A amostragem da cana-de-a����car para determina����es tecnol��gicas

The authors carried out 3 experiments on the sampling of sugar cane for technological determinations, one with each of the varieties Co 419, CB 40-69 and CB 41-58, in Piracicaba, State of S��o Paulo, Brasil. The main intent of the project was to compare 2 methods of sampling, namely: 1) Method A, where the sample is a hill (CATANI et al, 1959) or, more generally, 20 stalks all together in a randomly selected point of the furrow; 2) Method B, where 20 stalks are taken, from 20 points evenly spread but on the whole plot. Coefficients of variation for 20 stalk samples Variety Characteristic 20 stalks per hill 1 stalk per hill Brix 4.8% 1.9% Pol 6.4% 2.5% CB 40-69 Coefficient of purity 2.1% 0.83% Available sucrose 7.3% 2.7% Weight 6.6% 6.9% Brix 5.3% 1.8% Pol 7.6% 2.6% Co 419 Coefficient of purity 2.9% 1.0% Available sucrose 8.6% 3.0% Weight 21.2% 6.5% Brix 2.8% 1.4% Pol 4.1% 1.9% CB 41-58 Coefficient of purity 1.8% 0.8% Available sucrose 5.0% 2.2% Weight 10.9% 6.2% For the 3 varieties studied and for the data on Brix, pol, coefficient of purity, available sucrose and weight, analyses of variance were carried out. Further computations led to the following coefficients of variation. For available sucrose, which is probably the most important characteristic studied, the average coefficient of variation for the 3 varieties was 2.7%, for the case of method B, that is, 20 stalk samples, one stalk per hill. Assuming this coefficient of variation, in a trial with 5 treatments and 6 replications, in randomised blocks, the least significant difference among treatment means, at the 5% level, would be 4.7% of available sucrose by Tukey's test, and 3.3% by the t test. For the case of method A the average coefficient of variation is 7.0% and, in similar conditions, the least significant difference would be 15.1% by Tukey's test, and 12.1% by the t test. Since differences of available sucrose among treatments in experiments with fertilizers seldom are higher than 3 or 4% of the mean (PIMENTEL GOMES & CARDOSO, 1958), method B with a 20 stalk sample per plot gives more or less the minimum amount of cane to be sampled for technological determinations. In experiments with varieties, however, where differences may be assumed to be higher, a sample of 10 to 20 stalks one per hill, can be enough.

Extra����o de diversos ��ons do solo com solu����o normal de KCl

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo extrair e determinar diversos ��ons, como o alum��nio, hidrog��nio, c��lcio e magn��sio que se acham ligados aos col��ides do solo por eletroval��ncia, em alguns solos do Munic��pio de Piracicaba. Al��m disso, constitui tamb��m finalidade d��ste trabalho relacionar as diversas caracter��sticas dos solos estudados a fim de esclarecer v��rios aspectos considerados importantes na qu��mica do solo. Trinta e seis amostras de solos, correspondentes aos horizontes superficiais e subsuperficiais de dez s��ries do citado Munic��pio, foram submetidas �� extra����o com solu����o 1 N de KCl e no extrato foram determinados os c��tions j�� mencionados, al��m de determinar o pH em suspens��o da solu����o 1 N em KCl. Nas mesmas amostras foram determinados: pH em suspens��o aquosa, carbono total, c��lcio, magn��sio e pot��ssio extra��dos com solu����o 0,05 N de HNO3 e hidrog��nio extra��do com solu����o 1 N de acetato de c��lcio com pH = 7,0. Os dados obtidos permitem concluir que a carga negativa permanente dos col��ides dos solos estudados �� muito baixa e que uma fra����o elevada da mesma �� neutralizada pelo alum��nio, em muitas das amostras analisadas. Verificou-se, tamb��m, que o teor de alum��nio troc��vel correlaciona-se tanto com o pH determinado em suspens��o aquosa, como com o determinado em suspens��o de solu����o 1 N de CKl e com o hidrog��nio, extra��do com solu����o de acetato de c��lcio 1 N com pH = 7,0. A porcentagem de satura����o de bases, calculada em fun����o da carga permanente e a calculada em fun����o da extra����o das bases com solu����o de HNO3 0,05 N e da extra����o do hidrog��nio com solu����o de acetato de c��lcio 1N, pH = 7,0, correlacionam-se com o pH do solo. Finalmente, constatou-se que o teor de c��lcio mais magn��sio extra��do com solu����o 1 N de KCl �� equivalente ao extra��do com solu����o 0,05 N de HNO3, indicando que, prov��velmente, os solos estudados n��o apresentam minerais silicatados ou carbonatados dos mencionados c��tions.

Extra����o do alum��nio troc��vel e o pH do solo

O alum��nio troc��vel e o hidrog��nio "eletrovalente" foram extra��dos e determinados em diversas amostras de solos, atraves de percola����o cont��nua com solu����o 1 N de KC1. Em seguida, ap��s a extra����o do alum��nio e hidrog��nio "eletrovalente", determinou-se o pH dos solos e suspens��o aquosa e procedeu-se a extra����o do hidrog��nio "covalente" com solu����o 1 N de acetato dec��lcio, com pH = 7,0, em algumas das amostras estudadas. Como era de se esperar, a remo����o do alum��nio troc��vel e do hidrog��nio "eletrovalente" elevou o pH de todas as amostras de solo. No entanto, em alguns dos solos estudados, os valores do pH (de 5,05 a 6,25), ap��s a remo����o dos citados ��ons, evidenciaram a influ��ncia de outros componentes da acidez do solo s��bre o pH.

Avalia����o da exig��ncia de calc��rio do solo

Foram estudados quatro m��todos de avalia����o da exig��ncia de calc��rio de diversos solos, pertencendo a maioria a s��ries bem caracterizadas do Munic��pio de Piracicaba, Estado de S��o Paulo. Serviu como refer��ncia o m��todo de incuba����o, segundo o qual 20 amostras foram tratadas com cinco doses de carbonato de c��lcio puro, perfazendo um total de 100 amostras. Verificou-se que o m��todo baseado na extra����o de hidrog��nio ou pr��tons dos diversos componentes da acidez do solo, com solu����o 1 N de acetato de c��lcio, pH = 7,0, �� o mais simples, r��pido e sens��vel, e forneceu um coeficiente de correla����o r = 0,92, quando comparado com o m��todo de incuba����o. O m��todo que emprega a solu����o tamp��o SMP, e que tamb��m extrai hidrog��nio ou pr��tons dos diversos componentes da acidez do solo, tamb��m foi eficiente (r = 0,90). O m��todo baseado na eleva����o da satura����o em bases a 85%, calculando-se a capacidade de troca de c��tions CTC ou t, levando-se em conta o hidrog��nio extra��do com solu����o 1 N de acetato de c��lcio, pH = 7,0, apresentou o coeficiente de correla����o mais elevado (r = 0,96). Finalmente, o m��todo baseado na extra����o do alum��nio troc��vel com solu����o 1 N de KCl, relacionado �� exig��ncia de calc��rio para atingir o pH = 5,7, determinada por incuba����o, apresentou um coeficiente de correla����o r = 0,72.

Adubac��o foliar de mudas de caf�� (Coffea arabica, L., var. Mundo N��vo) com tr��s fontes de nitrog��nio - 15N

O presente trabalho foi conduzido com a finalidade de se avaliar o efeito da aplica����o foliar no nitrog��nio em mudas de caf�� (Coffea arabica L, var. Mundo N��vo). Para isso, tr��s fontes de fertilizantes nitrogenados - NaNO3, (NH4)2SO4 e (NH2)2CO - enriquecidos com 0,7, 0,6 e 0,4% de ��tomos de 15N em excesso, respectivamente, foram utilizados, aplicando-as de v��rios modos: 1) aplica����o da dose total de cada fonte de nitrog��nio ao solo; 2) aplica����o da dose total de cada fonte exclusivamente foliar e 3) aplica����o da metade desta dose total ao solo e da outra metade por via foliar, al��m das correspondentes testemunhas. O desenho experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com 14 tratamentos e 3 repeti����es, com parte dos tratamentos em arranjo fatorial. As mudas de caf��, de 6 meses de idade foram cultivadas em casa de vegeta����o, durante um per��odo de 7 meses. A seguir, as palantas foram separadas em fra����es raiz, caule e folha. Sobre estas fra����es, secas em estufa, pesadas e mo��das, procedeu-se ��s an��lises qu��micas do nitrog��nio e �� determina����o da rela����o isot��pica 14N/15N. A produ����o de mat��ria seca, a quantidade de nitrog��nio absorvido, aquela proveniente do solo e do fertilizante, por cada tratamento, em cada fra����o e na planta toda. foram utilizados para avaliar o efeito da aduba����o foliar ds fontes de nitrog��nio. Pra a aplica����o foliar do nitrog��nio, foi constru��do um sistema espacial de pulveriza����o. De acordo com os resultados obtidos s��o apresentadas, a continua����o, as seguintes infer��ncias. De maneira geral, a aplica����o das tr��s fontes de nitrog��nio ao solo, seguida pela aplica����o combinada ao solo e �� folha, deram maior produ����o de mat��ria seca, n��o havendo diferen��a entre as fontes. Em rela����o a absor����o do nitrog��nio total, foi verificada uma maior absor����o com a aplica����o ao solo das tr��s fontes de nitrog��nio. No que diz respeito ao nitrog��nio nas plantulas provenientes do fertilizante, a aplica����o ao solo foi superior a aplica����o foliar, para as tr��s fontes. A porcentagem da efici��ncia do nitrog��nio foi de 39%. Na aplica����o foliar, a efici��ncia do nitrog��nio foi 12,8%, 9,7% e 8,6% para nitrato de s��dio, a ur��ia e o sulfato de am��nio respectivamente. Na aplica����o combinada, metade solo mais metade folha, a efici��ncia foi de 33,5%, 23,3% e 22,7% para o nitrato de s��dio, o sulfato de am��nio e a ur��ia, respectivamente. �� dif��cil, no presente trabalho, explicar a pouca absor����o do nitrog��nio aplicada por pulveriza����o foliar, destacando-se o nitrato de s��dio em rela����o Ys outras fontes.

Efeito do N Combinado, do pH e dos n��veis de P, Ca, Al e Mn na solu����o no crescimento e fixa����o do N2 pelo feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Com a finalidade de verificar a hip��tese de trabalho de que fatores adversos do solo podem diminuir a fixa����o do dinitrog��nio, foi conduzida uma s��rie de ensaios em solu����o nutritiva, com as variedades de feijoeiro Carioca, Rico 23 e Venezuela, nas quais se procuraram simular condi����es que ocorrem no campo. As principais conclus��es foram as seguintes: (1) o crescimento foi promovido pelo aumento no n��vel de N combinado; somente as doses de arranque (de 0,3 a 1,3 milimoles/l), entretanto, aumentaram a nodula����o e a fixa����o simb����tica; (2) a maior produ����o de mat��ria seca foi observada em pH 6,0-7,0, podendo atribuir-se a redu����o no crescimento em pH 4,0 �� baixa fixa����o do N2; (3) um efeito favor��vel do n��vel de Ca foi verificado sobre os par��metros estudados at�� o n��vel de 1,25 milimoles/l; (4) observou-se resposta linear ��s doses de P; (5) o excesso de Al (5-10 ppm) e de Mn (10-20 ppm) inibiu a nodula����o, reduziu o crescimento e a fixa����o do d��nitrog��nio; (6) embora as tend��ncias fossem as mesmas, houve diferen��as no comportamento das variedades.

Nutri����o mineral do Panicum maximum cv. Makueni I: cresimento, concentra����o e extra����o dos macronutrientes

O trabalho foi conduzido em ��rea de pasto j�� formado e rebaixado, situado na Fazenda Canchim (UEPAE de S��o Carlos -EMBRAPA), S��o Carlos, SP, em Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, fase arenosa. Com a finalidade de avaliar o crescimento, atrav��s da produ����o de mat��ria seca, a concentra����o e ac��mulo de macronutriena partir dos 30 dias ap��s o rebaixamento at�� aos 180 dias. A ��rea foi adubada com nitrog��nio correspondendo �� 250 kg de sulfato de am��nio por hectare. Em intervalos de 30 dias ap��s o rebaixamento at�� aos 180 dias, foram coletadas quatro metros quadrados das plantas ao acaso, sem subdividir em folhas e caules. O material seca �� 80��C, e analisado para N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S. A concentra����o de nitrog��nio �� m��xima aos 30 dias com 1,62% e m��nima aos 120 dias com 0,72%. A concentra����o de f��sforo �� m��xima aos 180 dias com 0,87% e m��nima aos 60 dias com 0,003%. A concentra����o de pot��ssio �� linear com as idades variando de 2,8% a 0,76% aos 180 dias. A concentra����o de c��lcio �� m��xima aos 90 dias com 0,53%. N��o h�� varia����o na concentra����o de magn��sio em fun����o da idade da planta. A concentra����o de enxofre varia de 0,14% aos 30 dias para um m��nimo aos 120 dias com 0,07%. O ac��mulo de f��sforo, pot��ssio, c��lcio �� m��ximo aos 90 dias. 0 ac��mulo de magn��sio �� m��ximo aos 120 dias O ac��mulo de enxofre �� m��ximo aos 60 dias. A exporta����o de macronutrientes contida na produ����o m��xima de 1425 kg de mat��ria seca por hectare obedece �� seguinte ordem: pot��ssio-30,4; nitrog��nio -13,9 kg; c��lcio-7,0 kg; magn��sio-6,3kg; enxofre-1,3 kg; f��sforo-1,2 kg.

Doses de NPK em viveiro de Hevea spp. na obten����o de plantas aptas para enxertia em latossolo amarelo textura m��dia, na Ilha do Mosqueiro - PA

Com a finalidade de determinar as doses de nitrog��nio, f��sforo e pot��ssio mais adequadas para obten����o de plantas aptas para enxertia em viveiro de seringueira, instalou-se um experimento em Latossolo Amarelo textura m��dia na Ilha do Mosqueiro-PA. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com duas repeti����es obedecendo ao arranjo fatorial 33 Foram utilizadas as doses de 0-2,1-4,2 g/planta de N; 0-3,5-7,0 g/planta de P2O5; 0-1,4-2,8 g/planta de K2O e dose constante de 0,8 g/planta de MgO, empregando-se como fontes, respectivamente, sulfato de am��nio, superfosfato triplo, cloreto de pot��ssio e sulfato de magn��sio. Os resultados foram obtidos duzentos e vinte dias ap��s a instala����o do experimento, sendo realizadas as seguintes avalia����es: an��lises qu��micas do solo e folhas, altura das plantas, di��metro do caule, peso da mat��ria seca da parte a��rea e plantas aptas para a enxertia. Pelos resultados obtidos chega-se �� conclus��o que as doses mais adequadas foram 330 kg/ha (4,6 g/p) de N, 340 kg/ha (4,8 g/p) de P2O5 e 190 kg/ha (2,7 g/p) de K2O, aliadas a dose constante de 60 kg/ha (0,8 g/p) de MgO, propiciando um ��ndice de aproveitamento de oitenta e sete porcento de plantas aptas para enxertia.

Ensaio de combate qu��mico ao ��caro da leprose Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) em pomar c��trico

O ��caro da leprose Brevipalpus phoenicis �� considerado o respons��vel ou um dos respons��veis pela transmiss��o da leprose em citros. O presente trabalho foi realizado com a finalidade do combate qu��mico ao ��caro. Os tratamentos foram oito: pulverizaram-se cinco defensivos em diferentes formula����es comerciais e dosagens, tendo cada laranjeira recebido 7,0 litros de calda. A an��lise dos resultados mostrou que o bromopropilato (tratamento padr��o) se manteve eficiente durante todo o experimento; a clofentezina, na menor dosagem, foi bastante promissora e teve efeito residual relativamente longo.

Pulveriza����o experimental de defensivos qu��micos no combate ao ��caro da falsa ferrugem Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashm., 1879) (Acari: Eriophyidae) em citros

A fim de combater experimentalmente o ��caro da falsa ferrugem, pulverizaram-se laranjeiras adultas com os seguintes tratamentos e quantidades de ingrediente ativo por hectare: A) testemunha (nada aplicado); B) piretr��ide S-604 (102g); C) S-604(153g); D) S-604 (204g); E) juven��ide S-599 (22g); F) S-599 (44g); G) bromopropilato (530g) (tratamento padr��o). Cada laranjeira recebeu 7,0 litros de calda em cobertura, aplicada com pulverizador costal motorizado. Realizaram-se 4 avalia����es: a inicial (ou pr��via) (02 dias antes da pulveriza����o) e 3 p��s-tratamento (05, 19 e 40 dias ap��s a aplica����o). N��o foram poss��veis novas avalia����es devido �� alta redu����o populacional do ��caro. Todos os tratamentos foram eficientes at�� 40 dias da pulveriza����o. A Tabela 2 apresenta a rela����o de mortalidade real ou efici��ncia (%), a diferentes intervalos.

First nesting record of the Bay-Capped Wren-Spinetail Spartonoica maluroides (Aves, Furnariidae) in Brazil, with nest and nestling descriptions and notes on breeding behavior

The only breeding record of Spartonoica maluroides (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) for Brazil is based on the observation of a fledgling in southern Rio Grande do Sul in January 1976. On 7 December 2005 we discovered a nest containing three nestlings at the southeastern end of Lagoa Pequena, municipality of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. The nest was concealed at the base of a cavity in a Spartina densiflora (Poaceae) tussock located at the edge of a saltmarsh. The nest was built of fine pieces of dead Scirpus olneyi (Cyperaceae) and S. densiflora leaves firmly interlaced to the internal leaves of the tussock. Live leaves of S. densiflora lining the cavity comprised a substantial part of the nest's architecture, forming most of its upper lateral walls and roof. The lower section was more elaborate, resembling a deep cup and forming a distinct incubation chamber. Adults reached the nest's interior through an irregular apical opening amidst the leaves. The nest was 244 mm high and 140 mm wide. The incubation chamber had an external diameter of 138.5 mm, an internal diameter of 79.4 mm and was 86 mm deep. It was lined with fine leaves and white plant fibers. Nestlings were five to six days old. A total of 107 neossoptiles restricted to the capital, spinal and alar tracts were recorded in one nestling. The distribution of neossoptiles in the ocular region of S. maluroides forms a distinct pattern which can be typical of Furnariidae and related families. Two adults attended the nest, bringing small insects to the nestlings and removing fecal sacs. We recorded at least 74 visits to the nest during a ca. 6 h period during an afternoon. The average number of visits per hour was 12.8 �� 1.3. An adult bird spent on average 0.7 �� 0.56 minutes inside the nest attending nestlings. The nest remained unattended on average for 3.61 �� 3.13 minutes. The hour of the day had no influence on the amount of time spent by an adult in the nest or away from it. We returned to the area on 15 December 2005 and found the nest abandoned. Observations confirm that S. maluroides is a resident breeder in southern Brazil and that the saltmarshes of the Lagoa do Patos estuary are an important year-round habitat for the species. A nestling and the nest were collected to document the record.

The use of triphenyltetrazolium chloride in the study of dehydrogenase activity of Brucellae

Experiments for the investigation of dehydrogenase activity of washed cells of a strains of Br. abortus and another of Br. suis in presence of different single added substrates are reported. The activity was measured as the amount of formazan produced by the reduction of 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolum chloride acting as a hydrogen ions acceptor, at pH 7.0. In a general manner the dehydrogenase activity of Br. suis was much more intense than that of Br. abortus (fig. 5). In the conditions of the experiments Br. abortus oxidized L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucose, glycerol, D-xylose, DL-alanine, D-fructose, and D-sorbitol. Brucella suis oxidized D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-glucose, D-galactose, DL-alanine, sodium acetate, maltose, glycine, D-fructose, and D-sorbitol. Glycerol was oxidized by Br. abortus but its oxidation by Br. suir was very slight. Sodium acetate and maltose were intensely oxidized by Br. suir but not by Br. abortus. The sites of more intense enzymatic acitivity were seen as small red colored round granules located in one pole of the cells.

Observation on the morphology of Australorbis glabratus

The present morphological study of A. glabratus was based on the observation of shell, radula, renal region and genitalia of 50 specimens having a shell diameter of 18 mm. In this summary we record the data pertaining to the chracteristics that can be used in systematics. The numerals refere to the mean and their standard deviation; no special reference being made, they correspond to length measurements. Shell: 18 mm in diameter, 5.59 �� 0.24 mm in greatest width, 5 to 6 whorls. Right side umbilicated, left one weakly depressed. Last whorl about thrice as tall as the penultimate one at the aperture, the measurements being taken on the right side. Aperture perpendicular or a little oblique. Body, extended: 47.06 �� 3.31 mm. Renal tube: Narrow and elongated, 23.84 �� 1.90 mm, showing a pigmented ridge along its ventral surface. Ovotestis: 12.78 �� 1.50 mm. Mainly trifurcate diverticula attaching in fan-like manner to the collecting canal (this arrangement is seen to best advantage in the cephalic middle of the ovotestis). The collecting canal greatly swells at the cephalic end, narrowing suddenly as it leaves the ovotestis. Ovisperm duct: 13.70 �� 1.68 mm, including the non-unwound seminal vesicle. The latter, situated about 1 mm from the beginning af the ovisperm duct, was 1.14 �� 0.29 mm in greatest diameter, and is beset by numerous short diverticula. Sperm duct: 14.16 �� 1.27 mm, pursuing a sinous course along the oviduct. Prostate: Prostate duct 5.53 �� 0.74 mm, collecting a row of long diverticula, the latter 21.6 �� 3.5 in number. Last diverticulum generally simple or bifurcate, penultimate generally arborescent, bifurcate or simple, antepenultimate nearly always arborescent, the remaining ones arborescent. The arborescent diverticula frequently give off secondary branches. Vas deferens: 17.50 �� 2.05 mm. The ratio vas deferens/vergic sac was 4.7 �� 0.6. Verge: 3.70 �� 0.54 mm long, 0.12 �� 0.03 mm wide. Free end tapering to a point where the sperm canal opens. No penial stylet. Vergic sac: 3.77 �� 0.50 mm long, 0.19 �� 0.01 mm wide. The length ratio vergic sac/preputium was 1 �� 0.02. Preputium: Deeply pigmented, 3.79 �� 0.40 mm long, 0.89 �� 0.12 mm wide in the middle. Muscular diaphragm between it and the vergic sac. Two muscular pilasters along its lateral walls. Oviduct: 10.24 �� 1.29 mm, suddenly swollen at the cephalic end so that it forms a folded pouch capping the beginning of the uterus. Uterus: 10.58 �� 1.18 mm. Vagina: 2.06 �� 0.15 mm long, 0.32 �� 0.05 mm wide, showing a swelling at its caudal portion, just above the opening of the spermathecal duct. Spermatheca: 1.57 �� 0.41 mm long, 0.92 �� 0.23 mm wide. Spermathecal duct 1.15 �� 0.23 mm. Radula: 125 to 163 rows of teeth (mean 141.4 �� 9.8). Radula formula 27-1-27 to 34-1-34 (mean 30.9 �� 1.7).

Considera����es s��bre a t��cnica de determina����o do "��ndice Lip��sico Seabra"

A detailed study of Seabra's lipasic reagent for the diagnostic of tuberculosis has been made. Substrate. The oily emulsion of cotton seed oil containing gum as dispersing agent, presented a pH variation to the ampoulles examined. In these belonging to the same cartoon as well as in those from different cartoons the values obtained electrometrically ranged from pH 5.8-6.4 (Table I). These variations lead us to presuppose: 1) instability of the oily emulsion in gum; 2) spontaneous hydrolysis of the oil; 3) different batches or technique of the oil extraction, or different sources. Buffer: The same variability observed with substrate was found for the buffer. In CHERRY & CRANDALL's method the buffer is pH 7.0. The saline solution from Seabra's oscillated from pH6.25-6.9 (table II). Titration - end point. A colorimetric comparison between the sample and the blank as suggested by Seabra becomes very difficult. The end point in the presence of serum, when phenolphtalein is used as indicator, is very difficult to compare with the blank containing water. Conclusion. The differences observed in the results when the same serum was used, must be due to the variations observed with Seabra's reagents.

Plancto e hidrobiologia sanit��ria de tanques tropicais com d��fnias e rot��feros

The engineers of the modern University City are constructing a graceful bridge, named PONTE OSWALDO CRUZ, that crosses a portion of the Guanabara Bay (Fig. 1). The work at west pillar stopped for 3 years (The concret structure in Est. 1). As it will be seen from n.�� 1 �� 5 of the fig. 1, Est. I, the base of the structure will have five underground boxes of reinforcement, but, to-day they are just like as five uncovered water ponds, until at present: May 1963. (Est. I �� fig. 3, n.�� 3 �� pond n.�� 3; A. �� old level of the water; B.�� actual level of the water; c.�� green water; E.�� mass of bloom of blue algae Microcystis aeruginosa). Soon after SW portion, as 5 cells in series, of the pillar abutments, and also the NE portion nearly opposite in the Tibau Mount will be filled up with earth, a new way will link Rio City and the University City. We see to day Est. I, fig. 1 �� the grasses on the half arenous beach of the Tibau Point. These natural Cyperaceae and Gramineae will be desappear because of so a new road, now under construction, when completed will be 33 feet above the mean sea level, as high as the pillar, covering exactly as that place. Although rainfall was the chief source of water for these ponds, the first water (before meterorological precipitations of whatever first rain it might fall) was a common tap water mixed with Portland Cement, which exuded gradually through the pores of the concret during its hardenning process. Some data of its first cement water composition are on the chemical table, and in Tab. n.�� 4 and "Resultado n.�� 1". The rain �� receiving surface of each pond were about 15 by 16 feet, that is, 240 square feet; when they were full of water, their depth was of 2 feet 3", having each pond about 4,000 gallons. Climatic conditions are obviously similar of those of the Rio de Janeiro City: records of temperature, of precipitation and evaporation are seen on the graphics, figs. 2, 3, 4. Our conceptions of 4 phases is merely to satisfy an easy explanation thus the first phase that of exudation of concrete. We consider the 2nd. phase formation of bacterian and cyanophycean thin pellicel. 3rd. phase - dilution by rains, and fertilisation by birds; the 4th phase - plankton flora and fauna established. The biological material arrived with the air, the rains, and also with contaminations by dusts; with big portion of sand, of earth, and leaves of trees resulted of the SW wind actions in the storming days (See - Est. I, fig. 3, G. - the mangrove trees of the Pinheiro Island). Many birds set down and rest upon the pillar structure, its faeces which are good fertilizers fall into the ponds. Some birds were commonly pigeons, black ravens, swallows, sparrows and other sea mews, moor hens, and a few sea birds of comparatively rare occurence. We get only some examples of tropical dust contaminated helioplankton, of which incipient observations were been done sparcely. See the systematic list of the species of plankters. Phytoplankters - Cyanophyta algae as a basic part for food of zooplankters, represented chiefly by rotiferse, water-fleas Moinodaphnia and other Crustacea: Ostracoda Copepoda and Insecta: Chironomidae and Culicidae larvae. The polysaprobic of septic irruptions have not been done only by heating in summer, and, a good reason of that, for example: when the fifth pond was in polysaprobic phase as the same time an alike septic phase do not happened into the 3rd. pond, therefore, both were in the same conditions of temperature, but with unlike contaminations. Among the most important aquatic organisms used as indicatiors of pollution - and microorganisms of real importance in the field of sanitary science, by authorities of renown, for instance: PALMER, PRESCOTT, INGRAM, LIEBMANN, we choose following microalgae: a) The cosmopolite algae Scenedesmus quadricuada, a common indicator in mesosaprobio waters, which lives between pH 7,0 and it is assimilative of NO[3 subscripted] and NH[4 subscripted]. b) Species of the genus Chlamydomonas; it is even possible that all the species of theses genus inhabit strong-mesosaprobic to polysaprobic waters when in massive blooms. c) Several species of Euglenaceae in fast growing number, at the same time of the protozoa Amoebidae, Vorticellidae and simultaneous with deposition of the decaying cells of the blue algae Anacystis cyanea (= Microcystis) when the consumed oxygen by organic matter resulted in 40 mg. L. But, we found, among various Euglenacea the cosmopolite species (Euglena viridis, a well known polysaprobic indicatior of which presence occur in septic zone. d) Analcystis cyanea (= M. aeruginosa) as we observed was in blooms increasing to the order of billions of cells per litter, its maximum in the summer. Temperatures 73��F to 82��F but even 90��F, the pH higher than 8. When these blue algae was joined to the rotifer Brachionus calyflorus the waters gets a milky appearance, but greenished one. In fact, that cosmopolite algae is used as a mesosaprobic indicator. Into the water of the ponds its predominance finished when the septic polysaprobic conditions began. e) Ankistrodesmus falcatus was present in the 5th pond from 26the. April untill the 26th July, and when N.NH[4 subscripted] gets 1.28 mg. L. and when chlorinity stayed from 0.034 to 0.061 mg. L. It never was found at N.NH[4 subscripted] higher than 1 mg. L. The green algae A. falcatus, an indicatior of pollution, lives in moderate mesosaprobic waters. f) As everyone knows, the rotifer eggs may be widely dispersed by wind. The rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli in our observation seemed like a green colored bag, overcharged by green cells and detritus, specially into its spacious stomach, which ends blindly (the intestine, cloaca, being absent). The stock of Asplanchna in the ponds, during the construction of the bridge "PONTE OSWALDO CRUZ" inhabits alkaline waters, pH 8,0 a 8,3, and when we observed we noted its dissolved oxygen from 3.5 to 4 mg. L. In these ponds Asplanchna lived in 0,2 P.PO[4 subscripted]. (Remember the hydobiological observations foreign to braslian waters refer only from 0.06 to 0,010 mg. L. P.PO[4 subscripted]; and they refer resistance to 0.8 N.NH[4 subscripted]). By our data, that rotiger resist commonly to 1.2 until 1.8 mg. L.N.NH[4 subscripted]; here in our ponds and, when NO[2 subscripted] appears Asplanchna desappears. It may be that Asplanchna were devoured by nitrite resistant animals of by Culicidae or other mosquitoes devoured by Due to these facts the number and the distribution of Asplanchna varies considerabley; see - plates of plankton successions. g) Brachionus one of the commonest members of class Rotatoria was frquently found in abundance into the ponds, and we notice an important biological change produce by the rotifer Brachonus colyciflorus: the occurence of its Brachionus clayciflorus forms pallas, is rare in Brazil, as we know about this. h) When we found the water flea MOinodaphnia we do not record simultanous presence of the blue algae Agmenellun (= Merismopedia).