(Supplement 3) Radar sounding observations including bedrock and surface elevation and ice thickness in the ASB region, Antarctica

The first Cenozoic ice sheets initiated in Antarctica from the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains and other highlands as a result of rapid global cooling ~34 million years ago. In the subsequent 20 million years, at a time of declining atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and an evolving Antarctic circumpolar current, sedimentary sequence interpretation and numerical modelling suggest that cyclical periods of ice-sheet expansion to the continental margin, followed by retreat to the subglacial highlands, occurred up to thirty times. These fluctuations were paced by orbital changes and were a major influence on global sea levels. Ice-sheet models show that the nature of such oscillations is critically dependent on the pattern and extent of Antarctic topographic lowlands. Here we show that the basal topography of the Aurora Subglacial Basin of East Antarctica, at present overlain by 2-4.5 km of ice, is characterized by a series of well-defined topographic channels within a mountain block landscape. The identification of this fjord landscape, based on new data from ice-penetrating radar, provides an improved under¬standing of the topography of the Aurora Subglacial Basin and its surroundings, and reveals a complex surface sculpted by a succession of ice-sheet configurations substantially different from today's. At different stages during its fluctuations, the edge of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet lay pinned along the margins of the Aurora Subglacial Basin, the upland boundaries of which are currently above sea level and the deepest parts of which are more than 1 km below sea level. Although the timing of the channel incision remains uncertain, our results suggest that the fjord landscape was carved by at least two ice- flow regimes of different scales and directions, each of which would have over-deepened existing topographic depressions, reversing valley floor slopes.

Modelo de integración del conocimiento-acción a través del Proyecto de Comunicación para el Desarrollo: 25 años de experiencia en comunidades indígenas andinas en Ecuador

El desarrollo como política de las naciones marca el período de la postguerra, que en América Latina se concreta en múltiples programas de Desarrollo Rural. El modelo inicial de crecimiento económico se va enriqueciendo con visiones centradas en el ser humano y sus múltiples concepciones de desarrollo. En este entender el desarrollo desde la diversidad cultural y antropológica de los pueblos de América Latina, surge la comunicación radiofónica como camino común para la persuasión, socialización y apropiación colectiva de conocimientos y ámbito participativo para consensuar objetivos y acordar actividades. El activismo de los años setenta y ochenta produjo un número considerable de experiencias. La mayoría de ellas han llegado hasta nuestros días, pero el giro tomado por las sociedades digitalizadas y las prioridades medioambientales han dado un nuevo rostro a aquellas primeras experiencias centradas en el desarrollo rural endógeno. Este estudio investiga el complejo práctico-teórico que integra comunicación y desarrollo en contextos territoriales interculturales con población marginal y aplicación de políticas de desarrollo rural. En el capítulo I se recogen las modalidades de cómo se ha aplicado la comunicación en programas de desarrollo, para profundizar en el concepto de comunicación para el desarrollo, conocer sus actores y resultados, y concluir que el desarrollo “con rostro humano” se hace con personas no con políticas oficiales. El capítulo II presenta a los Pueblos Indígenas de la Sierra Ecuatoriana como actores de su proceso de desarrollo hacia el Sumak Kawsay. Los temas tratados en este capítulo muestran los valores y capacidades de las comunidades indígenas de la Sierra Ecuatoriana para la autogestión de su desarrollo, y deja constancia y denuncia de la lectura negativa que se ha venido haciendo de su cosmovisión. Se encuentra respuesta conceptual y metodológica en el Workng With People para optimizar aportes culturales de los Pueblos Indígenas al proceso comunicacional y participativo para mejorar las condiciones de vida y lograr mayores espacios de autonomía y libertad El conocimiento que explica la realidad sin cambiarla no tiene sentido para los pobres. La realidad requiere ser comprendida para construir el conocimiento que la explique y la cambie: ese es el aporte del modelo conocimiento/acción que se presenta en el capítulo III. En este capítulo se exponen metodologías abiertas a la creatividad y flexibles que responden a los principios del modelo conocimiento/acción. La comunicación para el desarrollo se abre a todas ellas como ágora pluricultural que requiere un lenguaje común que se construye desde el aprendizaje social. Los conceptos expuestos en el capítulo III se vinculan en una propuesta metodológica que integra el conocimiento y la acción con los principios del Working With People, propuesta que se expone en el capítulo IV. El modelo del Proyecto de Comunicación para el Desarrollo junta en un modelo de comunicación popular y prácticas liberadoras con métodos cognitivos de la realidad para planificar el cambio desde la población y con la población. Finalmente, el capítulo V recoge la experiencia de la Casa Campesina Cayambe ejecutora del Proyecto de Comunicación para el Desarrollo en la adaptación ejecutada con Radio Mensaje. La riqueza de la experiencia tiende a escaparse de los límites conceptuales y los esquemas dejan espacios de vida ignotos; pero los conceptos y esquemas constituyen el camino para que la experiencia pase a ser objeto conocido y conocimiento socializado. El Proyecto de Comunicación para el Desarrollo es resultado de un proceso de desarrollo construido desde la acción de la Casa Campesina Cayambe durante 25 años en Cayambe. En el capítulo V se describe el contexto del territorio de Cayambe, la identidad de la Casa Campesina Cayambe y de Radio Mensaje, y termina describiendo los logros de 25 años trabajando con la gente. El estudio concluye que la comunicación participativa, como ámbito de aprendizaje social aplicado en procesos de desarrollo rural, integra el conocimiento/acción e incorpora nuevos conocimientos en la población con los que se desarrollan competencias locales para planificar el desarrollo endógeno con flexibilidad y de abajo-arriba. La Figura 0-1 grafica los elementos bases sobre los que se construye el proceso de desarrollo. ABSTRACT Development as a policy of nations marks the postwar period which created several Rural Development Programs in Latin America. The initial model of economic growth was enriched with approaches focused on human beings and their multiple conceptions of development. In this regard, the development from cultural and anthropological diversity in Latin America, radio communication emerges as a common means for persuasion, socialization and collective appropriation of knowledge and scope for participation in order to agree on objectives and activities. Activism of the seventies and eighties generated a considerable number of experiences, most of which are present today. However, a turn taken by digitalized societies and environmental priorities has given those first experiences which focused on endogenous rural development a new face. This study researches the theoretical-practical status that integrates communication and development in intercultural contexts with marginal population and the use of rural development policies. Chapter one shows the modalities of how communication in development programs have been applied to deepen the concept of communication for development, to know those who are involved and its findings, and conclude that development “with a human face” is done with people not with official policies. Chapter two presents Indigenous communities in the Ecuadorian highlands, as people involved in their development process towards Sumak Kawsay. The topics in this chapter show the values and capacities indigenous communities in the Ecuadorian highlands have to self-manage their development, and proves, as well as denounces, that their cosmovision has been negatively perceived. A conceptual and methodological response is found in Working With People in order to optimize cultural contributions of Indigenous People to the communicational and participative process to improve life conditions and have greater spaces of autonomy and freedom. Knowledge which explains reality without changing it does not make any sense for the poor. Reality need to be understood in order to build the knowledge that will explain it and change it: that is the contribution of the knowledge/action model presented in chapter three. This chapter presents open methodologies to creativity which are flexible to respond to the principles of the knowledge/action model. Communication for development is open to all of them as pluricultural agora which requires a common language that is built from social learning. The concepts presented in chapter three are linked in a methodological proposal which integrates knowledge and action with principles of Working With People, proposal which is presented chapter four. The model of the Communication for Development Project includes popular communication elements and liberating practices with cognitive methods of reality to plan change from the population and with the population. Finally, chapter five presents the experiences from the Cayambe Country House, which conducted the Communication for Development Project in the adaptation implemented with Radio Mensaje. The wealth of experience tends to scape from the conceptual limits and the schemes leave gaps of unexplored life; but the concepts and schemes constitute the way so that experience becomes a known object and socialized knowledge. The Communication for Development Project is the result of a development process built from the actions of the Cayambe Country House during 25 years in Cayambe. Chapter five describes the context of Cayambe, the identity of the Cayambe Country House and Radio Mensaje, and the achievements after 25 years of working with its people. The study concludes that participatory communication, as an area of social learning applied to rural development processes, integrates knowledge/action and incorporates new knowledge in communities to develop local competencies to plan endogenous development with flexibility and from the bottom – up.

Adults'Education and Agricultural Innovation: A Social Learning Approach

Social learning processes can be the basis of a method of agricultural innovation that involves expert and empirical knowledge. In this sense, the objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness and sustainability of an innovation process, understood as social learning, in a group of small farmers in the southern highlands of Peru. Innovative proposals and its permanence three years after the process finished were evaluated. It was observed that innovation processes generated are maintained over time; however, new innovations are not subsequently generated. We conclude that adult learning processes and innovation based on social learning are more effective and sustainable; however, the farmers internalization in innovation processes is given longer term.

Ecological factors rather than temporal factors dominate the evolution of vesicular stomatitis virus

Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSV-NJ) is a rhabdovirus that causes economically important disease in cattle and other domestic animals in endemic areas from southeastern United States to northern South America. Its negatively stranded RNA genome is capable of undergoing rapid evolution, which allows phylogenetic analysis and molecular epidemiology studies to be performed. Previous epidemiological studies in Costa Rica showed the existence of at least two distinct ecological zones of high VSV-NJ activity, one located in the highlands (premontane tropical moist forest) and the other in the lowlands (tropical dry forest). We wanted to test the hypothesis that the viruses circulating in these ecological zones were genetically distinct. For this purpose, we sequenced the hypervariable region of the phosphoprotein gene for 50 VSV-NJ isolates from these areas. Phylogenetic analysis showed that viruses from each ecological zone had distinct genotypes. These genotypes were maintained in each area for periods of up to 8 years. This evolutionary pattern of VSV-NJ suggests an adaptation to ecological factors that could exert selective pressure on the virus. As previous data indicated an absence of virus adaptation to factors related to the bovine host (including immunological pressure), it appears that VSV genetic divergence represents positive selection to adapt to specific vectors and/or reservoirs at each ecological zone.

New York Bay and Harbor, and vicinity, 1844 (Image 2 of 6) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of New-York Bay and Harbor and the environs : sheet no. 2, founded upon a trigonometrical survey under the direction of F.R. Hassler, superintendent of the Survey of the Coast of the United States ; triangulation by James Ferguson and Edmund Blunt, assistants ; the hydrography under the direction of Thomas R. Gedney, lieutenant U.S. Navy ; the topography by C. Renard and T.A. Jenkins assists. It was published by Survey of the Coast of the United States in 1844-1845. Scale 1:30,000. This layer is image 2 of 6 total images of the six sheet source map, representing the southeast portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 18N NAD83 projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows coastal features such as lighthouses, buoys, beacons, rocks, channels, points, coves, islands, bottom soil types, wharves, and more. Includes also selected land features such as roads, drainage, land cover, forts, selected buildings, towns, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Depths are shown by soundings and shading. Includes text, table of currents and stations, notes, sailing directions, 4 coastal panoramas and 2 views of Sandy Hook Light. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

New York Bay and Harbor, and vicinity, 1844 (Image 1 of 6) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of New-York Bay and Harbor and the environs : sheet no. 1, founded upon a trigonometrical survey under the direction of F.R. Hassler, superintendent of the Survey of the Coast of the United States ; triangulation by James Ferguson and Edmund Blunt, assistants ; the hydrography under the direction of Thomas R. Gedney, lieutenant U.S. Navy ; the topography by C. Renard and T.A. Jenkins assists. It was published by Survey of the Coast of the United States in 1844-1845. Scale 1:30,000. This layer is image 1 of 6 total images of the six sheet source map, representing the southwest portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 18N NAD83 projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows coastal features such as lighthouses, buoys, beacons, rocks, channels, points, coves, islands, bottom soil types, wharves, and more. Includes also selected land features such as roads, drainage, land cover, forts, selected buildings, towns, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Depths are shown by soundings and shading. Includes text, table of currents and stations, notes, sailing directions, 4 coastal panoramas and 2 views of Sandy Hook Light. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

New York, N.Y. and vicinity, 1899 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: New York City and vicinity, H.M. Wilson, geographer in charge ; triangulation by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey ; topography by S.H. Bodfish ... [et al. and] U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, N.Y. City Government and the Geological Survey of New Jersey. It was published by U.S.G.S. in 1899. Scale 1:62,500. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 18N NAD83 projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, cities and towns, villages, forts, cemeteries, aqueducts, boundaries, and more. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 20 feet. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

New York, N.Y. and vicinity, 1961 : Sandy Hook, N.J.-N.Y. (8 Sheet Set) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the United States Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographic sheet map entitled: New York and vicinity : Sandy Hook, N.J.-N.Y., 1954. It is part of an 8 sheet map set covering the metropolitan New York City area. It was published in 1961. Scale 1:24,000. The source map was prepared by the Geological Survey from 1:24,000-scale maps of Sandy Hook, Keyport, Marlboro, and Long Branch 1954 7.5 minute quadrangles compiled by the Army Map Service. Culture revised by the Geological Survey. Hydrography compiled from USC&GS charts 286, 369, and 824. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 18N NAD27 projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. USGS maps are typical topographic maps portraying both natural and manmade features. They show and name works of nature, such as mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers, vegetation, etc. They also identify the principal works of humans, such as roads, railroads, boundaries, transmission lines, major buildings, etc. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 10 and 20 feet; depths are shown with contours and soundings. Please pay close attention to map collar information on projections, spheroid, sources, dates, and keys to grid numbering and other numbers which appear inside the neatline. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Denver and Vicinity, Colorado, 1957 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic, topographic paper map entitled: Denver and vicinity, Colorado, 1957. It was published in 1959 by the Geological Survey. Compiled from 1:24,000 scale maps of Sable, Derby, Arvada, Fort Logan, Englewood, Fitzsimons, Parker, Highlands Ranch, and Littleton 1957 7.5 minute quadrangles. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the State Plane Colorado Central NAD 1927 coordinate system (in Feet) (Fipszone 0502). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This is a typical topographic map portraying both natural and manmade features. It shows and names works of nature, such as mountains, valleys, lakes, rivers, vegetation, etc. It also identify the principal works of humans, such as roads, railroads, boundaries, transmission lines, major buildings, etc. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 10 feet. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Tab. 1: Major cation content McMurdo Dry Valley soils

Matric effects contribute less to the water potential of soils in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica (informally known as the Ross Desert) than do the mineral salts of these soils. Since soil samples from the same area can exhibit 10-fold differences in mineral content, it is important that water potentials be determined on the same samples used for microbiological unvestigations. The psychrophilic yeast content of fertile soil samples from the arid highlands of the McMurdo Dry valleys indicated that the effective water content of these soils did not exceed ca. 4.5% (v/w).