Studies on structure-property relationship between color reagents and contrast of their color reactions with cerium by topological indices

In this paper, three topological indices A(m1), A(m2) and A(m3) have been applied to multivariate analysis in structure property relationship studies. The topological indices oi fourty-three asymmetrical phosphono bisazo derivatives of chromotropic acid have been calculated, The structure-property relationship between color reagents and contrast of color reactions with cerium has been studied by A, indices and structure selective factors, Good results have been obtained.

有机化合物的结构-活性/性质相关性研究——三个新的拓扑指数及其应用

本文提出三个拓扑指数A_(m1),A_(m2),A_(m3),并将它们用于预报有机化合物的物理化学性质、生物活性,取得了较为满意的结果。

各种极谱法研究液/液界面电化学

本文用简单的方法把国产MEC-12A型多功能微机电化学分析仪,JP-M1脉冲极谱仪和Metrohm E506型极谱仪(瑞士)与四电极恒电位仪相联,使原两电极或三电极系统改为四电极系统,建立了一系列液/液(L/L)界面电化学研究的实验方法,而且对L/L界面的常规脉冲法,微分脉冲法和交流伏安法的性能进行了研究。实验结果表明各类经典电化学研究金属/电解质(M/L)方法也可用于研究L/L界面电化学,且得到较好的效果。改装后的微分脉冲法可测5×10~(-7)mol/L三碘季胺酚。

Assessing genetic identity of sporophytic offspring of the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida derived from mono-crossing of gametophyte clones by use of amplified fragment length polymorphism and microsatellite markers

The haploid stage of gametophytes of the subtidal brown alga Undaria pinnatifida can be vegetatively propagated under favorable conditions. This unique characteristic makes it possible to establish independent gametophyte cell lines that are zoospore-derived. Sporophytic offspring can be generated through hybridizing the male and female gametophytes, which are derived from different cell lines. Accumulated experiences in this and other species in Laminariales demonstrated the applicability of this novel way to breed desired strains for open-sea cultivation. Sporophytic offspring originated from mono-crossing of male and female gametophyte clones were shown to have similar morphological characteristics under identical ambient conditions. However, there has been no report to relate this similarity on molecular levels. In this report, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellite markers were used to analyze the genetic identity of sporophytic offspring of U. pinnatifida originated from two mono-crossing lines (M1 and M2), two self-breeding lines (S1 and S2) and one wild population (W). Totally 318 AFLP loci were revealed by use of 11 primer sets, of which 4.7%, 0.3%, 17.9%, 16.4% and 36.5% were polymorphic in M1, M2, S1, S2 and W, respectively. The pairwise genetic identity among the individuals of the same line was assessed. It was shown that offspring from mono-crossing lines had a higher degree of identity (95.6-100%) than self-breeding lines (87.7-98.4%) and the wild population (81.5-92.1%). Analysis by use of six microsatellite loci also revealed a higher genetic identity among individuals of the mono-crossing line, further confirming the results of AFLP analysis. Results from this investigation support, on molecular levels, the novel way to produce and maintain strains in U. pinnatifida by use of different gametophyte cell lines.

海洋聚磷菌Halomonas YSR-3的除磷特性研究

本论文报道从海洋中分离到的一株聚磷菌的分离、鉴定、在系统发育中的地位、除磷特性、菌体内多磷酸盐颗粒的研究、D-海因酶和核苷二磷酸激酶基因的克隆及序列分析，为海水系统的生物除磷提供部分基础资料。 从黄海海域分离到聚磷菌Halomonas sp. YSR-3，菌体呈杆状，大小为3.5 μm×1 μm，革兰氏阴性，好氧生长，能运动。透射电镜观察发现，菌体内有致密颗粒。经DAPI染色确定该致密颗粒是多磷酸盐，亦可称为异染粒、迂回体。16S rDNA鉴定结果表明，YSR-3与Halomonas属中的marine bacterium B5-7有较高的同源性，相似值99%。YSR-3的生理生化特性：对氯霉素和卡那霉素敏感；淀粉水解呈阳性；反硝化和几丁质降解呈阴性；能将葡萄糖作为唯一碳源和能源。 对YSR-3的培养条件进行优化。以海水2216培养基、24 ℃、180 rpm、pH 6.5的条件培养，更利于菌体生长和菌体内多磷酸盐的形成。 对YSR-3的除磷特性进行研究。无磷培养时，菌体不能生长；用磷酸钾盐作为磷源时，菌体生长较好，形成多磷酸盐的菌体比例较高；较适合YSR-3菌体生长和多磷酸盐形成的磷源是KH2PO4，较适磷浓度为1.5 mmol/L。pH的变化影响菌株的生长、多磷酸盐形成和除磷效果。pH值为5时，菌体的数量几乎不增加，体内多磷酸盐和培养基中磷含量变化不大；pH值为6、7和8时，菌体生长良好，95%以上的菌体内形成多磷酸盐，培养基中磷含量明显下降。YSR-3在不同培养基中除磷量和除磷率不同。在高磷培养基中除磷量为0.7 mmol/L(磷含量由1.84 mmol/L降到1.14 mmol/L)，除磷率为37.5%；在低磷培养基中除磷量为0.02 mmol/L(磷含量由0.028 mmol/L降到0.008 mmol/L)，除磷率为72.2%。 以海洋聚磷菌Halomonas sp. YSR-3的总DNA为模板，用PCR法扩增D-海因酶基因和核苷二磷酸激酶基因，将扩增片段克隆到pGM-T载体，转化E.coli TOP10菌株，经蓝白斑筛选、菌落PCR得到阳性克隆，测序后对序列进行Blast比对分析。得到的D-海因酶基因序列长度为1510 bp，与Pseudomonas entomophila L48的海因酶基因序列的相似性为77%。翻译后的序列与Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5，Marinomonas sp. MED121，Burkholderia vietnamiensis G4的海因酶蛋白序列相似性分别为75%，73%，70%。得到的核苷二磷酸激酶基因序列长度为420bp，翻译后的序列与Loktanella vestfoldensis SKA53，Jannaschia sp. CCS1，Roseobacter sp. CCS2的核苷二磷酸激酶蛋白序列相似性分别为89%，86%，85%。 聚磷菌能将外界环境中的磷吸收到体内，并以多磷酸盐的形式储存。多磷酸盐对于细胞的生存和生长有很重要的作用，但目前对于多磷酸盐的形成过程以及过程调控还不是很清楚。在今后可以通过构建高效表达的重组菌，提高与除磷相关的酶的纯度及活性。同时可以将相关酶的基因进行突变，对基因表达的调控以及酶的代谢以及功能结构等多方面进行基础研究，使聚磷菌在生物除磷中得到广泛应用。

海带、裙带菜和羊栖菜的遗传分析

利用AFLP标记对海带在太平洋西北沿岸的6个主要栽培品系和6个野生地理隔离种群进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。通过10对选择性引物总共检测到547个位点。在品系和种群水平，多态性位点比例（P），基因多样性（H）和香农指数（I）在大连野生种群中最高（P: 59.05%; H: 0.2057; I: 0.3062），而在连江栽培品系中最低（P: 9.87%; H: 0.0331; I: 0.0497）。在物种水平（即对所有品系和种群来说），P, H 和I 的值分别是85.01%，0.1948和0.3096。以个体间的相似系数（Dice）和种群间的遗传距离为基础，用非加权类平均法（UPGMA）分别构建个体和种群间的系统树图。AMOVA分析显示，大部分的遗传变异（60.21%）存在于品系和种群间，少部分（39.79%）存在于品系或种群内。遗传分化系数GST的值是0.6226，与FST的值（0.6021）非常接近，基因流（Nm）的值是0.1515，这三个值表明种群（品系）间存在高度的遗传分化。Mantel检验发现6个野生种群的遗传距离或遗传分化与地理距离呈正相关性（相关系数分别是r=0.8870, P=0.007 和 r=0.7962, P=0.011），符合“距离隔离（isolation by distance, IBD）”模型。总体来说，种群（品系）内的遗传多样性处于低到中等水平（大连种群除外），而它们之间的遗传分化程度非常高。 用AFLP和微卫星标记对裙带菜配子体克隆单一交配组合的孢子体后代的遗传一致性进行分析。在这项研究中，建立了2个配子体克隆单一交配系（M1和M2），2个自交系（S1和S2）并采集1个野生种群（W）。11组AFLP引物总共检测到318个位点。M1, M2, S1, S2 和W的多态性位点比例分别是4.7%，0.3%，17.9%，16.4%和36.5%。M1和M2个体间的遗传相似度（95.6-100%）要高于S1和S2（87.7-98.4%）以及W（81.5-92.1%）。在微卫星分析中，用了6个位点。M1在其中的5个位点基因型一致，而在Up-AC-2B2位点显示出不同的基因型。M2在所有6个微卫星位点的基因型都一致。而S1, S2和W都在2个以上的位点检测到不同的基因型。总之，AFLP与微卫星的分析结果一致，即配子体克隆单一交配组合的孢子体后代呈现高度遗传相似性，但也存在细微的差异。 对中国羊栖菜主产区浙江省洞头县的12个羊栖菜养殖品系的重要形态特征进行了比较研究，并利用AFLP技术对一个典型养殖种群的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果显示，这12个品系在全长、全湿质量、侧枝长、侧枝湿质量、侧枝密度等方面存在显著或极显著差异（P<0.05或P<0.01）。8组AFLP引物在这个典型养殖种群中扩增出198个片段，其中多态性片段为166个，多态性位点比例为83.8%。根据个体间的遗传距离，以UPGMA法构建了个体间的系统树图，27个羊栖菜个体聚为一枝，作为对照的铜藻为另一枝。本研究从形态和DNA分子水平说明了浙江洞头羊栖菜养殖种群具有高度遗传多样性。

碱性玄武岩中巨晶单斜辉石的矿物学特征、结晶和演化

本文样品产自辽宁宽甸黄椅山产出的巨晶单斜辉石。作者在一般矿物学、矿物谱学、晶体结构和晶体化学、结晶动力学和出熔结构等诸多方面对它们进行了较详实的研究。巨晶的矿物成分为铝质普通辉石。样品中可含不透明的硫化物包体、裂隙矿物和出溶相等杂质。绝大多数巨晶都具有不尽相同的反应边。除此以处，多项实验观察结果均表明巨晶内部的成分和结构基本均一。晶体结构修正结果表明，本文巨晶的晶体结构中出现了明显的M2晶位分裂，即分出了由较小阳离子占据的M2`位置。作者分析了该现象所蕴含的重要矿物学意义。单晶薄片红外光谱实验得到很有意义的结果：巨晶单斜辉石结构中含有OH。这种名义上不含水的矿物中的OH极有可能代表着地幔大部分地区水之储存方式，因此对深源或幔源无水矿物进行结构OH的研究具有重要意义。巨晶单斜辉石的穆斯堡尔谱出现四对双峰，此即所谓单斜辉石的“异常穆斯堡尔谱”。本文给出谱图归属，重点阐明CC'系由M1位置的Fe~(2+)的次邻近效应所致。作者得出关系式：M2分裂 → M1次邻近构型的多样化 → “异常 穆斯堡尔谱”，从而圆满解释了一直存在疑义的单斜辉石的“异常穆斯堡尔谱”的成因，此外，分析了Fe的结构态及穆斯堡尔谱的可用性。巨晶具有较高的Fe~(3+)/ΣFe反映其曾有一个相当氧化的结晶环境。应用火成岩中矿物的结晶动力学原理，本文首次对巨晶的结晶动力学及有关物理环境进行研究。通过对P与粘度η和扩散系数D的关系以及η与成核速率I和生长速率Y的关系的综合理论分析，本文证明：高压下η增大从而T和Y会减小，但变化的幅度不会超出一个数量级（就有关的压力范围）。根据硅酸盐熔体中成核理论，本文得出碱性玄武岩中主要硅酸盐矿物巨晶的成核次序（由早到晚）：Grt → Cpx → An。分析了熔体的运动及其对巨晶结晶的影响，并由此指出巨晶结晶环境的相对稳定。通过详细的光学显微观察、电子探针对TEM分析，作者确认碱性玄武岩中巨晶单斜辉石可以具有比较复杂的出溶结构。根据观察结果本文进行了全方位的讨论：解释了多种出溶相的共存、普通辉石出溶普通辉石（或透辉石）以及不同的出溶相尺寸。同时纠正了前人某些欠妥的认识，诠释了有关的疑惑。无论是出溶相的成分特征还是出溶相的尺寸都表明出溶事件延续了一段相当长的时间。出溶事件不一定只与一个滞留区有关。根据巨晶单斜辉石普遍具有反应边的事实，本文分析得出一些能够反映巨晶及其寄主岩浆演化的信息。

吗啡奖赏效应及其敏化与空间学习能力的关系

Rewarding experience after drug use is one of the mechanisms of substance abuse. Previous evidence indicated that rewarding experience was closely related to learning processes. Neuroscience studies have already established multiple-mode learning model. Reference memory system and habit memory are associated with hippocampus and dorsa striatum respectively, which are also involved in the rewarding effect of morphine. However, the relationship between spatial/habit learning and morphine reward property is still unclear. After drug use, with sensitization to rewarding effect, spatial learning is also changed. To study the mechanism of increment of spatial learning would provide new perspective about reward learning. Based on the individual difference between spatial learning and reward learning, the experiments studied relationship between the two leaning abilities and tested the function of dorsal hippocampus and dorsal striatum in morphine-induced CPP. The results were summarized below： 1 In a single－rule learning water maze task, subjects better in spatial learning also excelled in rewarding learning. In a multi-rule learning task, morphine administration was more rewarding to subjects of use place strategy. 2 Treatment potentiating the rewarding effect of morphine also increased place-rule learning, with no significant improvement in habit learning. 3 Intracranial injections into CA1 of hippocampus or dorsal striatum of M1 antagonist, Pirenzepine, could block the establishment of morphine CPP after three days morphine treatment. In contrast, the antagonist of D1 receptor SCH23390 had no blocking effect. Both Pirenzepine and SCH23390 blocked the locomotor-stimulating effect of morphine. In summary, spatial learning stimulated the behavioral expression of morphine’s rewarding effect, in which CA1 of hippocampus was critically involved. On the other side, a pretreatment schedule of morphine, while increased the rewarding effect, improved place-rule learning, indicating that spatial learning might be one chain of sensitization to drug rewards effects

慢性海洛因成瘾者的冲动性和行为抑制缺陷脑机制

In recent years, the deficit of inhibition has become an important reason for explaining addiction. Response inhibition resembles the compulsive drug seeking behavior and it is the basement of addiction inhibition deficits. However, there were no enough evidence for the relationship between addiction and response inhibition deficits and the results of the neuro mechanisms studies remains unclear. Few studies has focused on the exploring the heroin users. Among those paradigms for study response inhibition deficits, stop signal is a very suitable model for the representation of compulsive drug seeking, but only a few researches has worked on this paradigm. In this study, we selected about 100 heroin abusers and had behaviour and neuro imaging scannings for investigating the response inhibition deficits. The behaviour researches found: first, the chronic heroin users had longer reaction time than control group and this reaction time were not affected by stop signals in heroin users. Second, heroin users had less waiting time than control group and they were more impulsive but less flexibility. Their erro monitoring and flexibale adjustment ability decreased. Third, the SSRT of heroin users was significantly longer than control group. These results suggested that the inhibition of heroin users were impaired. Further investigation showed that the SSRT of heroin users had positive correlation of four factor scores of ASI and the macro correlation coefficient was factor three of drug use. This correlation suggested that drug use was the main reason of inhibition deficits. fMRI results mainly focused on the ANOVA analysis for group difference. First, there was no intensity difference in M1 and SMA brain areas between the two groups. Second, heroin users had less activation in right dorsalateral prefrontal cortex, right inferior prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulated cortex, while in bilateral striatum and amygdala, heroin users had more activation than control group. The right prefrontal cortex was indentified as the main inhibition brain area. The anterior cingulated cortex has relationship with erro monitoring and amygdale was an important brain area for impulsivity and emotion control. The network of these brain areas was envovled in impulsivity and inhibition and it was suggested the mainly damaged network for heroin users’ disinhibition. We also investigated the gray matter changes of heroin users and found that chonic heroin use made their gray matter density decreased in prefrontal cortex (including bilateral dorsalateral prefrontal cortex, obital frontal cortex, inferior prefrontal cortex) and anterior cingulated cortex. The gray matter density in these brain regions had negative correlation with drug use duration. In conclusion, we indentified the disinhibition of heroin users and its neuro mechanism. Their compulsivity brain areas had more activation than control group and their inhibition brain areas had less activation than normal control. On the other side, the biological mechanism of this activation changes was the gray matter density decrease in these brain areas.

Recognition by Linear Combinations of Models

Visual object recognition requires the matching of an image with a set of models stored in memory. In this paper we propose an approach to recognition in which a 3-D object is represented by the linear combination of 2-D images of the object. If M = {M1,...Mk} is the set of pictures representing a given object, and P is the 2-D image of an object to be recognized, then P is considered an instance of M if P = Eki=aiMi for some constants ai. We show that this approach handles correctly rigid 3-D transformations of objects with sharp as well as smooth boundaries, and can also handle non-rigid transformations. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part we show that the variety of views depicting the same object under different transformations can often be expressed as the linear combinations of a small number of views. In the second part we suggest how this linear combinatino property may be used in the recognition process.

Evidence for the Flare Trigger Site and Three-Dimensional Reconnection in Multiwavelength Observations of a Solar Flare

Fletcher, L., Metcalf, T.R., Alexander, D., Brown, D.S. and Ryder, L.A., 2001, Evidence for the flare trigger site and 3D reconnection in multi-wavelength observations of a solar flare, Astrophysical Journal, 554, 451-463.

Immunomodulatory effects exerted by Lactobacillus salivarius strains on innate immune cells

Despite increased application of commensal bacteria for attempting to improve the symptoms of a variety of inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel diseases, diarrhoea and irritable bowel syndrome, therapeutic approaches that involve live bacteria are hampered by a limited understanding of bacterium-host interactions. Lactobacilli are natural inhabitants of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and many lactobacilli are regarded as probiotics meaning that they exert a beneficial influence on the health status of their consumers. Modulation of immune responses is a plausible mechanism underlying these beneficial effects. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of 33 Lactobacillus salivarius strains on the production of inflammatory cytokines from a variety of human and mouse immune cells. Induction of immune responses in vitro was shown to be bacterial- and mouse strain-dependent, cell type-dependent, blood donor-dependent and bacterial cell number-dependent. Collectively, these data suggest the importance of a case-by-case selection of candidate strains for their potential therapeutic application. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and play a critical role in shaping microbial-specific innate and adaptive immune responses. Following ligand engagement, TLRs trigger a complex network of signalling that culminate in the production of inflammatory mediators. The investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the Lb. salivarius-host interaction resulted in the identification of a novel role for TLR2 in negatively regulating TLR4 signalling originated from subcellular compartments within macrophages. Notably, sustained activation of JAK/STAT cascade and M1-signature genes in TLR2-/- macrophages was ablated by selective TLR4 and JAK inhibitors and by absence of TLR4 in TLR2/4-/- cells. In addition, other negative regulators of TLR signalling triggered by Lb. salivarius strains were found to be the adapter molecules TIRAP and TRIF. Understanding negative regulation of TLR signalling may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutics to limit inflammation in multiple diseases.

Spectral structure of the pygmy dipole resonance.

High-sensitivity studies of E1 and M1 transitions observed in the reaction 138Ba(gamma,gamma{'}) at energies below the one-neutron separation energy have been performed using the nearly monoenergetic and 100% linearly polarized photon beams of the HIgammaS facility. The electric dipole character of the so-called "pygmy" dipole resonance was experimentally verified for excitations from 4.0 to 8.6 MeV. The fine structure of the M1 "spin-flip" mode was observed for the first time in N=82 nuclei.

The Innate Immune System in Acute and Chronic Wounds.

Significance: This review article provides an overview of the critical roles of the innate immune system to wound healing. It explores aspects of dysregulation of individual innate immune elements known to compromise wound repair and promote nonhealing wounds. Understanding the key mechanisms whereby wound healing fails will provide seed concepts for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Recent Advances: Our understanding of the complex interactions of the innate immune system in wound healing has significantly improved, particularly in our understanding of the role of antimicrobials and peptides and the nature of the switch from inflammatory to reparative processes. This takes place against an emerging understanding of the relationship between human cells and commensal bacteria in the skin. Critical Issues: It is well established and accepted that early local inflammatory mediators in the wound bed function as an immunological vehicle to facilitate immune cell infiltration and microbial clearance upon injury to the skin barrier. Both impaired and excessive innate immune responses can promote nonhealing wounds. It appears that the switch from the inflammatory to the proliferative phase is tightly regulated and mediated, at least in part, by a change in macrophages. Defining the factors that initiate the switch in such macrophage phenotypes and functions is the subject of multiple investigations. Future Directions: The review highlights processes that may be useful targets for further investigation, particularly the switch from M1 to M2 macrophages that appears to be critical as dysregulation of this switch occurs during defective wound healing.

Expression of galectin-3 in the tumor immune response in colon cancer.

The role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is controversial. Although most studies on different cancer types associate them with a poorer prognosis, interestingly in colon cancer, most articles indicate that TAMs prevent tumor development; patients with high TAMs have better prognosis and survival rate. M1-polarized macrophages produce high level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta or reactive oxygen species, which can effectively kill susceptible tumor cells. In contrast, M2-polarized macrophages can secrete different factors that promote tumor cell growth and survival or favor angiogenesis and tissue invasion. Considering the beneficial role of TAMs in colon cancer, we speculated that they may not display the M2 polarization commonly observed in tumor microenvironment, but rather develop M1 properties. Therefore, we used an in vitro model to analyze the effects of supernatants from M1-polarized macrophages on DLD-1 colon cancer cells. Our data indicate that the conditioned medium from LPS-activated macrophages (CM-LAM) contains a high level of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukins-1 beta, -6, -8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and that it exerts a marked growth inhibitory activity on DLD-1 cells. Prolonged exposure to CM-LAM results in cell death by apoptosis. Such exposure to CM-LAM leads to the modulation of gal-3 expression: we observed a marked downregulation of gal-3 mRNA and protein expression following CM-LAM treatment. We also describe that the knockdown of gal-3 sensitizes DLD-1 cells to CM-LAM. These data suggest an involvement of gal-3 in the response of colon cancer cells to proinflammatory stimuli, such as the conditioned medium from activated macrophages.