using data from 54participants in the U.S. and 52 participants in India, we found that respondents from Indiacategorized potential expatriate co-workers from the U.S. into in-group or out-groupsignificantly more than respondents from the U.S. Further, we found that femaleexpatriates from the U.S. are preferred by Indian HCNs as co-workers significantly morethan male expatriates from the U.S. We discuss implications for organizations and offersuggestions for future research.

A new perspective on the female expatriate experience:the role of host country national categorization

This study was designed to investigate host country national (HCN) categorization of female expatriates, in two samples-U.S. and India. Two hundred and twenty-two HCNs (104 in the U.S. and 118 in India) participated in the study. Consistent with prior research [e.g., Tung, R. L. (1998). American expatriates abroad: From neophytes to cosmopolitans. Journal of World Business, 33: 125-140], we found that female expatriates from the U.S. were not discriminated against. Indeed, we found that female expatriates from the U.S. were preferred by Indian HCNs, as co-workers, significantly more than male expatriates from the U.S. We discuss implications for organizations and offer suggestions for future research. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.