Nueva época, viejos conflictos: ciudades y teorías urbanas en la encrucijada

En 1997, al abrir la primera época de Urban, Fernando de Terán se hizo eco de una vieja leyenda asociada a la reconstrucción de Londres tras el Gran Incendio de 1666 para vaticinar buen augurio a un urbanismo renaciente. Según ésta, Christopher Wren encontró un fragmento de lápida con la palabra ‘resurgam’ (‘resurgiré’) entre los escombros de San Pablo; interpretándolo como una señal, el arquitecto hizo labrar esta palabra bajo un fénix en el pórtico sur de la nueva catedral. Esta imagen permitía a Terán ilustrar metafóricamente la situación del planeamiento en la encrucijada de un momento histórico en el que confluían un nuevo panorama disciplinar a nivel internacional y la salida de la crisis posterior a 1992 en España: superando un largo período de deslegitimación pública y crítica desde el interior de la profesión, el planeamiento volvía en ese momento a resurgir como técnica y discurso necesario ante el despliegue de formas más complejas de desarrollo territorial y la evidente incapacidad —y miopía— de los postulados de una ‘arquitectura sin urbanismo’ para hacer frente a las nuevas realidades socioespaciales. Como el fénix londinense, la planificación volvía a resurgir de sus cenizas para reactivar la reflexión sobre nuestros futuros urbanos. Este renacimiento debía ser necesariamente múltiple y experimental, el fruto a un tiempo maduro y joven de una larga tradición que ahora germinaba en cien —si no mil— nuevas escuelas y estilos

Survey and brain storming studies about machines, constructions, human and environmental risk consideration in the careers of the Universidad Politécnica of Madrid

The Universidad Politécnica of Madrid (UPM) includes schools and faculties that were for engineering degrees, architecture and computer science, that are now in a quick EEES Bolonia Plan metamorphosis getting into degrees, masters and doctorate structures. They are focused towards action in machines, constructions, enterprises, that are subjected to machines, human and environment created risks. These are present in actions such as use loads, wind, snow, waves, flows, earthquakes, forces and effects in machines, vehicles behavior, chemical effects, and other environmental factors including effects of crops, cattle and beasts, forests, and varied essential economic and social disturbances. Emphasis is for authors in this session more about risks of natural origin, such as for hail, winds, snow or waves that are not exactly known a priori, but that are often considered with statistical expected distributions giving extreme values for convenient return periods. These distributions are known from measures in time, statistic of extremes and models about hazard scenarios and about responses of man made constructions or devices. In each engineering field theories were built about hazards scenarios and how to cover for important risks. Engineers must get that the systems they handle, such as vehicles, machines, firms or agro lands or forests, obtain production with enough safety for persons and with decent economic results in spite of risks. For that risks must be considered in planning, in realization and in operation, and safety margins must be taken but at a reasonable cost. That is a small level of risks will often remain, due to limitations in costs or because of due to strange hazards, and maybe they will be covered by insurance in cases such as in transport with cars, ships or aircrafts, in agro for hail, or for fire in houses or in forests. These and other decisions about quality, security for men or about business financial risks are sometimes considered with Decision Theories models, using often tools from Statistics or operational Research. The authors have done and are following field surveys about risk consideration in the careers in UPM, making deep analysis of curricula taking into account the new structures of degrees in the EEES Bolonia Plan, and they have considered the risk structures offered by diverse schools of Decision theories. That gives an aspect of the needs and uses, and recommendations about improving in the teaching about risk, that may include special subjects especially oriented for each career, school or faculty, so as to be recommended to be included into the curricula, including an elaboration and presentation format using a multi-criteria decision model.