Inflation and income inequality: a shopping-time aproach: (Forthcoming, Journal of Development Economics)

Our work is based on a simpliÖed heterogenous-agent shoppingtime economy in which economic agents present distinct productivities in the production of the consumption good, and di§erentiated access to transacting assets. The purpose of the model is to investigate whether, by focusing the analysis solely on endogenously determined shopping times, one can generate a positive correlation between ináation and income inequality. Our main result is to show that, provided the productivity of the interest-bearing asset in the transacting technology is high enough, it is true true that a positive link between ináation and income inequality is generated. Our next step is to show, through analysis of the steady-state equations, that our approach can be interpreted as a mirror image of the usual ináation-tax argument for income concentration. An example is o§ered to illustrate the mechanism.

Inequality and economic growth in Latin

Latin America is the region that bears the highest rates of inequality in the world. Deininger and Squire (1996) showed that Latin American countries achieved only minor reductions in inequality between 1960 and 1990. On the other hand, East Asian countries, recurrently cited in recent literature on this issue, have significantly narrowed the gap in income inequality, while achieving sustained economic growth. These facts have triggered a renewed discussion on the relationship between income inequality and economic growth. According to the above literature, income inequality could have an adverse effect on countries’ growth rates. The main authors who spouse this line of thinking are Persson and Tebellini (1994), Alesina and Rodrik (1994), Perotti (1996), Bénabou (1996), and Deininger and Squire (1996, 1998). More recently, however, articles were published that questioned the evidence presented previously. Representatives of this new point of view, namely Li and Zou (1998), Barro (1999), Deininger and Olinto (2000) and Forbes (2000), believe that the relation between these variables can be positive, i.e., income inequality can indeed foster economic growth. Using this literature as a starting point, this article seeks to evaluate the relation between income inequality and economic growth in Latin America, based on a 13-country panel, from 1970 to 1995. After briefly reviewing the above articles, this study estimates the per capita GDP and growth rate equations, based on the neoclassical approach for economic growth. It also estimates the Kuznets curve for this sample of countries. Econometric results are in line with recent work conducted in this area – particularly Li and Zou (1998) and Forbes (2000) – and confirm the positive relation between inequality and growth, and also support Kuznets hypothesis.

Identification and estimation of interventions using changes in inequality measures

This paper presents semiparametric estimators of changes in inequality measures of a dependent variable distribution taking into account the possible changes on the distributions of covariates. When we do not impose parametric assumptions on the conditional distribution of the dependent variable given covariates, this problem becomes equivalent to estimation of distributional impacts of interventions (treatment) when selection to the program is based on observable characteristics. The distributional impacts of a treatment will be calculated as differences in inequality measures of the potential outcomes of receiving and not receiving the treatment. These differences are called here Inequality Treatment Effects (ITE). The estimation procedure involves a first non-parametric step in which the probability of receiving treatment given covariates, the propensity-score, is estimated. Using the inverse probability weighting method to estimate parameters of the marginal distribution of potential outcomes, in the second step weighted sample versions of inequality measures are computed. Root-N consistency, asymptotic normality and semiparametric efficiency are shown for the semiparametric estimators proposed. A Monte Carlo exercise is performed to investigate the behavior in finite samples of the estimator derived in the paper. We also apply our method to the evaluation of a job training program.

Desesperança de vida: homicídio em Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo: 1981 a 1997

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o comportamento da taxa de homicídio na população masculina e sua relação com variáveis econômicas nos estados de Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo entre 1981 e 1997. Nossa abordagem se diferencia do tratamento usual da literatura pela construção de taxas de homicídio específicas para cada idade entre 15 e 40 anos. As variáveis econômicas apresentam coeficientes significativamente diferente de zero para a população entre 15 e 19 anos. Como esperado, um aumento do salário real e uma queda da desigualdade reduzem a taxa de homicídio. Surpreendentemente, uma queda do desemprego parece aumentar a taxa de homicídio. A maior parte dos coeficientes, porém, converge para zero com o aumento da idade, tornando-se não significativos a partir dos 20 anos. Além disso, identificamos a existência de inércia nas taxas de homicídio: gerações com maior taxa de homicídio quando jovem tendem a apresentar maiores taxas de homicídio durante todo o restante do seu ciclo de vida. Dessa forma, se as variáveis econômicas induzem uma alta taxa de homicídio entre os jovens em determinado ano, essa taxa tende a permanecer elevada para a geração durante seu ciclo de vida independente do comportamento posterior da economia. Utilizamos, nessa análise, uma reformulação do tradicional modelo Logit que incorpora a variável dependente defasada.

Endogenous wage compression and aggregation boundaries in a model of hierarchical human capital

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On the nature of income inequality across nations

In this paper, we investigate the nature of income inequality across nations. First, rather than functional forms or parameter values in calibration exercises that can potentially drives results, we estimate, test, and distinguish between types of aggregate production functions currently used in the growth literature. Next, given our panel-regression estimates, we perform several exercises, such as variance decompositions, simulations and counter-factual analyses. The picture that emerges is one where countries grew in the past for different reasons, which should be an important ingredient in policy design. Although there is not a single-factor explanation for the difference in output per-worker across nations, inequality, followed by distortions to capital accumulations and them by human capital accumulation.

Diz-me quanto ganhas e te direi como te sentes: análise do overpayment no funcionalismo público no Brasil

O contexto do funcionalismo público como fonte empregadora tem chamado crescente atenção, uma vez que as práticas de remuneração acima da média de mercado adotadas neste contexto vêm atraindo cada vez mais indivíduos altamente qualificados (Bender & Fernandes, 2006). Entretanto, trata-se de um setor que adota práticas de remuneração que também são caracterizadas pela desigualdade, uma vez que carreiras bem remuneradas co-existem com outras mal remuneradas, por vezes, dentro do mesmo espaço organizacional e executando tarefas similares. Estudos demonstram que, a priori, um ambiente de trabalho que favorece uma situação de desigualdade afeta negativamente diversos aspectos comportamentais dos funcionários que nele exercem atividades (e.g. De Cremer & Van Kleef, 2009; Peters & Van den Bos, 2008; Peters, Van den Bos & Bobocel, 2004). Desta forma, o presente estudo buscou entender como uma situação de desigualdade remuneratória – em que alguns membros se encontram em uma situação de overpayment, enquanto que outros na situação de underpayment – pode influenciar fatores como a autoestima e o comprometimento afetivo dos funcionários públicos com relação aos seus trabalhos. Um órgão público do Poder Executivo Federal, foi escolhido como lócus de pesquisa para analisar estes impactos. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa teve uma natureza quantitativa e qualitativa. Numa primeira etapa, aplicaram-se 105 questionários a dois grupos distintos de servidores desse órgão público (um grupo tido como overpaid e outro tido como underpaid), tendo sido analisadas, por meio de regressões hierárquicas, os impactos da percepção de justiça salarial na auto-estima e no comprometimento dos funcionários. Posteriormente, realizaram-se 20 entrevistas com funcionários dos dois grupos com o intuito de aprofundar e discutir aspectos mais sensíveis relacionados com os resultados. Dessas análises foi possível confirmar a influência direta do senso de justiça remuneratória que o indivíduo possui na sua auto-estima e no seu comprometimento afetivo. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstram que representantes das carreiras bemremuneradas tendem a comparar-se com outras carreiras melhor remuneradas, evitando a comparação com os colegas do trabalho pertencentes a carreiras menos favorecidas. Entretanto, a influência que o sentimento de justiça tem em ambos os resultados comportamentais analisados é potencializada quanto maior for a percepção do indivíduo acerca da satisfação dos seus pares com o trabalho e com a sua remuneração. Observou-se ainda o efeito moderador da motivação epistêmica nesta relação. Esta pesquisa espera ter contribuído para melhor entender os impactos que políticas salariais podem ter nos funcionários públicos.

Income inequality and human capital development

Investimentos em capital humano são essenciais para o desenvolvimento econômico de um pais. No Brasil, diversas fontes apontam para a falta de mão de obra qualificada como sendo uma das causas de um fraco crescimento econômico. Esta dissertação explora as teorias que ligam desigualdade de renda com performance econômica. A parte empírica se foca em uma das teorias apresentadas, a de imperfeições no mercado de credito. De acordo com esta teoria, mercados de credito imperfeitos são fracos alocadores de recursos e não possibilitam que indivíduos de baixa renda invistam no próprio capital humano. No Brasil, há uma escassez de estudos empíricos focados em testar os canais através dos quais a desigualdade de renda afeta o crescimento, trazendo significância para esta dissertação. Os resultados apresentados aqui foram obtidos através da pesquisa familiar – POF – realizada pelo IBGE. Os dados mostram que investimentos em educação crescem como percentual do orçamento com o aumento da renda familiar. Aumentos de renda para classes de renda já elevadas não provocam igual aumento nas despesas educacionais. Os dados sugerem a existência de uma restrição orçamentária para Brasileiros de baixa e média renda independente da região. Foram encontradas fortes evidencias de que classes de baixa e média renda no Brasil tem acesso limitado ao mercado de credito. Portanto, existe evidencia de que redistribuição aumentaria o gasto agregado em educação

Inequality of opportunity in daycare and preschool services in Brazil

In this paper we measure inequality of opportunity in daycare and preschool services in Brazil. For this purpose, we construct an opportunity index that modifies the human opportunity index proposed in the literature and used in Barros et al. (2009) to measure inequality in basic opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean. Specifically, we construct an opportunity measure that includes not only attendance but also parental choice not to enroll children in daycare or preschool, using data from a supplementary questionnaire included in the 2006 version of Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD). The results show that there are large differences between our opportunity index and the human opportunity index for children aged 0-3 years old and considerably smaller differences for children aged 4-6 years old, which suggests that preschool may be closer to a basic opportunity than daycare.

A theoretical connection between inflation and income inequality

This work investigates the effects of inflation on income distribution. We use a dynamic shopping-time model to show that a differentiated access to transacting technologies by poor and rich consumers is enough to generate a positive link between inflation and the Gini coefficient of income distribution.

Measurements of income inequality: a critique. Inflation and income inequality: a link through the job- search process

In this paper I claim that, in a long-run perspective, measurements of income inequality, under any of the usual inequality measures used in the literature, are upward biased. The reason is that such measurements are cross-sectional by nature and, therefore, do not take into consideration the turnover in the job market which, in the long run, equalizes within-group (e.g., same-education groups) inequalities. Using a job-search model, I show how to derive the within-group invariant-distribution Gini coefficient of income inequality, how to calculate the size of the bias and how to organize the data in arder to solve the problem. Two examples are provided to illustrate the argument.

The role of profits in wage determination: evidence from US manufacturing

We estimate the effect of firms' profitability on wage determination for the American economy. Two standard bargaining models are used to illustrate the problems caused by the endogeneity of profits-per-worker in a real wage equation. The profit-sharing parameter can be identified with instruments which shift demando Using information from the input-output table, we create demand-shift variables for 63 4-digit sectors of the US manufacturing sector. The LV. estimates show that profit-sharing is a relevant and widespread phenomenon. The elasticity of wages with respect to profits-per-worker is seven times as large as OLS estimates here and in previous papers. Sensitivity analysis of the profit-sharing parameter controlling for the extent of unionization and product market concentration reinforces our results.

Neighborhood feedbacks, endogenous stratification, and income inequality

This paper explores the evolution of the cross-section income distribution in economies where endogenous neighborhood formation interacts with positive within-neighborhood feedback effects. We study an economy in which the economic success of adults is determined by the characteristics of the families in the neighborhood in which a person grows up. These feedbacks take two forms. First, the tax base of a neighborhood affects the leveI of education investment in offspring. Second, the effectiveness of education investment is affected by a neighborhood's in come distribution, reflecting factors such as role model or labor market connection effects. Conditions are developed under which endogenous stratification, defined as the tendency for families wi th similar incomes to choose to form common communities, will occur. When families are allowed to choose their neighborhoods, wealthy families will have an incentive to segregate themselves from the rest of the population. This resulting stratification is supported by house price differences between ricli and poor communities. Endogenous stratification can lead to pronounced intertemporal inequality as different families provide very different interaction environments for offspring. When the transformation of human capital into in come exhibits constant retums to scale, cross-section in come differences may also grow across time. As a result, endogenous stratification and neighborhood feedbacks can interact to produce long run inequality.