Rectitudo e libertas em De libertate arbitrii de Santo Anselmo

O liberum arbitrium, para Santo Anselmo, não pode residir no poder permanente de pecar e de não pecar (posse peccare et non peccare), porque tal definição tornaria inútil «a graça, a predestinação e a presciência de Deus» (DLA, I, 207, 1-2). Por outro lado, se nós não tivéssemos sempre essa potestas, o pecado não poderia ser-nos imputado porque nós pecaríamos «sine libero arbitrio». Procurando separar esta alternativa, que lhe parece armadilhada, Santo Anselmo busca uma definição de libertas arbitrii independente do poder negativo de pecar (potestas peccandi) e, a partir da distinção entre voluntas propter se (instrumentum volendi) e voluntas propter aliud (usus sive opus volendi), julga encontrá-la na seguinte: a libertas arbitrii é «o poder de guardar a rectitude da vontade pela própria rectitude» (DLA, III, 212, 19-20: «potestas servandi rectitudinem voluntatis propter ipsam rectitudinem»), poder que exprime a exacta e positiva noção da «justiça original». À luz de tal definição transcendental de libertas arbitrii, comum a Deus, aos anjos e aos homens, pode Anselmo avançar a tese teologicamente mais ousada do opúsculo: nem Deus, apesar de poder «reduzir a nada uma substância que Ele fez do nada», é capaz de «separar a rectidão de uma vontade que a possui» (DLA, VIII, 220, 13-15).

Contra os leibnizianos, a favor de Leibniz? “Inato” e “a priori” em Kant

O texto em pauta tem como objectivo discutir a suposta afinidade – tantas vezes propalada – entre o “inato” na concepção leibniziana e o “a-priori” como o compreende Kant. A literatura a respeito, se não exatamente copiosa face a outros temas da Kant-Forschung, é ao menos antiga, remontando, com efeito, ao final do século XVIII, e, portanto, aos primeiros comentários sobre a filosofia recém-chegada (favoráveis ou contrários a ela), publicados em boa medida no Philosophisches Magazin do leibniziano J. A. Eberhard, mas também aos “dicionários” (C.C.E.Schmid; 1786) e “dicionários enciclopédicos” (G.S.A. Mellin; 1797-1804) que já então se propunham a de algum modo suavizar o acesso ao idealismo transcendental. Aquela suposta afinidade – “ainda hoje um clichê corrente” (M.Oberhausen; 1997) –, ela, aqui, será, então, principalmente enfocada por meio dessa literatura inaugural, base de muito equívoco a propósito do “a-priori” kantiano.

DAS GESPRÄCH ZWISCHEN HÖLDERLIN, HEGEL UND SCHELLING ÜBER KANTS ANTINOMIEN

«Die Art, wie er den Mechanismus der Natur mit ihrer Zweckmäßigkeit vereiniget, scheint mir eigentlich den ganzen Geist seines Systems zu enthalten»: This quotation, which originated the present essay, is solely extracted from a letter sent by Hölderlin to Hegel, and yet, it condensates three different approaches from the three Tübingen friends to the problem of Kant’s philosophy of religion and to its possible resolution between 1795 and 1796. From this epistolary dialogue emerges a simultaneous study of Kant, originated by the growing dissension towards the orthodox thought of the Stift. The turning point – or the maximum cumulative point – of this discordance happens precisely with the discovery of the «spirit of Kant’s system», as a combined explanation of the religious and philosophical phenomena [«Die Art, wie er den Mechanismus der Natur mit ihrer Zweckmässigkeit vereiniget»]. This, I think, is something which the three friends discover gradually and not independently from the concept of «providence», which Kant himself, according to Hölderlin, had used to «attenuate his antinomies», which Hegel uses in his first religious writings and the initial formation of his own philosophy and which Schelling will later explore in his System of Transcendental Idealism. In a word, providence is consensually the comprehension axis between man, God and nature and, thus, the explanatory link between the antinomical poles which regulate human existence. On the other hand, however – this being the aspect I would like to stress –, this decisive moment for a whole generation, for the history of philosophy itself, means the consummation of a new revolutionary perspective born in Kant, a new vision of the absolute and the divine and, therefore, a new way to write philosophy about philosophy, less philosophical than before, to the extent that the new situation of man and his reflection within the problem ultimately destined them – as is the case in the three young philosophers – to silence and death. The final aim of this essay is, therefore, to know what this «last step of philosophy» is and what dies along with it, what such a step may have meant and what it already foretold in terms of the development of philosophy.

As investigações filosóficas enquanto “álbum” cultural

As it is well known, the Philosophical Investigations are formally structured as a set of paragraphs numerically sequenced (Part I), and a more arbitrary group of thematic remarks (Part II). In the Prologue and in a justifying way of putting it, Wittgenstein states that: «Thus this book is really only an Album». Taking it as an exhibition of a series of sketches, we can read (or see) the book as a collection of «pictures of thought». However, as I will argue, in a wider understanding of the Philosophical Investigations, the idea of an album has deeper implications than the methodological ones. With a somewhat spenglerian inspiration, the book follows a sort of cultural-transcendental perspective in accordance to the organic model of a philosophical approach to forms of life which have a primary linguistic configuration.

Joshua William Caldwell. A memorial volume, containing his biography, writings and addresses,

Foreword.-- Biographical sketch [by H.H. Ingersoll and G.F. Mellen]-- Civil war reminiscences.-- The transcendental movement.-- The South in the revolution.-- Goldsmith.-- Puritan races and Puritan living.-- Changing customs.-- East Tennessee in state history.-- The song of the automobile.-- Last days of Andrew Jackson.-- Unchastity in fiction.-- Thomas Carlyle.-- The South is American.-- Thoreau, the nature-lover.-- Literature and life of a people.-- An epic of the Knoxville bar.-- Calhoun the statesman.-- Tennessee, past and present.-- Athanasius.-- The Tater-bug parson.-- The bar of the South.-- John Bell of Tennessee.-- The chronicle of 1907.-- Notes critical and explanatory.

Handbuch der Statik fester Körper : mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf ihre Anwendung in der Architektur /

Vol. 3 has added title page: Theorie derjenigen transcendenten Krummen Linien, welche vorzüglich bei statischen Untersuchungen vorkommen.

The progress of the intellect : as exemplified in the religious development of the Greeks and Hebrews /

Includes bibliographical references.

The poems of Madison Cawein.

v.1 Lyrics and old world idlyls.--v.2. New world idylls and poems of love.--v.3. Nature poems.--v.4. Poems of mystery and of myth and romance.--v.5. Poems of meditation and of forest and field.

Vagabunduli libellus.

Sonnets.

Introduction à la théorie des nombres transcendants, et des propriétés arithmétiques des fonctions.

Available on demand as hard copy or computer file from Cornell University Library.

Vedânta philosophy; three lectures on spiritual unfoldment.

Cover title: Spiritual unfoldment.

Resonance of Unseen Things : Poetics, Power, Captivity, and UFOs in the American Uncanny /

'The Resonance of Unseen Things: Power, Poetics, Captivity and UFOs in the American Uncanny' offers an ethnographic meditation on the “uncanny” persistence and cultural freight of conspiracy theory. The project is a reading of conspiracy theory as an index of a certain strain of late-20th century American despondency/malaise, especially as experienced by people experiencing downward social mobility. Written by a cultural anthropologist with a literary background, this is a deeply interdisciplinary project that focuses on the enduring American preoccupation with captivity in a rapidly transforming world. Captivity is a trope that appears in both ordinary and fantastic iterations here, and this book shows how multiple troubled histories—of race, class, gender and power—become compressed into stories of uncanny memory.

Private thoughts upon religion and a Christian life : to which is added the necessity and advantage of frequent communion /

Mode of access: Internet.

Meditations and addresses on the subject of prayer /

Mode of access: Internet.

The art of creation; essays on the self and its powers.

"Chapter II ... was originally given as an address. Chapters VIII and IX on "ʻThe godsʼ ... were published as an article in the Hibbert journal for Jan. 1904."