Horizontal profiles of longwave and shortwave radiation components over sea ice near Barrow, Alaska during the 2011 melt

An integrated instrument package for measuring and understanding the surface radiation budget of sea ice is presented, along with results from its first deployment. The setup simultaneously measures broadband fluxes of upwelling and downwelling terrestrial and solar radiation (four components separately), spectral fluxes of incident and reflected solar radiation, and supporting data such as air temperature and humidity, surface temperature, and location (GPS), in addition to photographing the sky and observed surface during each measurement. The instruments are mounted on a small sled, allowing measurements of the radiation budget to be made at many locations in the study area to see the effect of small-scale surface processes on the large-scale radiation budget. Such observations have many applications, from calibration and validation of remote sensing products to improving our understanding of surface processes that affect atmosphere-snow-ice interactions and drive feedbacks, ultimately leading to the potential to improve climate modelling of ice-covered regions of the ocean. The photographs, spectral data, and other observations allow for improved analysis of the broadband data. An example of this is shown by using the observations made during a partly cloudy day, which show erratic variations due to passing clouds, and creating a careful estimate of what the radiation budget along the observed line would have been under uniform sky conditions, clear or overcast. Other data from the setup's first deployment, in June 2011 on fast ice near Point Barrow, Alaska, are also shown; these illustrate the rapid changes of the radiation budget during a cold period that led to refreezing and new snow well into the melt season.

Album y universo lector femenino (Caracas, 1839)

El álbum fue un cuaderno de hojas en blanco de propiedad femenina. Por invitación de esas propietarias, escribían en sus páginas los más prestigiados escritores del período. Esa colaboración masculina, fue práctica decisiva en el siglo XIX que, en buena medida, contribuyó a la difusión del producto estético entre determinados círculos de lectores. A su vez, entre las damas venezolanas que tuvieron alguno de esos álbumes, estimuló la inclinación por la lectura literaria y, posteriormente, las indujo a producir escritos de similar naturaleza. Desde su entrada en la escena cultural venezolana, en 1839, derivaron otra serie de implicaciones a partir de su presencia, que también se examinan en estas páginas