Evolution of crystallographic texture during deformation of submicron grain size titanium

Evolution of deformation texture in commercially pure titanium with submicron grain size (SMG) was studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) methods. The material was deformed by rolling at room temperature. The deformation mechanism was found to be slip dominated with a pyramidal slip system facilitating plastic deformation. No evidence of tensile or compressive twinning was detected, as generally seen in the case of titanium with conventional microcrystalline grain size. The absence of twinning and the propensity of the pyramidal slip system in the SMG Ti is attributed to the lack of coordinated motion of zonal partial dislocations that leads to twinning.

Formation of amorphous xenon nanoclusters and microstructure evolution in pulsed laser deposited Ti(62.5)Si(37.5) thin films during Xe ion irradiation

As deposited amorphous and crystallized thin films of Ti 37.5% Si alloy deposited by pulsed laser ablation technique were irradiated with 100 keV Xe(+) ion beam to an ion fluence of about 10(16) ions-cm(-2). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the implanted Xe formed amorphous nanosized clusters in both cases. The Xe ion-irradiation favors nucleation of a fcc-Ti(Si) phase in amorphous films. However, in crystalline films, irradiation leads to dissolution of the Ti(5)Si(3) intermetallic phase. In both cases, Xe irradiation leads to the evolution of similar microstructures. Our results point to the pivotal role of nucleation in the evolution of the microstructure under the condition of ion implantation.

Microstructural evolution in laser-ablation-deposited Fe–25 at.% Ge thin film

Films with Fe–25 at.% Ge composition are deposited by the process of laser ablation on single crystal NaCl and Cu substrates at room temperature. Both the vapor and liquid droplets generated in this process are quenched on the substrate. The microstructures of the embedded droplets show size as well as composition dependence. The hierarchy of phase evolution from amorphous to body-centered cubic (bcc) to DO3 has been observed as a function of size. Some of the medium-sized droplets also show direct formation of ordered DO19 phase from the starting liquid. The evolution of disordered bcc structure in some of the droplets indicates disorder trapping during liquid to solid transformation. The microstructural evolution is analyzed on the basis of heat transfer mechanisms and continuous growth model in the solidifying droplets.

Evolution of metastable phases during crystallization of pulsed laser deposited amorphous Al–Fe films

Amorphous thin films of different Al–Fe compositions were produced by plasma/vapor quenching during pulsed laser deposition. The chosen compositions Al72Fe28, Al40Fe60, and Al18Fe82 correspond to Al5Fe2 and B2-ordered AlFe intermetallic compounds and α–Fe solid solution, respectively. The films contained fine clusters that increased with iron content. The sequences of phase evolution observed in the heating stage transmission electron microscopy studies of the pulsed laser ablation deposited films of Al72Fe28, Al40Fe60, and Al18Fe82 compositions showed evidence of composition partitioning during crystallization for films of all three compositions. This composition partitioning, in turn, resulted in the evolution of phases of compositions richer in Fe, as well as richer in Al, compared to the overall film composition in each case. The evidence of Fe-rich phases was the B2 phase in Al72Fe28 film, the L12- and DO3-ordered phases in Al40Fe60 film, and the hexagonal ε–Fe in the case of the Al18Fe82 film. On the other hand, the Al-rich phases were Al13Fe4 for both Al72Fe28 and Al40Fe60 films and DO3 and Al5Fe2 phases in the case of Al18Fe82 film. We believe that this tendency of composition partitioning during crystallization from amorphous phase is a consequence of the tendency of clustering of the Fe atoms in the amorphous phase during nucleation. The body-centered cubic phase has a nucleation advantage over other metastable phases for all three compositions. The amorphization of Al18Fe82 composition and the evolution of L12 and ε–Fe phases in the Al–Fe system were new observations of this work.

Time Evolution of the Microstructure of VO2(B) Films Deposited on Glass by MOCVD

Thin films of VO2(B), a metastable polymorph of vanadium dioxide, have been grown on glass by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The films grown for 90 minutes have atypical microstructure, comprising micrometer-sized, island-like entities made up of numerous small, single-crystalline platelets (≅1 μm) emerging orthogonally from larger ones at the center. Microstructure evolution as a function of deposition time has been examined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The metastable VO2(B) transforms to the stable rutile (R) phase at 550°C in inert ambient, which on cooling convert reversibly to M phase. Electron microscopy shows that annealing leads to the disintegration of the VO2(B) platelets into small crystallites of the rutile phase VO2(R), although the platelet morphology is retained. The magnitude of the jump in resistance at the semiconductor-to-metal, VO2(M)→VO2(R) phase transition depends on the arrangement of polycrystalline platelets in the films.

Quasicrystalline Coatings Through Laser Processing: A Study on Process Optimisation and Microstructure Evolution

Composite coatings containing quasicrystalline (QC) phases in Al-Cu-Fe alloys were prepared by laser cladding using a mixture of the elemental powders. Two substrates, namely pure aluminum and an Al-Si alloy were used. The clad layers were remelted at different scanning velocities to alter the growth conditions of different phases. The process parameters were optimized to produce quasicrystalline phases. The evolution of the microstructure in the coating layer was characterized by detailed microstructural investigation. The results indicate presence of quasicrystals in the aluminum substrate. However, only approximant phase could be observed in the substrate of Al-Si alloys. It is shown that there is a significant transport of Si atoms from the substrate to the clad layer during the cladding and remelting process. The hardness profiles of coatings on aluminum substrate indicate a very high hardness. The coating on Al-Si alloy, on the other hand, is ductile and soft. The fracture toughness of the hard coating on aluminum was obtained by nano-indentation technique. The K1C value was found to be 1.33 MPa m1/2 which is typical of brittle materials.

Texture evolution in an Al-Cu alloy during equal channel angular pressing: the effect of starting microstructure

In this article, the effect of initial microstructure on the texture evolution in 2014 Al alloy during equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) through route A has been reported. Three heat treatment conditions were chosen to generate the initial microstructures, namely (i) the recrystallization anneal (as-received), (ii) solution treatment at 768 K for 1 h, and (iii) solution treatment (768 K for 1 h) plus aging at 468 K for 5 h. Texture analyses were performed using orientation distribution function (ODF) method. The texture strength after ECAP processing was different for the three samples in the order, solutionised > solutionised plus aged condition > as-received. The prominent texture components were A (E) /(A) over bar (E) and B(E)/(B) over bar (E) in addition to several weaker components for the three materials. The strong texture evolution in solutionised condition has been attributed to higher strain hardening of the matrix due to higher amount of solute. In case of the as-received as well as solutionised plus aged alloy, the weaker texture could be due to the strain scattering from extensive precipitate fragmentation and dissolution during ECAP.

Morphological Evolution and Properties of LPE Grown GaSb, AlGaSb and AlGaAsSb

The nucleation morphologies of LPE grown GaSb, AlGaSb and AlGaAsSb layers on GaSb substrates are presented. The morphology of the GaSb layers grown from Sb-rich melts showed facets on highly terraced surface, whereas those grown from Ga-rich melts exhibited fine terraces without facets. An optimum temperature in the range of 500 – 550°C was found to be suitable for the growth of mirror smooth layers from Ga-melts. The surface morphology of the AlxGa1-xSb layers degrades drastically with increase in Al content beyond x = 0.5. The surface morphology of AlGaAsSb epilayers has been found to depend strongly on the pre-growth melt dissolution sequence.

Formation of amorphous xenon nanoclusters and microstructure evolution in pulsed laser deposited Ti62.5Si37.5 thin films during Xe ion irradiation

As deposited amorphous and crystallized thin films of Ti 37.5% Si alloy deposited by pulsed laser ablation technique were irradiated with 100 keV Xe+ ion beam to an ion fluence of about 1016 ions-cm−2. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the implanted Xe formed amorphous nanosized clusters in both cases. The Xe ion-irradiation favors nucleation of a fcc-Ti(Si) phase in amorphous films. However, in crystalline films, irradiation leads to dissolution of the Ti5Si3 intermetallic phase. In both cases, Xe irradiation leads to the evolution of similar microstructures. Our results point to the pivotal role of nucleation in the evolution of the microstructure under the condition of ion implantation.

Microstructural evolution in liquid metal processed Al-alloy/SiCp composites

Al-Zn-Mg/SiCP composites processed by a liquid metal processing (stir casting) technique have been microstructurally characterised in the as-cast and extruded conditions. Uniform distribution of SiCP is observed with few defects, such as particle clusters, which are due to partial wetting and associated gas porosity. The constituent particles are associated with SiCP although their composition remains unaffected compared with the control alloy. Hot extrusion of the composite using a shear type die showed banding of particles in the extruded direction with 9 vol.% composite. Such defects however, are not predominant in 18% SiCP extruded composites. The presence Of Mg2Si is detected at the particle matrix interface as well as in the matrix.

Determination of solid fraction evolution during solidification of aluminum alloy in presence of linear electromagnetic stirring

In many industrial casting processes, knowledge of the solid fraction evolution during the solidification process is a key factor in determining the process parameters such as cooling rate, stirring intensity and in estimating the total solidification time. In the present work, a new method of estimating solid fraction is presented, which is based on calorimetric principles. In this method, the cooling curve data at each point in the melt, along with the thermal boundary conditions, are used to perform energy balance in the mould, from which solid fraction generation during any time interval can be estimated. This method is applied to the case of a rheocasting process, in which Al-Si alloy (A356 alloy) is solidified by stirring in a cylindrical mould placed in the annulus of a linear electromagnetic stirrer. The metal in the mould is simultaneously cooled and stirred to produce a cylindrical billet with non-dendritic globular microstructure. Temperature is measured at key locations in the mould to assess the various heat exchange processes prevalent in the mould and to monitor the solidification rate. The results obtained by energy balance method are compared with those by the conventional procedure of calculating solid fraction using the Schiel equation.