Pragmatemas e a música no ensino-aprendizagem de inglês como língua adicional em um colégio estadual do RJ: papel na retenção lexical

O presente estudo analisa as contribuições do uso da música e de pragmatemas na retenção lexical por parte de três turmas de inglês como língua adicional em uma escola estadual na cidade de São João de Meriti (RJ). Para tal, constituiu três condições de pesquisa das quais fizeram parte doze alunos na turma 1 (T1); doze alunos na turma 2 (T2); e nove alunos na turma 3 (T3). A turma 1 (T1) participou de práticas pedagógicas com foco na música e sem foco explícito nos pragmatemas presentes na letra; a turma 2 (T2) de práticas pedagógicas com foco na música e nos pragmatemas da letra; e a turma 3 (T3) de práticas pedagógicas voltadas somente para o ensino-aprendizagem dos pragmatemas presentes na letra, sem o suporte da música. Anteriormente à intervenção, foi aplicado um questionário sobre os hábitos sócio-culturais dos participantes visando conhecer suas preferências musicais e perfil de letramento. Para analisar a relação entre o uso da música e de pragmatemas na retenção lexical, foram aplicados um pré-teste antes da intervenção e dois pós-testes com intervalo de 1 mês entre eles. Além disso, o estudo contou com uma entrevista semi-estruturada com os participantes, visando entender a percepção dos mesmos sobre as práticas utilizadas na intervenção. Os achados apontam que houve uma retenção ligeiramente superior nas condições T2 (música e foco nos pragmatemas) e T3 (foco exclusivo nos pragmatemas), com ligeira superioridade para a condição 3. O pragmatema recuperado com maior frequência foi "What's up", fato que pode ser parcialmente explicado pelo fato de ser pronunciado como uma palavra só e pelo número de letras que o representa ortograficamente. Estudos futuros poderão esclarecer se há significância estatística entre as diferenças encontradas assim como melhor explorar como o ensino explícito de unidades lexicais complexas pode contribuir para a retenção desses itens lexicais e consequentemente para o ensino-aprendizagem de línguas adicionais. A intervenção permitiu que os aprendizes passassem a entender que as palavras não ocorrem de modo isolado, mas que sempre caminham junto a outras. Permitiu também que a rotina pedagógica contemplasse a coconstrução do conhecimento, levando os aprendizes a reagir positivamente às práticas utilizadas no ensino de inglês, conforme relatos durante as entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Isso per se já justifica a utilização de práticas semelhantes e ilustra a contribuição do presente estudo

An update of the J48Consolidated WEKA’s class: CTC algorithm enhanced with the notion of coverage

This document aims to describe an update of the implementation of the J48Consolidated class within WEKA platform. The J48Consolidated class implements the CTC algorithm [2][3] which builds a unique decision tree based on a set of samples. The J48Consolidated class extends WEKA’s J48 class which implements the well-known C4.5 algorithm. This implementation was described in the technical report "J48Consolidated: An implementation of CTC algorithm for WEKA". The main, but not only, change in this update is the integration of the notion of coverage in order to determine the number of samples to be generated to build a consolidated tree. We define coverage as the percentage of examples of the training sample present in –or covered by– the set of generated subsamples. So, depending on the type of samples that we use, we will need more or less samples in order to achieve a specific value of coverage.

O pensamento autogestionário e a crítica ao capitalismo

A presente dissertação revela os resultados de um minucioso trabalho de revisão bibliográfica cujo objetivo consistia em buscar as diferentes concepções de autogestão presentes no pensamento dos principais teóricos que abordaram tal temática, no intervalo compreendido entre o alvorecer do século XIX e os anos 70 do século passado. Com efeito, parte-se do princípio de que a autogestão (entendida como uma nova ordem social em que predomina a total igualdade entre seus membros, ausentes quaisquer divisões entre dirigentes e dirigidos, cabendo à coletividade a tomada de decisões que afetem a vida social como um todo) é um subproduto das contradições e antagonismos inerentes a conflitiva ordem capitalista. Assim sendo, a autogestão social seria uma bandeira histórica do movimento operário e socialista, teorizada pelos principais pensadores ligados a tal movimento. Esta dissertação mostrará como as diversas concepções de autogestão nascem e refletem contextos históricos bem específicos, a partir das condições em que se dá o desenvolvimento capitalista e sua inseparável luta de classes.

Approximate Solutions by Truncated Taylor Series Expansions of Nonlinear Differential Equations and Related Shadowing Property with Applications

This paper investigates the errors of the solutions as well as the shadowing property of a class of nonlinear differential equations which possess unique solutions on a certain interval for any admissible initial condition. The class of differential equations is assumed to be approximated by well-posed truncated Taylor series expansions up to a certain order obtained about certain, in general nonperiodic, sampling points t(i) is an element of [t(0), t(J)] for i = 0, 1, . . . , J of the solution. Two examples are provided.

Towards Application of One-Class Classification Methods to Medical Data

In the problem of one-class classification (OCC) one of the classes, the target class, has to be distinguished from all other possible objects, considered as nontargets. In many biomedical problems this situation arises, for example, in diagnosis, image based tumor recognition or analysis of electrocardiogram data. In this paper an approach to OCC based on a typicality test is experimentally compared with reference state-of-the-art OCC techniques-Gaussian, mixture of Gaussians, naive Parzen, Parzen, and support vector data description-using biomedical data sets. We evaluate the ability of the procedures using twelve experimental data sets with not necessarily continuous data. As there are few benchmark data sets for one-class classification, all data sets considered in the evaluation have multiple classes. Each class in turn is considered as the target class and the units in the other classes are considered as new units to be classified. The results of the comparison show the good performance of the typicality approach, which is available for high dimensional data; it is worth mentioning that it can be used for any kind of data (continuous, discrete, or nominal), whereas state-of-the-art approaches application is not straightforward when nominal variables are present.

Effects of Small-Sided Games vs. Interval Training in Aerobic Fitness and Physical Enjoyment in Young Elite Soccer Players

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Small-Sided Games (SSG) vs. Interval Training (IT) in soccer training on aerobic fitness and physical enjoyment in youth elite soccer players during the last 8 weeks of the season. Seventeen U-16 male soccer players (age = 15.5 +/- 0.6 years, and 8.5 years of experience) of a Spanish First Division club academy were randomized to 2 different groups for 6 weeks: SSG group (n = 9) and IT group (n = 8). In addition to the usual technical and tactical sessions and competitive games, the SSG group performed 11 sessions with different SSGs, whereas the IT group performed the same number of sessions of IT. Players were tested before and after the 6-week training intervention with a continuous maximal multistage running field test and the counter movement jump test (CMJ). At the end of the study, players answered the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES). During the study, heart rate (HR) and session perceived effort (sRPE) were assessed. SSGs were as effective as IT in maintaining the aerobic fitness in elite young soccer players during the last weeks of the season. Players in the SSG group declared a greater physical enjoyment than IT (P = 0.006; ES = 1.86 +/- 1.07). Coaches could use SSG training during the last weeks of the season as an option without fear of losing aerobic fitness while promoting high physical enjoyment.

Year-class formation in Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) estimated from spawning-date distributions of juveniles in San Francisco Bay, California

Inter and intra-annual variation in year-class strength was analyzed for San Francisco Bay Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) by using otoliths of juveniles. Juvenile herring were collected from March through June in 1999 and 2000 and otoliths from subsamples of these collections were aged by daily otolith increment analysis. The composition of the year classes in 1999 and 2000 were determined by back-calculating the birth date distribution for surviving juvenile herring. In 2000, 729% more juveniles were captured than in 1999, even though an estimated 12% fewer eggs were spawned in 2000. Spawning-date distributions show that survival for the 2000 year class was exceptionally good for a short (approximately 1 month) period of spawning, resulting in a large abundance of juvenile recruits. Analysis of age at size shows that growth rate increased significantly as the spawning season progressed both in 1999 and 2000. However, only in 2000 were the bulk of surviving juveniles a product of the fast growth period. In the two years examined, year-class strength was not predicted by the estimated number of eggs spawned, but rather appeared to depend on survival of eggs or larvae (or both) through the juvenile stage. Fast growth through the larval stage may have little effect on year-class strength if mortality during the egg stage is high and few larvae are available.