Sistema Híbrido de Inferência Baseado em Análise de Componentes Principais e Redes Neurais Artificiais Aplicado a Plantas de Processamento de Gás Natural

Nowadays, where the market competition requires products with better quality and a constant search for cost savings and a better use of raw materials, the research for more efficient control strategies becomes vital. In Natural Gas Processin Units (NGPUs), as in the most chemical processes, the quality control is accomplished through their products composition. However, the chemical composition analysis has a long measurement time, even when performed by instruments such as gas chromatographs. This fact hinders the development of control strategies to provide a better process yield. The natural gas processing is one of the most important activities in the petroleum industry. The main economic product of a NGPU is the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The LPG is ideally composed by propane and butane, however, in practice, its composition has some contaminants, such as ethane and pentane. In this work is proposed an inferential system using neural networks to estimate the ethane and pentane mole fractions in LPG and the propane mole fraction in residual gas. The goal is to provide the values of these estimated variables in every minute using a single multilayer neural network, making it possibly to apply inferential control techniques in order to monitor the LPG quality and to reduce the propane loss in the process. To develop this work a NGPU was simulated in HYSYS R software, composed by two distillation collumns: deethanizer and debutanizer. The inference is performed through the process variables of the PID controllers present in the instrumentation of these columns. To reduce the complexity of the inferential neural network is used the statistical technique of principal component analysis to decrease the number of network inputs, thus forming a hybrid inferential system. It is also proposed in this work a simple strategy to correct the inferential system in real-time, based on measurements of the chromatographs which may exist in process under study

Ambiente de simulação híbrido integrando hysys e rede industrial Foundation Fieldbus aplicado ao controle de uma coluna de destilação

The main purpose of this work is to develop an environment that allows HYSYS R chemical process simulator communication with sensors and actuators from a Foundation Fieldbus industrial network. The environment is considered a hybrid resource since it has a real portion (industrial network) and a simulated one (process) with all measurement and control signals also real. It is possible to reproduce different industrial process dynamics without being required any physical network modification, enabling simulation of some situations that exist in a real industrial environment. This feature testifies the environment flexibility. In this work, a distillation column is simulated through HYSYS R with all its variables measured and controlled by Foundation Fieldbus devices

Produção do híbrido Momotaro de tomateiro, em função da enxertia e do estádio das mudas no plantio

O experimento desenvolveu-se em ambiente protegido, de outubro de 1997 a julho de 1998, na Fazenda São Manuel da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu. O solo no local foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo fase arenosa. O tomateiro, híbrido Momotaro T-93, foi cultivado em pé franco e sobre dois porta-enxertos (híbridos Anchor T e Kaguemusha), com objetivo de determinar o desenvolvimento da muda para o transplante, no estádio de 5 a 6 folhas definitivas, de plena floração e de início da frutificação. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial de 3 x 3, num total de 9 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Foram avaliados o peso médio, diâmetro e produção total em kg por planta de frutos. O estádio de desenvolvimento de mudas de pé franco, transplantadas com 5 a 6 folhas definitivas, apresentou as melhores médias para produção, diâmetro e peso médio de frutos. Para mudas enxertadas não houve diferença na produtividade e qualidade final, do estádio de desenvolvimento de 5 a 6 folhas definitivas até o estádio de plena floração, sendo os melhores desempenhos obtidos pelo porta-enxerto 'Anchor T'.

Crescimento inicial da soja sob efeito de resíduos de sorgo

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas UNESP, com o objetivo de determinar o efeito no crescimento inicial da soja e na formação do sistema radicular ao longo do tempo da presença de resíduos de sorgo-de-guiné e forrageiro. As unidades experimentais constituíram-se de tubos de PVC (rhizotron) com volume de terra de 16 dm-3. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado num fatorial 2 x 3, sendo duas variedades de sorgo e três manejos dos resíduos de sorgo, com quatro repetições. A palha de sorgo-de-guiné na superfície do solo levou à diminuição na saturação do solo por bases. As palhas de sorgo de ambas as variedades, na superfície do solo, prejudicaram o crescimento da soja, o que também foi observado no caso das raízes do sorgo forrageiro. Resíduos culturais do sorgo-de-guiné, principalmente a palha, são os responsáveis por menores crescimentos das partes aérea e radicular da soja e, conseqüentemente, pelo menor acúmulo de nutrientes.

Modelo matemático para otimização dos custos de um sistema híbrido eólico-solar : aplicação no bombeamento de petróleo

This work purposes the application of a methodology to optimize the implantation cost of an wind-solar hybrid system for oil pumping. The developed model is estimated the implantation cost of system through Multiple Linear Regression technique, on the basis of the previous knowledge of variables: necessary capacity of storage, total daily energy demand, wind power, module power and module number. These variables are gotten by means of sizing. The considered model not only can be applied to the oil pumping, but also for any other purposes of electric energy generation for conversion of solar, wind or solar-wind energy, that demand short powers. Parametric statistical T-student tests had been used to detect the significant difference in the average of total cost to being considered the diameter of the wind, F by Snedecor in the variance analysis to test if the coefficients of the considered model are significantly different of zero and test not-parametric statistical by Friedman, toverify if there is difference in the system cost, by being considered the photovoltaic module powers. In decision of hypothesis tests was considered a 5%-significant level. The configurations module powers showed significant differences in total cost of investment by considering an electrical motor of 3 HP. The configurations module powers showed significant differences in total cost of investment by considering an electrical motor of 5 HP only to wind speed of 4m/s and 6 m/s in wind of 3 m, 4m and 5 m of diameter. There was not significant difference in costs to diameters of winds of 3 m and 4m. The mathematical model and the computational program may be used to others applications which require electrical between 2.250 W and 3.750 W. A computational program was developed to assist the study of several configurations that optimizes the implantation cost of an wind-solar system through considered mathematical model

Adubação fosfatada para a cultura do sorgo granífero

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of crescents phosphorus levels in two hybrids of forage sorghum cultivated on "Zona da Mata" region, State of Alagoas. The treatments were two hybrids of forage sorghum: BRS304 e BRS310, and four phosphorus levels: 0, 25, 50 e 75 kg ha(-1). The statistical design was the complete randomized block with four replications in a split plot scheme. Each experimental plot was constuited for five row of 4.5 m, spaced of 0.70 m. The soil of experimental area received lime to increase basis saturation to 60%. During the sowing, all experimental area received 100 and 120 kg ha(-1) of N and K, respectively. The plants were collected 40, 50, 60 e 70 days after emergence. The mass collected was separaeted in leaves photosynthetic active and remaining of the plant. When the grains were on the "farinaceo duro" stage, the yield was evaluated in 1.4 m(2) on plots center. The phosphoted fertilization increases linearly the sorghum production until 75 kg ha(-1) level of P. The phosphorus provides better grain participation on total dry matter of sorghum plants.

Desenvolvimento de um laminado compósito híbrido a base de fibras de vidro/licurí

This research work is based, in search of reinforcement s vegetable alternative to polymer composites. The idealization of making a hybrid composite reinforced with vegetable fibers licuri with synthetic fibers is a pioneer in this area. Thus was conceived a hybrid composite laminate consisting of 05 (five) layers being 03 (three) webs of synthetic fibers of glass and E-02 (two) unidirectional fabrics of vegetable fibers licuri. In the configuration of the laminate layers have alternating distribution. The composite laminate was manufactured in Tecniplas Commerce & Industry LTD, in the form of a card through the manufacturing process of hand lay up. Licuri fibers used in making the foil were the City of Mare Island in the state of Bahia. After cooking and the idealization of the hybrid composite laminate, the objective of this research work has focused on evaluating the performance of the mechanical properties (ultimate strength, stiffness and elongation at break) through uniaxial tensile tests and three point bending. Comparative studies of the mechanical properties and as well as among other types of laminated hybrid composites studied previously, were performed. Promising results were found with respect to the mechanical properties of strength and stiffness to the hybridization process idealized here. To complement the entire study were analyzed in terms of macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the fracture for all tests.

Palhada do sorgo de guiné gigante no estabelecimento de plantas daninhas em área de plantio direto

A palhada na superfície do solo pode interferir na infestação de plantas daninhas das culturas de verão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da quantidade de palhada do sorgo de guiné gigante sobre a população de plantas daninhas em área de plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram de 0, 6.100, 7.100, 19.500, 26.700, 28.100 e 30.200 kg ha-1 de palhada do sorgo de guiné sobre os quais foi realizada a semeadura de soja cultivar Monsoy-6101 na densidade de 25 sementes por metro e no espaçamento de 0,45 m entre linhas. Trinta dias após a semeadura, realizou-se o levantamento de plantas daninhas, em quatro amostras por parcela, por meio de moldura metálica de 1 m². Houve redução significativa do número de plantas daninhas estabelecidas com o incremento da palhada. A partir de 15.000 kg ha-1,o controle de plantas daninhas é superior a noventa por cento.

Compósito Polimérico Híbrido: Comportamento Mecãnico, Descotinuidade Geométrica e Resistência Residual

The growing demand in the use of hybrid composite materials makes it essential a better understanding of their behavior face of various design conditions, such as the presence of geometric discontinuities in the cross section of structural elements. This way, the purpose of this dissertation is a study of the mechanical response (strength and stiffness), modes (characteristics) of fracture and Residual Strength of an hybrid polymeric composite with and without a geometric discontinuity in its longitudinal section (with a reduction in the cross section) loaded by uniaxial tension. This geometric discontinuity is characterized by central holes of different diameters. The hybrid composite was fabricated as laminate (plate) and consisting of ortho-tereftalic polyester matrix reinforced by 04 outer layers of Jute fibers bidirectional fabrics and 01 central layer of E-glass bidirectional fabric. The laminate was industrially manufactured (Tecniplas Nordeste Indústria e Comércio Ltda.), obtained by the hand lay-up technique. Initially, a study of the volumetric density of the laminate was made in order to verify its use in lightweight structures. Also were performed comparative studies on the mechanical properties and fracture modes under the conditions of the specimens without the central hole and with the different holes. For evaluating the possible influence of the holes in the structural stability of the laminate, the Residual Strength of the composite was determined for each case of variation in hole diameter. As a complementary study, analyses of the macroscopic final fracture characteristic of the laminates were developed. The presence of the central hole of any sizes, negatively changed the ultimate tensile strength. Regarding the elastic modulus, moreover, the difference found between the specimens was within the range of tests displacement, showing the laminate stability related to the stiffness

Número mínimo de colheitas em pepino híbrido estimado por meio do coeficiente de repetibilidade

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o número mínimo de colheitas em experimento com a cultura do pepino. Foram analisados dados de um experimento onde avaliaram-se 14 híbridos de pepino japonês, no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e cinco plantas por parcela, conduzidas sob ambiente protegido. Foram efetuadas 32 colheitas, três colheitas por semana, por um período de 72 dias e estimados os coeficientes de repetibilidade, com base na análise de componentes principais para os caracteres produção de frutos por planta, em massa e número, total e comercial. Os resultados permitiram concluir que menos de nove colheitas foram suficientes para analisar as diferenças de produtividade entre os diferentes híbridos, com 95% de certeza de serem eleitos os mais produtivos.

Eficácia do herbicida diclosulam em associação com a palha de sorgo no controle de Ipomoea grandifolia e Sida rhombifolia

Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do diclosulam (doses de 21,8 e 25,2 g i.a. ha-1) associado à palha de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) cultivar AG 1018 no controle de Ipomoea grandifolia e Sida rhombifolia, realizou-se um experimento em casa de vegetação, onde os tratamentos foram constituídos de diferentes posicionamentos do herbicida, aplicado sobre e sob a palha em diferentes condições de umidade. Após o preenchimento dos vasos com solo, as plantas daninhas (I. grandifolia e S. rhombifolia) foram semeadas superficialmente; em seguida, nos tratamentos com palha de sorgo, os vasos foram cobertos com 6 t ha-1. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de controle (0 a 100%) aos 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias após a aplicação (DAA) e contagem de plantas e biomassa seca, ao final do estudo. Observaram-se elevados níveis de controle do herbicida diclosulam já para a menor dose utilizada (21,8 g i.a. ha-1) quando este foi aplicado diretamente sobre o solo, na ausência e presença de palha, ou sobre a palha e seguido da ocorrência de chuvas de 30 mm. A maior dose (25,2 g i.a. ha-1) promoveu elevados níveis de eficácia de controle das plantas daninhas nos diferentes posicionamentos do produto, exceto para a aplicação em palha seca e úmida sem ocorrência de chuvas.

Períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura do sorgo

Objetivou-se com este trabalho estimar os períodos de interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura do sorgo granífero BRS 310. O experimento foi realizado no município de Botucatu/SP, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de oito períodos de controle, nos quais a cultura foi mantida livre da comunidade de plantas daninhas, e de oito períodos de convivência, nos quais a cultura foi mantida na presença da comunidade infestante. Os períodos foram: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 e 56 dias após a semeadura (DAS), além de uma testemunha mantida livre da interferência das plantas daninhas e outra mantida na presença destas. Foram identificadas 11 famílias e 17 espécies de plantas daninhas, destacando-se as famílias Asteraceae e Poaceae, com o maior número de espécies. Para determinação dos períodos de interferência, os dados de produtividade de grãos, comprimento da panícula e massa seca da parte aérea das plantas de sorgo obtidos foram ajustados ao modelo de regressão não linear: y = a/[1+(x/b)c]. Considerando como aceitável perda de 5% para a produtividade de grãos, o comprimento da panícula e a massa seca da parte aérea das plantas de sorgo, determinou-se o período anterior à interferência (PAI) de 42, 72 e 15 DAS e o período total de prevenção à interferência (PTPI) de 26, 17 e 12 DAS, respectivamente. Não houve período crítico de prevenção da interferência (PCPI) para os parâmetros avaliados.

Extração e exportação de nutrientes pelo híbrido de mamona Savana: I – macronutrientes

Low height castor bean hybrids and highly productive possibly need larger quantity of macronutients during its development cycle. However, in Brazil there is little information on extraction and exportation of macronutrients by low height castor bean hybrids, as on season as out-of-season growing. This study aimed to evaluate the nutrients extraction and exportation by Savana hybrid castor bean on season and out-of-season growing. The experiments were conducted during the season of 2005/2006 and out-of-season of 2006 in an Oxisol. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The plots were consisted by harvest times of plants, which were composed by six plant rows to 5 m, spaced 0.45 m between rows. Samples were collected at 17, 31, 45, 59, 73, 97 and 120 days after emergence (DAE) during the season and at 17, 31, 45, 59, 80; 100 and 120 DAE in the out-of-season. The nutrients accumulation by Savana hybrid was small until the flowering (30 DAE), but intensified after this period. The period of greatest nutrient absorption occurred at 65 and 90 DAE for N, 70 and 80 DAE for P, 60 DAE for K and Mg, 55 and 60 DAE for Ca and S. The amounts absorbed per hectare by hybrid Savana ranged 155 to 31 kg of N, 17 to 3 kg of P, 71 to 13 kg of K, 56 to 12 kg of Ca, 28 to 4 kg of Mg and 29,5 to 7 kg of S in season and out-of-season, respectively. The yield was higher in growing season, but the nutrients extraction and exportation per ton of grain were similar among the seasons. Among 40% and 50% of N and S and most part of Mg, K and Ca accumulated in the plants returned to soil with crop residues, but less than 35% of P remained in the residues.

Extração e exportação de nutrientes pelo híbrido de mamona Savana: II – micronutrientes

Information about micronutrients extraction and exportation by castor bean hybrids of short stature, and the periods of highest demand for each micronutrient, are most importance for correct management to fertilization. This study aimed to evaluate the micronutrients extraction and exportation by Savana hybrid castor bean, on season and out-of-season growing. The experiments were conducted during season of 2005/2006 and out-of-season of 2006 in an Oxisol. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The plots were consisted by harvest times of plants, which were carried out at 17, 31, 45, 59, 73, 97 and 120 days after emergence (DAE) during the season and at 17, 31, 45, 59, 80; 100 and 120 DAE in the out-of-season. In both seasons the order of micronutrients extraction by hybrid Savanna is: Fe> Mn> Zn> B> Cu> Mo, but with larger amounts of season cultivation. The time of greatest Zn and Mo absorption during the season and the Fe in out-of-season occurs at 80 DAE, although the other micronutrients are absorbed at higher rates between 50 and 65 DAE. In season the yield, nutrients extraction and exportation from soil are higher than out-of-season, but the nutrients extraction and exportation per ton show less variation between growing seasons. Fifty percent of zinc and 60% of Cu uptaken, on average, in out-of-season is exported with grains, but for the other micronutrients the proportion exported with grains is less than 40%.

Preparação e caracterização de um material híbrido, à base de vermiculita modificada com quitosana, para a remoção de íons de chumbo presentes em efluentes sintéticos

Actually, surveys have been developed for obtaining new materials and methodologies that aim to minimize environmental problems due to discharges of industrial effluents contaminated with heavy metals. The adsorption has been used as an alternative technology effectively, economically viable and potentially important for the reduction of metals, especially when using natural adsorbents such as certain types of clay. Chitosan, a polymer of natural origin, present in the shells of crustaceans and insects, has also been used for this purpose. Among the clays, vermiculite is distinguished by its good ion exchange capacity and in its expanded form enhances its properties by greatly increasing its specific surface. This study aimed to evaluate the functionality of the hybrid material obtained through the modification of expanded vermiculite with chitosan in the removal of lead ions (II) in aqueous solution. The material was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) in order to evaluate the efficiency of modification of matrix, the vermiculite, the organic material, chitosan. The thermal stability of the material and the ratio clay / polymer was evaluated by thermogravimetry. To evaluate the surface of the material was used in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and (BET). The BET analysis revealed a significant increase in surface area of vermiculite that after interaction with chitosan, was obtained a value of 21, 6156 m2 / g. Adsorption tests were performed according to the particle size, concentration and time. The results show that the capacity of removal of ions through the vermiculite was on average 88.4% for lead in concentrations ranging from 20-200 mg / L and 64.2% in the concentration range of 1000 mg / L. Regarding the particle size, there was an increase in adsorption with decreasing particle size. In fuction to the time of contact, was observed adsorption equilibrium in 60 minutes with adsorption capacity. The data of the isotherms were fitted to equation Freundlich. The kinetic study of adsorption showed that the pseudo second- order model best describes the adsorption adsorption, having been found following values K2=0,024 g. mg-1 min-1and Qmax=25,75 mg/g, value very close to the calculated Qe = 26.31 mg / g. From the results we can conclude that the material can be used in wastewater treatment systems as a source of metal ions adsorbent due to its high adsorption capacity