863 resultados para Tomato leafminer
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1999
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Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae), conocida como el taladro del tomate, es una especie polífaga y de amplia distribución, responsable de grandes pérdidas económicas en más de 60 cultivos a lo largo de las regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo. Estas plagas se controlan mayoritariamente con plaguicidas químicos, aunque existe un gran interés por desarrollar otros agentes de control biológico. Entre estos, se encuentra el nucleopoliedrovirus de Helicoverpa armigera (HearNPV, Baculoviridae), que por sus características de seguridad y eficacia, sería útil para impulsar los programas de gestión integrada de plagas que se fomentan desde la Directiva 2009/128/CEE. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una caracterización bioquímica y biológica de varios aislados de HearNPV : un aislado silvestre español (Badajoz) HearNPV-SP1, un aislado chino HearSNPV-G4, tres aislados sudafricanos (HearNPV-Whl, HearNPV-Kzn, HearNPV-Alb) y la materia activa de un producto comercial en uso en Europa (HearNPV-Hx). El análisis con las enzimas de restricción determinó que la enzima BglII generaba perfiles similares pero con fragmentos característicos en todos los casos a excepción de los aislados HearNPV-Kzn y HearNPVAlb, que no pudieron ser diferenciados entre sí con ninguna de las enzimas probadas. El análisis filogenético, basado en las secuencias parciales de los genes poliedrina (polh), lef-8 y lef-9, donde se incluyeron las secuencias correspondientes a 18 genomas mostró que el aislado HearNPV-Whl es filogenéticamente próximo a las cepas de origen ibérico, mientras que los aislados HearNPV-Hx y HearNPV-Alb comparten la misma rama que los aislados asiáticos y australiano. La caracterización insecticida de los aislados HearNPV-SP1, HearNPV-Hx y HearNPV-G4 reveló que la virulencia (TMM) del aislado HearNPV-SP1 (104 h) fue significativamente menor que la de los aislados HearNPV-G4 (109 h) y HearNPV-Hx (111 h). En este trabajo, se determinó que el tiempo de acción del HearNPV-SP1 es menor al de otros bioinsecticidas en uso en Europa, por lo que se confirma la posibilidad de mejorar los productos activos en uno de los aspectos más sensibles de cara a su comercialización como es su tiempo de actuación.
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Heterosis, the phenotypic superiority of a hybrid over its parents, has been demonstrated for many traits in Arabidopsis thaliana, but its effect on defence remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that hybrids between some A. thaliana accessions show increased resistance to the biotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. Comparisons of transcriptomes between these hybrids and their parents after inoculation reveal that several key salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis genes are significantly upregulated in hybrids. Moreover, SA levels are higher in hybrids than in either parent. Increased resistance to Pst DC3000 is significantly compromised in hybrids of pad4 mutants in which the SA biosynthesis pathway is blocked. Finally, increased histone H3 acetylation of key SA biosynthesis genes correlates with their upregulation in infected hybrids. Our data demonstrate that enhanced activation of SA biosynthesis in A. thaliana hybrids may contribute to their increased resistance to a biotrophic bacterial pathogen.
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p.83-86
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p.47-51
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p.229-237
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Plant-parasitic nematodes are major agricultural pests worldwide and novel approaches to control them are sorely needed. We report the draft genome sequence of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, a biotrophic parasite of many crops, including tomato, cotton and coffee. Most of the assembled sequence of this asexually reproducing nematode, totaling 86 Mb, exists in pairs of homologous but divergent segments. This suggests that ancient allelic regions in M. incognita are evolving toward effective haploidy, permitting new mechanisms of adaptation. The number and diversity of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in M. incognita is unprecedented in any animal for which a genome sequence is available, and may derive from multiple horizontal gene transfers from bacterial sources. Our results provide insights into the adaptations required by metazoans to successfully parasitize immunocompetent plants, and open the way for discovering new antiparasitic strategies.
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Plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) locate host plants by following concentration gradients of root exudate chemicals in the soil. We present a simple method for RNA interference (RNAi)-induced knockdown of genes in tomato seedling roots, facilitating the study of root exudate composition, and PPN responses. Knockdown of sugar transporter genes, STP1 and STP2, in tomato seedlings triggered corresponding reductions of glucose and fructose, but not xylose, in collected root exudate. This corresponded directly with reduced infectivity and stylet thrusting of the promiscuous PPN Meloidogyne incognita, however we observed no impact on the infectivity or stylet thrusting of the selective Solanaceae PPN Globodera pallida. This approach can underpin future efforts to understand the early stages of plant-pathogen interactions in tomato and potentially other crop plants.
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O fungo Pochonia chlamydospoia é um potencial agente de controlo biológico dos nemátodes-das-galhas-radiculares. Com este trabalho, pretendeu-se avaliar a eficácia de inoculações de clamidósporos no solo, no estabelecimento de uma população do fungo no solo e na raiz de tomateiro em estufa com níveis de densidade iguais ou superiores aos considerados como necessários para um eficaz controlo dos nematodes-das-galhas-radiculares. Ao longo de dois anos de ensaio, fórum efetuadas inoculações do isolado PcMR e avaliada a densidade de fungo no solo e na raiz, As inoculações efetuadas permitiram estabelecer uma população de P. chlamydosporia no solo e atingir os valores de densidade pretendidos. No entanto, os valores pretendidos para colonização da raiz pelo fungo foram atingidos apenas no primeiro ano. Foi igualmente demonstrada a capacidade do fungo em se manter no solo durante longos períodos de tempo mesmo na ausência de cultura e em condições adversas de humidade e temperatura. /ABSTRACT: Pochonia chlamydosporia is a potential root-knot nematode biological control agent. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of chlamydospore inoculations at the soil, for the establishment at both soil and greenhouse tomato root, of a fungus population in density levels equal or superior to those considered as needed for an effective control of root-knot nematode. Along two years, several inoculations using the Portuguese isolate PcMR were made and the density of fungus at the soil and roots studied. These inoculations allowed the establishment of a population of P. chlamydosporia at the soil and achieve the desired density values. However, only in the first year of assay, the desired values of root colonization by fungus were achieved. lt was also demonstrated that P. chlamydosporia can survive for itself at the soil for a long period of time even in the absence of plant culture and in adverse moist and temperature conditions.
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The main objective of the present work is the study of a profitable process not only in the extraction and selective separation of lycopene and β-carotene, two compounds present in tomato, but also in its potential application to food industry wastes. This is one of the industries that produce larger amounts of wastes, which are rich in high value biomolecules with great economic interest. However, the conventional methods used to extract this kind of compounds are expensive which limits their application at large scale. Lycopene and βcarotene are carotenoids with high commercial value, known for their antioxidant activity and benefits to human health. Their biggest source is tomato, one of the world’s most consumed fruits, reason for which large quantities of waste is produced. This work focuses on the study of diverse solvents with a high potential to extract carotenoids from tomato, as well as the search for more environmentally benign solvents than those currently used to extract lycopene and β-carotene from biomass. Additionally, special attention was paid to the creation of a continuous process that would allow the fractionation of the compounds for further purification. Thus, the present work started with the extraction of both carotenoids using a wide range of solvents, namely, organic solvents, conventional salts, ionic liquids, polymers and surfactants. In this stage, each solvent was evaluated in what regards their capacity of extraction as well as their penetration ability in biomass. The results collected showed that an adequate selection of the solvents may lead to the complete extraction of both carotenoids in one single step, particularly acetone and tetrahydrofuran were the most effective ones. However, the general low penetration capacity of salts, ionic liquids, polymers and surfactants makes these solvents ineffective in the solid-liquid extraction process. As the organic solvents showed the highest capacity to extract lycopene and βcarotene, in particular tetrahydrofuran and acetone, the latter solvent used in the development process of fractionation, using to this by strategic use of solvents. This step was only successfully developed through the manipulation of the solubility of each compound in ethanol and n-hexane. The results confirmed the possibility of fractionating the target compounds using the correct addition order of the solvents. Approximately, 39 % of the β-carotene was dissolved in ethanol and about 64 % of lycopene was dissolved in n-hexane, thus indicating their separation for two different solvents which shows the selective character of the developed process without any prior stage optimization. This study revealed that the use of organic solvents leads to selective extraction of lycopene and β-carotene, allowing diminishing the numerous stages involved in conventional methods. At the end, it was possible to idealize a sustainable and of high industrial relevance integrated process, nevertheless existing the need for additional optimization studies in the future.
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The Mediterranean Diet concept was formulated during the sixties, in association with the food consumption pattern of Mediterranean areas that produced olive oil and shared common health styles. These areas, besides their own cultural and religious differences, share common food habits, such as: - The use of olive oil (supplier of monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants); - The abundant use of cereals, mainly under the form of excellent quality bread, flour and pasta (providing fibre and energy); - Large and variegate consumption of fruit (fresh and dried), nuts and vegetables (colourful, rich in fibre, antioxidants and other protective materials); - Abundant use of herbs and spices (rich in antioxidants and other protective materials); - Simple culinary methods, using short cooking times and low temperatures (which enhance the preservation of food nutritional and sensorial characteristics). The Mediterranean Diet reflects a set of characteristics that make it internationally recognized as a health promoter eating pattern, where the relation between monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids is highly advantageous for the former, fibre, vitamins and natural antioxidants intake is high, together with a low consumption of animal protein and salt. The obtained results show contents in protein, lipid and carbohydrates very adequate to the “DRI”; The relation between mono and saturated fatty acids (40:9) should be emphasised, together with the high fibre content. Protective nutrients show remarkable results, with a wide variety of vitamins and minerals, in particular Vitamin A, complex B vitamins, biotin, vit. E, folic acid, iron, manganese and selenium, that are widely recognised as important antioxidants and responsible for the good function of the immune system. In conclusion, tomato soup, consumed traditionally as a poor meal, shows to be a health promoter nutritionally complete recipe.
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O objectivo deste trabalho foi estudar a utilização de 5 compostos de resíduos de origem vegetal, como componentes de substratos hortícolas. Estudaram-se os processos de compostagem de bagaço de azeitona, bagaço de uva, polpa de alfarroba, casca de eucalipto e casca de pinheiro, caracterizaram-se os compostos obtidos e testou-se a sua aptidão agronómica, como substratos para viveiro de tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) em placas alveoladas e cultura de pelargónio (Pelargonium x hortorum) em vaso. Após uma preparação prévia, que em alguns dos resíduos vegetais constou de moenda, suplemento de azoto e aumento do teor de humidade, efectuou-se a sua compostagem em caixas com 1200 L de capacidade, isoladas termicamente, com arejamento por volteio manual. Depois foram analisadas as suas características físicas e químicas e testados na sua aptidão como constituintes únicos de substratos e em misturas com turfa de sphagnum. A maioria dos processos de compostagem apresentou uma evolução habitual da temperatura, com a máxima aproximando-se ou ultrapassando 60 oC. Como excepções, verificou-se um período de compostagem muito longo em bagaço de azeitona; o atraso da fase termofílica em polpa de alfarroba e, na 1ª compostagem de casca de pinheiro, a temperatura não alcançou a zona termofílica. A maioria dos resíduos manifestaram uma acentuada resistência à degradação durante a compostagem, à excepção da polpa de alfarroba e da casca de eucalipto. Contudo, a nível físico-químico e químico registaram-se evoluções acentuadas, sobretudo nas variáveis relacionadas com alterações da superfície das partículas, como por exemplo, a capacidade de troca catiónica. Outras variáveis apresentaram uma evolução interessante para o acompanhamento do processo e o conhecimento do grau de estabilidade do composto final. Foi apreciável o efeito proporcionado pela adição de lamas de estação de tratamento de águas residuais urbanas, como suplemento azotado, a nível das propriedades físicas dos compostos, do aumento da velocidade do processo de compostagem e do enriquecimento dos compostos em macro e micronutrientes. A compostagem não conduziu à melhoria significativa das propriedades físicas dos materiais, excepto em casca de eucalipto. Os compostos caracterizaram-se fundamentalmente por uma reduzida capacidade de retenção de água e uma elevada capacidade de arejamento. Os compostos obtidos com incorporação de lamas apresentaram os valores mais baixos de capacidade de arejamento, mesmo assim dentro dos limites satisfatórios e, os valores mais altos de capacidade de retenção de água. Na cultura em placas alveoladas, o comportamento de muitas das misturas com compostos não se diferenciou do da testemunha, observando-se uma flutuação sazonal do comportamento das misturas nos dois viveiros de cada ano, associada às condições ambientais mais exigentes do ponto de vista da disponibilidade de água. Observou-se um maior número de correlações significativas entre as características dos substratos e as variáveis relativas ao crescimento das plantas nos viveiros efectuados mais tarde, sob condições de maior evapotranspiração. As plantas obtidas no segundo viveiro de tomate foram instaladas em cultura. As características das plantas do viveiro, apresentaram elevada correlação com as respectivas produções obtidas no campo, evidenciando a importância da qualidade das plantas de viveiro, na produção. Nos ensaios de pelargónio em vaso, também se observaram comportamentos idênticos ao da testemunha em muitas das misturas com compostos. Observou-se no 2º ensaio, um maior número de tratamentos com resultados idênticos aos da testemunha, resultante das condições de menor exigência hídrica, as quais fizeram sobressair menos as diferenças de propriedades físicas das misturas. Contudo, a diferença de crescimento obtido em algumas misturas, atribuiu-se também à interferência da continuidade capilar entre o vaso de papel com a estaca enraizada e a mistura em estudo. O trabalho presente mostrou que é possível obter compostos a partir de resíduos orgânicos, com boas características e a preço competitivo para utilização como substratos hortícolas. O processo de compostagem sendo um elemento chave, é fácil de controlar se houver uma regulação eficaz do arejamento e do teor de humidade durante o processo. Apesar de alguns resíduos, como a polpa de alfarroba, serem caros, se tomarmos em consideração o custo da sua eliminação, poderão conduzir a substratos comercialmente viáveis. Em condições ambientais que favoreçam uma maior evapotranspiração ou, em culturas com maior exigência hídrica, pode ser aconselhável a mistura dos compostos estudados com turfa de sphagnum pouco decomposta para melhorar a capacidade de retenção de água.
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Ce projet visait à comparer les effets agronomiques d’une serre de tomates biologiques semi-fermée utilisant un système de climatisation par géothermie comparativement à une serre ouverte. Deux serres de 228 et 230 m2 ont été équipées d’un système d’échangeur d’air avec géothermie qui refroidissait et déshumidifiait l’air (serre semi-fermée) et d’un système de ventilation naturelle (serre témoin). Ces dernières ont été comparées au cours des années 2012 et 2013 entre lesquels les traitements ont été permutés. Les variables mesurées étaient les paramètres de croissance des plants ainsi que le rendement, le calibre des fruits et les propriétés physico-chimiques des tomates. Les résultats ont démontré que le système de climatisation n’a pas eu d’effets significatifs sur la croissance des plants, la qualité des fruits ainsi que le rendement. Les deux serres avaient des cibles de concentration en CO2 comprises entre 450 µL L-1 et 1000 µL L-1 selon l’ensoleillement. Les quantités de CO2 injectées ont été de 11 kg/m2 et 15 kg/m2 respectivement en 2012 et 2013 dans la serre semi-fermée alors qu’elles ont été de 24 kg/m2 et 25 kg/m2 dans la serre témoin. Bien qu’ayant nécessité moins d’injection, la serre semi-fermée a permis de conserver des concentrations en CO2 de 638 µL L-1 en 2012 et de 593 µL L-1 en 2013. Ces concentrations sont plus élevées que celles obtenues dans la serre témoin qui étaient respectivement de 385 µL L-1 et 486 µL L-1 en 2012 et 2013. De ce fait, le coût monétaire associé à l’enrichissement carboné a été de 1,6 à 2,0 fois plus élevé dans la serre témoin que dans la serre semi-fermée.
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This study focused on the development of a sensitive enzymatic biosensor for the determination of pirimicarb pesticide based on the immobilization of laccase on composite carbon paste electrodes. Multi- walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)paste electrode modified by dispersion of laccase(3%,w/w) within the optimum composite matrix(60:40%,w/w,MWCNTs and paraffin binder)showed the best performance, with excellent electron transfer kinetic and catalytic effects related to the redox process of the substrate4- aminophenol. No metal or anti-interference membrane was added. Based on the inhibition of laccase activity, pirimicarb can be determined in the range 9.90 ×10- 7 to 1.15 ×10- 5 molL 1 using 4- aminophenol as substrate at the optimum pH of 5.0, with acceptable repeatability and reproducibility (relative standard deviations lower than 5%).The limit of detection obtained was 1.8 × 10-7 molL 1 (0.04 mgkg 1 on a fresh weight vegetable basis).The high activity and catalytic properties of the laccase- based biosensor are retained during ca. one month. The optimized electroanalytical protocol coupled to the QuEChERS methodology were applied to tomato and lettuce samples spiked at three levels; recoveries ranging from 91.0±0.1% to 101.0 ± 0.3% were attained. No significant effects in the pirimicarb electro- analysis were observed by the presence of pro-vitamin A, vitamins B1 and C,and glucose in the vegetable extracts. The proposed biosensor- based pesticide residue methodology fulfills all requisites to be used in implementation of food safety programs.
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Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica