Associations among Nosema spp. fungi, Varroa destructor mites, and chemical treatments in honey bees, Apis mellifera

Nosema spp. and Varroa destructor are common parasites of honey bee colonies. Beekeepers routinely treat colonies with the fungicide fumagillin to control Nosema and an array of miticides to control V. destructor. Interactions between these parasites and chemical treatments are poorly understood. We allocated honey bee colonies to distinct chemical treatment regimes and monitored parasite intensities in the subsequent year. Infections of Nosema and infestations of V. destructor were positively correlated. Fumagillin was effective at mitigating Nosema intensities only over the short term, suggesting that biannual application is essential. V. destructor intensities were higher in colonies that had been previously treated with miticides, reasons for this warrant further investigation.

Marine fungi from the Northwest African upwelling areas and from the Atlantic off Portugal

Quantitative data on lower marine Phycomycetes (fungi) found in the upwelling waters off the West African coast during cruises No. 13 (1968), 19 (1970), 36 (1975) and 44 (1977) of R.V. "Meteor" are reported. The distribution of the total fungi numbers is presented and, as far as possible, the evaluation of the material up to species level is given. Several provisionally named forms and groups of morphologically related, undescribed fungi are included. A correlation between the number of fungi in sediments and the water depth and distance from the coast line is postulated. There are typical distributions of the lower marine fungi in water bodies and sediments. Different values within replicates of the stations in different years show that there is a sequence in development of fungal populations induced by changes in the water bodies. Surface water far from the coast has low numbers of fungi; numbers increase to a maximum nearer to the coast. In the vicinity of the coast the values decrease. The numbers of fungi in the deep sediments are low below 1,200 m. However, there are isolated areas of higher fungal activities, indicated by some deeper grab samples. During two cruises, the "overlying water" in the grab samples was investigated. It was evident that the numbers of fungi lost by stirring of the sediment when the grab was brought up to the surface were small, relatively and absolutely. The seamount "Josephine Bank" has been investigated for the first time with respect to lower marine fungi; the populations are low in the sediments, but one sample of the surface water had a higher number than the water in the surroundings. In some hydrographic series there was a peculiar depth distribution. An increase occurred at a depth greater than 1,000 m. The results are discussed and some correlations to the aging of the fungal populations in the water masses are constructed.

Vegetable wasps and plant worms : a popular history of entomogenous fungi, or fungi parasitic upon insects /

Includes indexes.

One thousand American Fungi : how to select and cook the edible : how to distinguish and avoid the poisonous : giving full botanic descriptions : made easy for reader and student /

Half title: American fungi.

Cryptogamae Japonicae iconibus illustratae; or Figures with brief descriptions and remarks of the musci, hepaticae, lichenes, fungi and algae of Japan,

In Japanese, with added title-page in Latin and English.

Hymenomycetes Britannici. British fungi (Hymenomycetes) v.1-2.

v.1. Agaricus-Bolbitius. --v.2. Cortinarius-Dacrymyces.

Index fungorum britannicorum. A complete list of Fungi found in the British Islands to the present date.

In double columns.

Fungi in polluted water and sewage /

Mode of access: Internet.

Insects and fungi injurious to plants, with remedial treatment (pt. II.)

For pt. I see his Standard fungicides and insecticides in agriculture.

Scottish cryptogamic flora, or Coloured figures and descriptions of cryptogamic plants, belonging chiefly to the order Fungi; and intended to serve as a continuation of English botany.

Mode of access: Internet.