Regulation of sorting and post-Golgi trafficking of rhodopsin by its C-terminal sequence QVS(A)PA

Several mutations that cause severe forms of the human disease autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa cluster in the C-terminal region of rhodopsin. Recent studies have implicated the C-terminal domain of rhodopsin in its trafficking on specialized post-Golgi membranes to the rod outer segment of the photoreceptor cell. Here we used synthetic peptides as competitive inhibitors of rhodopsin trafficking in the frog retinal cell-free system to delineate the potential regulatory sequence within the C terminus of rhodopsin and model the effects of severe retinitis pigmentosa alleles on rhodopsin sorting. The rhodopsin C-terminal sequence QVS(A)PA is highly conserved among different species. Peptides that correspond to the C terminus of bovine (amino acids 324–348) and frog (amino acids 330–354) rhodopsin inhibited post-Golgi trafficking by 50% and 60%, respectively, and arrested newly synthesized rhodopsin in the trans-Golgi network. Peptides corresponding to the cytoplasmic loops of rhodopsin and other control peptides had no effect. When three naturally occurring mutations: Q344ter (lacking the last five amino acids QVAPA), V345M, and P347S were introduced into the frog C-terminal peptide, the inhibitory activity of the peptides was no longer detectable. These observations suggest that the amino acids QVS(A)PA comprise a signal that is recognized by specific factors in the trans-Golgi network. A lack of recognition of this sequence, because of mutations in the last five amino acids causing autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, most likely results in abnormal post-Golgi membrane formation and in an aberrant subcellular localization of rhodopsin.

Ambivalent Sovereignty

Ambivalent Sovereignty inquires into the subject of political realism. This subject, sovereign authority, appears to have a dual foundation. It appears divided against itself, but how can realism nonetheless observe legitimate modes of sovereignty emerge? Against the liberal idea that a "synthesis" of both material-coercive and ideal-persuasive powers should be accomplished, within the world of international relations, realism gives meaning to a structural type of state power that is also constitutionally and legitimately dividing itself--against itself. Machiavelli but particularly also other realists such as Hannah Arendt, Max Weber, and Aristotle are being reinterpreted to demonstrate why each state's ultimate authority may symbiotically emerge from its self-divisions, rather than from one synthetic unity. Whereas liberal theorists, from Montesquieu to John Rawls and Alexander Wendt, err too far in assuming the presence of the state's monistic authority, the realist theorists further advance an answer to how sovereign states may begin to both recognize and include only the most-legitimate manifestations of their common dualist authority. Ambivalent Sovereignty is relevant in this sense as it transcends-and-yet-includes these common dualities: freedom/necessity; emergence/causation; self-organization/power structures.

Ser humano desalojado: para uma compreensão da crise “ecológica”

De acordo com as Nações Unidas, a intervenção humana na natureza pôs em marcha uma série de transformações nos ecossistemas da Terra, resultando numa séria perturbação dos seus equilíbrios naturais. Algumas destas mudanças são irreversíveis e ameaçam toda a vida na Terra, inclusivamente vida humana. Por outro lado, a situação sociopolítica do mundo também parece ter atingido um beco sem saída, com milhões de pessoas a viver na pobreza, desempregadas, subnutridas e em fuga de conflitos. O propósito deste artigo é mostrar como o pensamento de Hannah Arendt acerca do começo, da crise, da compreensão, do sentido e da existência humana pode iluminar e inspirar uma tentativa de reconstituir os caminhos para as origens desta crise “ecológica”, compreendida como a incapacidade do ser humano de estar em casa no mundo.

Test site instrumentation study - phase II. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Test site instrumentation study. Volume I. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Test site instrumentation study. Volume II: Crash 1 and Crash 2 "raw" data. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

A review of motorcycle crash bars and their role in injury prevention. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Syrakus im zweiten punischen Kriege.

Theil I is a dissertation from Königsberg i Pr. Theil II issued as "Wissenschaftliche Beilage zum Jahresbericht des Königl. Gymnasiums in Konitz.", Progr.-Nr. 35.

Einführung in die nordchinesische Umgangssprache; praktisches Übungsbuch zunächst als Grundlage für den Unterricht am Seminar,

1. Abth. Laufender Text.--2. Abth. Chinesischer Text der Übungsbeispiele.

G. Lejeune-Dirichlets Vorlesungen über die Lehre von den Einfachen und Mehrfachen bestimmten Integralen.

Available on demand as hard copy or computer file from Cornell University Library.

Jern-kontorets annaler.

Årg. 23 (1868) and årg. 32 (1877) contain accounts of trips to the United States by: C. A. Ångstrom and Richard Åkerman.

Scholia Osnabrugensia in Chloriden Hanoveranam, d.h. Zusätze und Berichtigungen unsere vaterländische Flora betreffend, mit Berücksichtigung der Osnabrückschen spezialflora.

Mode of access: Internet.

Electric motors,

Mode of access: Internet.

Electric motors,

Mode of access: Internet.

Vorlesungen über die Lehre von den einfachen und mehrfachen bestimmten Integralen /

Preservation photocopy on alkaline paper.