Reeves Hall, Roosevelt Hall and Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California

Looking northeast at Reeves Hall, Roosevelt Hall and Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California, ca. 1978. Low wall with Chapman College signage is in the foreground, with sunken lawn behind. Stamped on back: Bassett Phtography, 6216 S. Washington Ave., Whittier, CA. 90601.

Optical Properties of Sb2Te3, and Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors Sb1.97 VO.03 Te3 and Sb1.94 CrO.06 Te3

This thesis reports on the optical properties of the dilute magnetic semiconductors, Sb1.97 V 0.03 Te3 and Sb1.94Cr0.06Te3, along with the parent compound Sb2Te3' These materials develop a ferromagnetic state at low temperature with Curie temperatures of 22 K and 16 K respectively. All three samples were oriented such that the electric field vector of the light was perpendicular to the c-axis. The reflectance profile of these samples in the mid-infrared (500 to 3000 cm-1) shows a pronounced plasma edge which retracts with decreasing temperature. The far-infrared region of these samples exhibits a phonon at ~ 60 cm-1 which softens as temperature decreases. Kramers-Kronig analysis and a Drude-Lorentz model were employed to determine the optical constants of the bulk samples. The real part of the optical conductivity is shown to consist of intraband contributions at frequencies below the energy gap (~0.26 eV) and interband contributions at frequencies above the energy gap. The temperature dependence of the scattering rate show that a mix of phonon and impurity scattering are present, while the signature of traditional spin disorder (magnetic) scattering was difficult to confirm.

Etude des inhibiteurs d'entrée de CXCR4 : corécepteur d'entrée du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine.

L’entrée virale du VIH-1 dans ses cellules cibles constitue une cible thérapeutique de choix. À l’heure actuelle, un inhibiteur de fusion et un inhibiteur ciblant le corécepteur CCR5 sont utilisés en thérapie. Dans notre étude, notre objectif était d’évaluer le profil antiviral et fonctionnel de plusieurs types moléculaires envisagés comme inhibiteurs d’entrée du corécepteur CXCR4, soient : 1) de dérivés peptidiques mimant des portions du récepteur 2) de dérivés peptidiques issus du ligand naturel de CXCR4, le SDF-1 et 3) de dérivés du puissant inhibiteur de faible poids moléculaire, le T140. Notre recherche se concentrait sur la mise au point de molécules capables d’inhiber l’entrée du VIH en ciblant sélectivement le corécepteur CXCR4 tout en conservant les fonctions naturelles de ce dernier. Parmi les molécules testées, certaines possèdent un grand potentiel dans le développement de nouveaux médicaments antirétroviraux.

Écrire la théorie littéraire : l'œuvre littéraire de John Cage et la révision du commentaire critique

Toutes les illustrations qui ponctuent cette thèse ont été réalisées par Chantal Poirier. Elles ont été insérées dans le texte selon un ordre méticuleusement aléatoire.

Analyse des facteurs influençant le choix de programme de résidence des leaders étudiants en médecine du Québec : le rôle des GIMF

Problématique : En dépit de nombreuses initiatives et interventions au cours des dernières années, l’intérêt des étudiants en médecine pour la médecine de famille (MF) demeure inférieur aux attentes des planificateurs de services de santé. Objectifs : Préciser les facteurs qui influencent les leaders étudiants en médecine dans leur choix de programme de résidence en s’intéressant plus spécifiquement aux groupes d’intérêt en médecine de famille (GIMF) et aux moyens d’accroître leur efficacité. Stratégie et devis : Approche synthétique par étude de cas multiples à un seul niveau d’analyse. Recherche descriptive à finalité instrumentale en recherche-action. Participants : Leaders étudiants de trois facultés de médecine du Québec (n=21), sélectionnés par choix raisonné à l’aide d’un sociogramme. Méthode : Groupes de discussion et questionnaire autoadministré. Analyse qualitative assistée par le logiciel N-Vivo. Résultats : Différents facteurs, dont l’existence des GIMF, influencent le choix de carrière des étudiants en médecine. Pour augmenter la capacité des GIMF d’intéresser les étudiants à la MF, on pourrait notamment s’appuyer sur les groupes d’intérêt d’autres spécialités et développer une approche de marketing social auprès des indécis, insistant sur leurs motivations d’ordre émotionnel. Conclusion : Les GIMF peuvent contribuer à la promotion et à la valorisation de la MF chez les étudiants en médecine du Québec. En s’intéressant aux leaders étudiants en médecine et leur influence naturelle sur leurs pairs, il est possible d’accroître l’efficacité des GIMF.

La Parenthèse ; suivi de Tensions et enfermement dans les Cent Vingt Journées de Sodome du marquis de Sade

Ce mémoire en recherche-création explore l’enfermement volontaire et les différents types de tensions qu’il provoque. Court roman prenant la forme du journal intime, La Parenthèse met en scène un jeune homme qui décide de s’enfermer chez lui une semaine durant et s’interdit tout contact avec l’extérieur – autant pour prendre un congé temporaire de la vie qu’il mène que pour examiner les raisons de sa détresse quotidienne. Le monologue intérieur se transforme rapidement en dialogue, dès lors qu’un double vindicatif, interrompant la voix principale par des « répliques » entre parenthèses, fait son apparition. Une relation houleuse – sous tension – se tisse entre ces deux facettes du personnage tout au long des sept jours de la réclusion, les passages de dispute alternant avec des récits de souvenirs. En somme, le roman tente de dramatiser la question de l’emprisonnement de soi-même et de la limitation de l’écriture, cette limitation pouvant être à la fois malsaine et libératrice. Quant à l’essai, Tensions et enfermement dans les Cent Vingt Journées de Sodome du marquis de Sade, il part du thème de l’enfermement (en l’occurrence, celui des quatre amis qui exécutent le projet de passer quatre mois dans un château isolé) pour postuler une « architecture du désir » dans Les Cent Vingt Journées de Sodome. L’essai mobilise les ressources de la narratologie en prenant en compte les effets du texte sur le lecteur ; sont ainsi mises en évidence les tensions – sexuelle pour les protagonistes, narrative pour le lecteur – élaborées par cette écriture de l’enfermement et de la contrainte, dans laquelle le désir est toujours maintenu mais rarement satisfait.

Survey of Agricultural Practices and Alternatives to Pesticide Use to Conserve Water Resources in the Mojanda Watershed, Ecuador

Agriculture in the Mojanda Watershed is facing rainfall reductions caused by climate change. Reductions of water availability in the Watershed are also due to constant extension of the agricultural activities into the páramo ecosystem above 3000m a.s.l., with this ecosystem having immanently important functions in the local water balance. The application of pesticides threatens the quality of water and with less precipitation contaminations will further concentrate in the outflow. To analyze problems associated with agricultural practices in the area a questionnaire about agricultural practices (28) was conducted and fields (20) were surveyed for pests and diseases with a focus on potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), tree tomatoes (Solanum betaceum Cav.) and peas (Pisum sativum L.). Potatoes were infected to a low degree with Phytophthora infestans and according to the farmers the Andean potato weevil (Premnotrypes spec.) caused biggest losses. To combat the weevil the soils are disinfected with toxic Carbofuran (WHO Class 1B). Tree tomatoes showed symptoms of various fungal diseases. Most important was Fusarium solani causing the branches to rot and Anthracnosis (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) causing the fruits to rot. Fungicide applications were correspondingly high. Peas were only minorly affected by Ascochyta blight (Mycosphaerella pinodes) and a root rot. Overall 19 active ingredients were applied of which fungicide Mancozeb (WHO class table 5) and insecticide Carbofuran (WHO Class 1B) were applied the most. Approved IPM methods are advised to reduce pesticide use. For tree tomatoes regular cutting of branches infected with F. solani and regular collection and disposal of infected fruits with Anthracnosis are advised. For potatoes plastic barriers around the fields prevent the Andean potato weevil from laying eggs thus reducing infestation with the larvae in the tubers. Local bioinsecticide “Biol” seems effective and without harm to the environment, although not used by many farmers. Organic fertilization promises to restore decreasing soil fertility, water holding capacity and reduce erosion. The here presented alternatives and strategies to reduce pesticide use pose an opportunity to preserve the water resources of the region.

Nivel de concordancia en la interpretación de calcificaciones mamarias en las pacientes que fueron llevadas a biopsia por esterotaxia en la FCI –IC entre noviembre de 2004 a noviembre de 2008

Propósito: establecer la variabilidad inter observador en la categorización de las microcalcificaciones mamográficas según la clasificación vigente (BIRADS 4 edicion) entre dos evaluadores mediante un estudio de concordancia de consistencia. Determinar las razones de probabilidad y el valor predictivo positivo de categoría de microcalcificaciones. Materiales y métodos: este estudio incluye 108 placas mamográficas de 107 pacientes , mujeres con edades entre los 31 y 90 años a quienes se les había practicado biopsia guiada con esterotaxia por calcificaciones mamarias en la FCI – IC entre noviembre de 2004 a noviembre de 2008 y cuyos registros mamograficos se encontraran disponibles para análisis. Se diseñó una hoja de recolección de datos con la cual dos examinadores calificaban las calcificaciones según se describen en el BIRADS 4 edición sin conocer el resultado de la patología ni la calificación del otro examinador (doble ciego). Posteriormente se aplico un análisis Kappa Ponderado para determinar el nivel de concordancia más allá del azar entre los dos examinadores. Se Calcularon los valores predictivos positivos y las razones de probabilidad para cada categoría de calcificaciones.

Procedural Meaning Explicatures in the Development of New Subordination Strategies in Romance

The sociocultural changes that led to the genesis of Romance languages widened the gap between oral and written patterns, which display different discoursive and linguistic devices. In early documents, discoursive implicatures connecting propositions were not generally codified, so that the reader should furnish the correct interpretation according to his own perception of real facts; which can still be attested in current oral utterances. Once Romance languages had undergone several levelling processes which concluded in the first standardizations, implicatures became explicatures and were syntactically codified by means of univocal new complex conjunctions. As a consequence of the emergence of these new subordination strategies, a freer distribution of the information conveyed by the utterances is allowed. The success of complex structural patterns ran alongside of the genesis of new narrative genres and the generalization of a learned rhetoric. Both facts are a spontaneous effect of new approaches to the act of reading. Ancient texts were written to be read to a wide audience, whereas those printed by the end of the XV th century were conceived to be read quietly, in a low voice, by a private reader. The goal of this paper is twofold, since we will show that: a) The development of new complex conjunctions through the history of Romance languages accommodates to four structural patterns that range from parataxis to hypotaxis. b) This development is a reflex of the well known grammaticalization path from discourse to syntax that implies the codification of discoursive strategies (Givón 2 1979, Sperber and Wilson 1986, Carston 1988, Grice 1989, Bach 1994, Blackemore 2002, among others]

Aproximacions sintètiques per a la preparació estereoselectiva de noves quinolil i pirazolilglicines i per a la preparació en fase sòlida de llibreries de benzotiazoles, 1,2,4-triazines i benzimidazoles

El treball experimental que ha permès redactar la present Tesi Doctoral ha estat dividit en dues parts. A la primera part es presenten els resultats referents a la síntesi estereocontrolada de noves heteroarilglicines (quinolil i pirazolilglicines) a partir de cetones acetilèniques, substrats quirals que permeten accedir a l'esquelet de diferents heterocicles (quinolines i pirazoles), la posterior obtenció dels corresponents quinolil i pirazolil--aminoalcohols i les diferents metodologies d'oxidació per tal d'accedir a les corresponents quinolil i priazolilglicines objectiu. A la segona part d'aquesta memòria s'ha estudiat, en dissolució, l'habilitat del grup alquilsulfona com a grup sortint eficaç en reaccions d'ipso-substitució nucleofilica. El desenvolupament d'aquesta reacció ha servit de punt de partida per a la creació de llibreries d'heterocicles amb alta diversitat molecular i potencial interès biològic sobre fase sòlida.

Derrota del conocimiento por la información: una reflexión necesaria para pensar en el desarrollo humano y la calidad de vida desde una perspectiva emancipadora

La sociedad de mercado se expandió hasta un proceso de totalización global de los monopolios, viabilizado por el flujo y disponibilidad instantáneos de información (mensajes, valores y cálculos) sobre la base técnica de la comunicación digital, teleinformática e hipermedia y un gran proceso de industrialización de la memoria. En ese contexto, la información desde una perspectiva humana y democrática sólo puede construirse incorporando a las colectividades en el desarrollo de sistemas informáticos participativos, de proyección emancipadora. Propuesta que circula desde hace años en América Latina pero que no hace parte de las agendas de las entidades técnicas de salud, que parecen concentrarse mucho más en la sofisticación de sus sistemas, aunque estos sean perfectamente funcionales al poder. El trabajo analiza los condicionamientos contemporáneos de la información en salud y posibles salidas para una construcción informática alternativa que incluya el pensamiento crítico, la interculturalidad y el poder popular como ingredientes essenciales de promoción y defensa de la vida.

Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer (RHaMBLe): the tropical North Atlantic experiments

The NERC UK SOLAS-funded Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer (RHaMBLe) programme comprised three field experiments. This manuscript presents an overview of the measurements made within the two simultaneous remote experiments conducted in the tropical North Atlantic in May and June 2007. Measurements were made from two mobile and one ground-based platforms. The heavily instrumented cruise D319 on the RRS Discovery from Lisbon, Portugal to São Vicente, Cape Verde and back to Falmouth, UK was used to characterise the spatial distribution of boundary layer components likely to play a role in reactive halogen chemistry. Measurements onboard the ARSF Dornier aircraft were used to allow the observations to be interpreted in the context of their vertical distribution and to confirm the interpretation of atmospheric structure in the vicinity of the Cape Verde islands. Long-term ground-based measurements at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO) on São Vicente were supplemented by long-term measurements of reactive halogen species and characterisation of additional trace gas and aerosol species during the intensive experimental period. This paper presents a summary of the measurements made within the RHaMBLe remote experiments and discusses them in their meteorological and chemical context as determined from these three platforms and from additional meteorological analyses. Air always arrived at the CVAO from the North East with a range of air mass origins (European, Atlantic and North American continental). Trace gases were present at stable and fairly low concentrations with the exception of a slight increase in some anthropogenic components in air of North American origin, though NOx mixing ratios during this period remained below 20 pptv. Consistency with these air mass classifications is observed in the time series of soluble gas and aerosol composition measurements, with additional identification of periods of slightly elevated dust concentrations consistent with the trajectories passing over the African continent. The CVAO is shown to be broadly representative of the wider North Atlantic marine boundary layer; measurements of NO, O3 and black carbon from the ship are consistent with a clean Northern Hemisphere marine background. Aerosol composition measurements do not indicate elevated organic material associated with clean marine air. Closer to the African coast, black carbon and NO levels start to increase, indicating greater anthropogenic influence. Lower ozone in this region is possibly associated with the increased levels of measured halocarbons, associated with the nutrient rich waters of the Mauritanian upwelling. Bromide and chloride deficits in coarse mode aerosol at both the CVAO and on D319 and the continuous abundance of inorganic gaseous halogen species at CVAO indicate significant reactive cycling of halogens. Aircraft measurements of O3 and CO show that surface measurements are representative of the entire boundary layer in the vicinity both in diurnal variability and absolute levels. Above the inversion layer similar diurnal behaviour in O3 and CO is observed at lower mixing ratios in the air that had originated from south of Cape Verde, possibly from within the ITCZ. ECMWF calculations on two days indicate very different boundary layer depths and aircraft flights over the ship replicate this, giving confidence in the calculated boundary layer depth.

Influence of mutations affecting gonadotropin production or responsiveness on expression of inhibin subunit mRNA and protein in the mouse ovary

Measurement of inhibins A and B in the serum of normal cyclic rodents has implicated FSH in the regulation of these peptides within the ovary. To extend these observations we have used a panel of mutant mice carrying mutations which affect either the production of, or the ability to respond to, FSH and LH. As a consequence, the females are infertile and show different degrees of follicular development. The aim of this study was to measure inhibin gene transcription in the ovaries of these mutant females together with inhibin protein levels in ovaries and serum and to relate these to follicular development within the ovary. Comparison was made with a pool of normal/heterozygous females. In hpg females where lack of GnRH production results in the absence of gonadotropin synthesis, in FSHbeta knockout (FSHbetaKO) females where disruption of the gene encoding FSHbeta results in the absence of FSH production, and in FSH receptor knockout (FSHRKO) females which are unable to respond to circulating FSH, follicular development remains at the pre-antral stage in these three mutants. Only in the hpg females were common inhibin alpha subunit mRNA levels significantly lower than normal. In these three mutants, however, mRNA levels for both the betaA and betaB subunits were extremely low compared with normal mice. At the protein level, neither inhibin A nor B was detected in the serum of these three mutants; however inhibin B, albeit at very low levels, was detectable within the ovaries. These observations confirm a major role for FSH in the control of transcription of the RA and betaB genes but suggest that the constitutive transcription of the alpha subunit is less dependent on FSH. In contrast, in LH receptor knockout (LuRKO) female mice inhibin betaA subunit mRNA levels were similar to those measured in normal/heterozygous females but levels of inhibin alpha and betaB subunit mRNAs were significantly higher than in the normal group. This was reflected in significantly higher inhibin B protein levels in ovaries and serum. An inability to respond to LH combined with high circulating levels of FSH leads to a high proportion of antral follicles in LuRKO females, with granulosa cells constituting the major cell type within the ovary. The high percentage of antral granulosa cells is likely to account for the significantly higher levels of inhibin B production in these ovaries.

The influence of larval density, food availability and habitat longevity on the life history and population growth rate of the midge Chironomus riparius

Despite long-standing interest in the forms and mechanisms of density dependence, these are still imperfectly understood. However, in a constant environment an increase in density must reduce per capita resource availability, which in turn leads to reduced survival, fecundity and somatic growth rate. Here we report two population experiments examining the density dependent responses under controlled conditions of an important indicator species, Chironomus riparius. The first experiment was run for 35 weeks and was started at low density with replicate populations being fed three different rations. Increased ration reduced generation time and increased population growth rate (pgr) but had no effect on survival, fecundity and female body weight in the first generation. In the second generation there was a six-fold increase in generation time, presumably due to the greatly reduced per capita resource availability as the estimated initial densities of the second generation were 300 times greater than the first. Juvenile survival to emergence, fecundity, adult body weight and pgr declined by 90%, 75%, 35% and 99%, respectively. These large between-generation effects may have obscured the effects of the threefold variation in ration, as only survival to emergence significantly increased with ration in the second generation. These results suggest that some chironomid larvae survive a reduction in resource availability by growing more slowly. In the ephemeral habitats sometimes occupied by C. riparius, the effects of population density may depend crucially on the longevity of the environment. A second experiment was therefore performed to measure pgr from six different starting densities over an eight-week period. The relationship between pgr and density was concave, viewed from above. At densities above 16 larvae per cm(2), less than 1% of the population emerged and no offspring were produced. Under the conditions of experiment 2 - an 8-week habitat lifespan carrying capacity was estimated as 8 larvae per cm(2).

Effect of chymosin and salt reduction on the quality of ultrafiltrated white-salted cheese

This study demonstrated that both chymosin and salt-in-moisture (SM) were important factors for proteolysis in the manufacture of ultrafiltrated white-salted cheese, with significant effects on water-soluble nitrogen and nitrogen soluble in trichloroacetic acid. In contrast, the levels of free amino acids were not significantly affected by chymosin and salt treatments. The cheeses made using high levels of chymosin with low SM had lower levels of residual α(s1)- and β-casein at the end of ripening. On texture profile analysis, the hardness and fracturability of the cheeses significantly increased with SM and decreased during ripening. Increases in chymosin significantly contributed to the overall weakening of the structure throughout ripening. Bitter flavour was detected after 12 weeks in the cheese made with the higher chymosin level and lower SM, which could be the result of accumulation of γ-casein fractions. The sensory data indicated that the hedonic responses for low chymosin with low SM cheeses were good and acceptable in flavour, which may be due to the moderate levels of proteolysis products.