Nations' income inequality predicts ambivalence in stereotype content: How societies mind the gap

Income inequality undermines societies: The more inequality, the more health problems, social tensions, and the lower social mobility, trust, life expectancy. Given people's tendency to legitimate existing social arrangements, the stereotype content model (SCM) argues that ambivalence-perceiving many groups as either warm or competent, but not both-may help maintain socio-economic disparities. The association between stereotype ambivalence and income inequality in 37 cross-national samples from Europe, the Americas, Oceania, Asia, and Africa investigates how groups' overall warmth-competence, status-competence, and competition-warmth correlations vary across societies, and whether these variations associate with income inequality (Gini index). More unequal societies report more ambivalent stereotypes, whereas more equal ones dislike competitive groups and do not necessarily respect them as competent. Unequal societies may need ambivalence for system stability: Income inequality compensates groups with partially positive social images. © 2012 The British Psychological Society.

Impactos de las plantaciones de pino sobre el ciclo de carbono a lo largo de un gradiente de precipitaciones en la Patagonia, Argentina

Los cambios en el uso de la tierra modifican la circulación de carbono (C) entre la atmósfera y los ecosistemas, lo que altera el funcionamiento de estos últimos. Los ecosistemas terrestres juegan un papel central sobre el ciclo de C, pero todavía existen muchas incertidumbres asociadas a los impactos del reemplazo de la vegetación natural sobre los reservorios y flujos de C en condiciones climáticas contrastantes. En esta tesis evaluamos el impacto del reemplazo de la vegetación natural por plantaciones de pino sobre el ciclo de C a lo largo de un gradiente de precipitaciones (250-2200 mm) en la Patagonia. Un gradiente donde la composición de especies y formas de vida de la vegetación varía (de estepas arbustivas graminosas a bosques templados) y ecosistemas pareados donde la vegetación es constante (Pinus ponderosa) permitió explorar los efectos combinados y desacoplados de las precipitaciones y la vegetación sobre la productividad primaria neta aérea (PPNA), la descomposición de broza y el balance de C. A la vez, evaluamos el potencial de secuestro de C de dichas plantaciones. Las plantaciones modificaron el balance de C de los ecosistemas a través de cambios simultáneos en la PPNA y la descomposición, y atenuaron la respuesta de algunas variables biogeoquímicas del suelo a los cambios en las precipitaciones. La PPNA de los ecosistemas naturales y plantaciones aumentó de manera lineal a lo largo del gradiente y la pendiente de la relación PPNA-precipitaciones fue similar entre ecosistemas. La descomposición de broza difirió de manera notable entre ecosistemas y sólo presentó una relación positiva con las precipitaciones en las plantaciones. En los ecosistemas naturales, la combinación de las distintas calidades de broza y los efectos abióticos, como la fotodegradación que disminuye al aumentar la cobertura de la vegetación, generaron tasas de descomposición variables a lo largo del gradiente, y siempre superiores a la de las plantaciones. Las plantaciones incrementaron el contenido de C de la biomasa y detritos entre los 250 a 1350 mm, y lo redujeron con respecto al bosque nativo. El incremento de los detritos estuvo asociado a retrasos en la descomposición, pero estos cambios no se reflejaron en el contenido de carbono orgánico del suelo superficial. En esta tesis identificamos interacciones múltiples entre el clima, la vegetación que se reemplaza y la identidad de la especie introducida, que en conjunto definieron el impacto absoluto y relativo de las plantaciones sobre el balance de C a lo largo del gradiente de precipitaciones. La utilización de plantaciones forestales de la Patagonia como estrategia segura de secuestro de C a largo plazo, presentaría bastante incertidumbre y tendría un papel menor en términos de compensar las emisiones de CO2 a la atmósfera que diversas actividades humanas generan.

A comprehensive copper stockpile leach model: background and model formulation

The first phase in the sign, development and implementation of a comprehensive computational model of a copper stockpile leach process is presented. The model accounts for transport phenomena through the stockpile, reaction kinetics for the important mineral species, oxgen and bacterial effects on the leach reactions, plus heat, energy and acid balances for the overall leach process. The paper describes the formulation of the leach process model and its implementation in PHYSICA+, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software environment. The model draws on a number of phenomena to represent the competing physical and chemical features active in the process model. The phenomena are essentially represented by a three-phased (solid liquid gas) multi-component transport system; novel algorithms and procedures are required to solve the model equations, including a methodology for dealing with multiple chemical species with different reaction rates in ore represented by multiple particle size fractions. Some initial validation results and application simulations are shown to illustrate the potential of the model.

Effects of training peer tutors in content knowledge versus tutoring skills on giving feedback to help tutees’ complex tasks

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of training tutors in content knowledge of a particular domain versus training them in tutoring skills of pedagogical knowledge when tutoring on a complex tutee task. Forty-seven tutor-tutee pairs of fourth year secondary school students were created and assigned to one of two treatments. Twenty-two tutors received training in content knowledge and the other twenty-five tutors in tutoring skills. Tutors formulated written feedback immediately after the training. Tutees first interpreted the tutor feedback and then used it to revise their research questions. The results showed that tutors trained in tutoring skills formulated more effective feedback than tutors trained in content knowledge. In addition, tutees helped by tutoring-skills tutors found the feedback more motivating than those helped by content- knowledge tutors. However, no differences were found in tutee performance on revision. The findings are discussed in terms of the set-up of this study and implications for improving the effectiveness of peer tutoring.

Cavity-Enhanced Photoacoustic Detection Using Acoustic and Fiber-Optic Resonators

A wineglass has been used as an acoustic resonator to enhance the photoacoustic signal generated by laser excitation of absorbing dyes in solution. The amplitude of the acoustic signal was recorded using a fiber-optic transducer based on a Fabry-Pérot cavity attached to the rim of the wineglass. The optical and acoustic properties of the setup were characterized, and it was used to quantify the concentration of phosphomolybdenum blue and methyl red solutions. Detection limits of 1.2 ppm and 8 muM were obtained, respectively.

Annotated Chromosome Maps for Renal Disease

A combination of linkage analyses and association studies are currently employed to promote the identification of genetic factors contributing to inherited renal disease. We have standardized and merged complex genetic data from disparate sources, creating unique chromosomal maps to enhance genetic epidemiological investigations. This database and novel renal maps effectively summarize genomic regions of suggested linkage, association, or chromosomal abnormalities implicated in renal disease. Chromosomal regions associated with potential intermediate clinical phenotypes have been integrated, adding support for particular genomic intervals. More than 500 reports from medical databases, published scientific literature, and the World Wide Web were interrogated for relevant renal-related information. Chromosomal regions highlighted for prioritized investigation of renal complications include 3q13-26, 6q22-27, 10p11-15, 16p11-13, and 18q22. Combined genetic and physical maps are effective tools to organize genetic data for complex diseases. These renal chromosome maps provide insights into renal phenotype-genotype relationships and act as a template for future genetic investigations into complex renal diseases. New data from individual researchers and/or future publications can be readily incorporated to this resource via a user-friendly web-form accessed from the website: www.qub.ac.uk/neph-res/CORGI/index.php.