965 resultados para SNP- polymorphism
Resumo:
Beetles of the species Chauliognathus fallax Germar 1824 are polymorphic for elytron colouration with six morphs distinguished on the basis of black pigmentation on a yellow background. We investigated samples of C. fallax taken in eight consecutive weeks aiming to determine the frequency of the morphs which were grouped, for statistical analysis, into three classes according to elytra pigmentation as well as the possible occurrence of assortative mating. Our results showed a variation in the frequency of the classes throughout the season, both in males and females, with the maximum frequency of each class at the fourth and fifth week. The three classes (A, B, C) showed the same pattern of variation, and class B was always the more frequent. To test randomness of matings two approaches were taken: in the first, we compared the frequency of each class in copulating and non-copulating insects. In the second, the frequency of each class in the whole sample was taken as the probability of occurrence of the respective class; then, using the criterion of the probability of independent events we calculated the expected proportion of copulating insects for each pair of events. Both methods gave non-significant differences, suggesting that the matings were random.
Resumo:
BACKGROUND: Three non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (Q223R, K109R and K656N) of the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) have been tested for association with obesity-related outcomes in multiple studies, showing inconclusive results. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the association of the three LEPR variants with BMI. In addition, we analysed 15 SNPs within the LEPR gene in the CoLaus study, assessing the interaction of the variants with sex. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We searched electronic databases, including population-based studies that investigated the association between LEPR variants Q223R, K109R and K656N and obesity- related phenotypes in healthy, unrelated subjects. We furthermore performed meta-analyses of the genotype and allele frequencies in case-control studies. Results were stratified by SNP and by potential effect modifiers. CoLaus data were analysed by logistic and linear regressions and tested for interaction with sex. The meta-analysis of published data did not show an overall association between any of the tested LEPR variants and overweight. However, the choice of a BMI cut-off value to distinguish cases from controls was crucial to explain heterogeneity in Q223R. Differences in allele frequencies across ethnic groups are compatible with natural selection of derived alleles in Q223R and K109R and of the ancient allele in K656N in Asians. In CoLaus, the rs10128072, rs3790438 and rs3790437 variants showed interaction with sex for their association with overweight, waist circumference and fat mass in linear regressions. CONCLUSIONS: Our systematic review and analysis of primary data from the CoLaus study did not show an overall association between LEPR SNPs and overweight. Most studies were underpowered to detect small effect sizes. A potential effect modification by sex, population stratification, as well as the role of natural selection should be addressed in future genetic association studies.
Resumo:
Intraspecific genetic variation for morphological traits is observed in many organisms. In Arabidopsis thaliana, alleles responsible for intraspecific morphological variation are increasingly being identified. However, the fitness consequences remain unclear in most cases. Here, the fitness effects of alleles of the BRX gene are investigated. A brx loss-of-function allele, which was found in a natural accession, results in a highly branched but poorly elongated root system. Comparison between the control accession Sav-0 and an introgression of brx into this background (brxS) indicated that, surprisingly, brx loss of function did not negatively affect fitness in pure stands. However, in mixed, well-watered stands brxS performance and reproductive output decreased significantly, as the proportion of Sav-0 neighbors increased. Additional comparisons between brxS and a brxS line that was complemented by a BRX transgene confirmed a direct effect of the loss-of-function allele on plant performance, as indicated by restored competitive ability of the transgenic genotype. Further, because plant height was very similar across genotypes and because the experimental setup largely excluded shading effects, the impaired competitiveness of the brx loss-of-function genotype likely reflects below-ground competition. In summary, these data reveal conditional fitness effects of a single gene polymorphism in response to intraspecific competition in Arabidopsis.
Resumo:
Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva) and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto) are morphologically very close and both present great variation in some structures. The objective of this study is a description of the variation among the females of these species in populations from the States of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. The morphological structures studied were the number of horizontal teeth in the cibarium and the number of rings and the shape of the terminal knob of the spermathecae. The spermatheca rings are significantly more numerous in N. intermedia than in N. neivai and the simple shape of the terminal knob predominated in both species. Regarding the cibarium, eight to eleven teeth have been found in both species, with up to twelve teeth in the latter. The number of horizontal teeth and the shape of the terminal knob of the spermathecae were variable throughout the populations of both species and all structures were polymorphic in the populations studied.
Resumo:
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The molecular mechanisms of obesity-related insulin resistance are incompletely understood. Macrophages accumulate in adipose tissue of obese individuals. In obesity, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a key chemokine in the process of macrophage accumulation, is overexpressed in adipose tissue. MCP-1 is an insulin-responsive gene that continues to respond to exogenous insulin in insulin-resistant adipocytes and mice. MCP-1 decreases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into adipocytes. The A-2518G polymorphism in the distal regulatory region of MCP-1 may regulate gene expression. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of this gene polymorphism on insulin resistance. METHODS: We genotyped the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) cohort ( n=3307). Insulin resistance, estimated by homeostasis model assessment, and Type 2 diabetes were diagnosed in 803 and 635 patients respectively. RESULTS: Univariate analysis revealed that plasma MCP-1 levels were significantly and positively correlated with WHR ( p=0.011), insulin resistance ( p=0.0097) and diabetes ( p<0.0001). Presence of the MCP-1 G-2518 allele was associated with decreased plasma MCP-1 ( p=0.017), a decreased prevalence of insulin resistance (odds ratio [OR]=0.82, 95% CI: 0.70-0.97, p=0.021) and a decreased prevalence of diabetes (OR=0.80, 95% CI: 0.67-0.96, p=0.014). In multivariate analysis, the G allele retained statistical significance as a negative predictor of insulin resistance (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.65-0.93, p=0.0060) and diabetes (OR=0.80, 95% CI: 0.66-0.96, p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: In a large cohort of Caucasians, the MCP-1 G-2518 gene variant was significantly and negatively correlated with plasma MCP-1 levels and the prevalence of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. These results add to recent evidence supporting a role for MCP-1 in pathologies associated with hyperinsulinaemia.
Resumo:
Analiza los resultados del crucero de evaluación de peces demersales con especial referencia a la merluza, para la plataforma continental comprendida entre la frontera con el Ecuador y 10º S, a profundidades entre 20 y 200 bz, totalizando 13542,27 millas náuticas cuadradas.
Resumo:
Describe los principales resultados obtenidos en el Crucero evaluación de recursos pelágicos, efectuado a bordo del BIC/SNP-1 del 14 de noviembre de 1989, entre Chicama y Punta Doña María, constituyendo la segunda prospección planificada dentro del marco del proyecto Evaluación de los recursos: anchoveta, sardina, jurel y caballa, auspiciado por el Instituto del mar del Perú y la Comunidad económica europea.
Resumo:
Describe las actividades realizadas en el crucero de evaluación de biomasa desovante de anchoveta y sardina, realizadas desde el 11 de agosto al 4 de octubre de 1994, con el objetivo de evaluar a las poblaciones desovantes de la anchoveta y sardina del litoral, para lo cual exploró el área comprendida entre los 10°00 'S y 17°30 'S, llegando hasta las 102 mm de la costa. Los registros acústicos mostraron que la distribución de la anchoveta fue amplia, desde las 02 hasta las 102 millas de la costa, formando grandes áreas de concentración, principalmente frente a Chimbote, Salaverry, Chicama y Pimentel y en menor densidad entre Huarmey y Pisco. La sardina en cambio se presentó en pequeñas áreas dispersas entre Pimentel y Paita, desde las 15mn hasta las 102 millas de distancia de la costa. Las concentraciones y distribución de la especie no permitieron realizar el estimado de biomasa desovante. La Biomasa desovante estimada para ala anchoveta mediante el Método de Producción de huevos es de 6,9 millones de toneladas, con una producción de 15,12 E + 13 huevos por día. La temperatura superficial del mar fluctuó entre 15.0 y 20,4° C. En general, en todo el litoral se observó una tendencia homogénea, con algunos incrementos de carácter temporal al inicio de la primavera.
Resumo:
Describe los niveles de abundancia , distribución, concentración y características biológicas de las poblaciones de la anchoveta y sardina a principios de 1995, así como conocer las características del ambiente y su influencia sobre el reclutamiento. La información proviene de las capturas y muestreos biológicos de 129 lances de comprobación ejecutados durante el crucero. La composición por especies estuvo conformada principalmente por anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), sardina (Sardinops sagax sagax), jurel (Trachurus picturatus murphyi) y caballa (Scomber japonicus peruanus). Otras especies fueron el bagre con faja (Galeichthys peruvianus), falso volador (Prionotus stephanophrys), múnida (Pleuroncodes monodon), etc.
Resumo:
Presenta los resultados de las condiciones físicas y químicas (contenido de oxígeno disuelto y clorofila "a") observadas en superficie y capas subsuperficiales del mar y se dan perspectivas del comportamiento de ambiente para los próximos meses. Las características del ambiente indicaron un calentamiento de magnitud moderada al sur del Callao y condiciones cuasi-normales al norte del Callao que confirmaron la continuación del proceso de normalización del mar peruano iniciado en febrero de 1995.
Resumo:
Describe las muestras de fitoplancton en 127 estaciones de Tacna a Tumbes. Paralelamente en los perfiles hidrográficos se colectaron muestras de agua con botellas Niskin. Se determinó un total de 143 especies de fitoplancton: 86 diatomeas, 44 dinoflagelados, 7 cocolitofóridos, 6 fitoflagelados y 2 silicoflagelados. Las concentraciones máximas de fitoplancton, mayores de 10.000 cel/50 mL, a 10 m de profundidad se encontraron en la franja costera, predominando diatomeas de alta tasa de reproducción, las cuales corresponden a una comunidad en la primera fase de la sucesión fitoplanctónica.
Resumo:
Presenta las observaciones realizadas desde hace varios años, investigadas por el Instituto del Mar del Perú a través de su programa de seguimiento de pesqueras demersales y costeras, y de la evaluación directa de los stocks de peces de mar.
Resumo:
Revisión de los principales problemas que se han presentado en la aplicación del método de área barrida para evaluar el stock de merluza en el Perú. Se indica que, entre otros, el desconocimiento de los factores que regulan el comportamiento migratorio de la merluza (tanto nictemeral como estacional) es una permanente fuente de sesgo en los estimados de biomasa. Asimismo, se describen algunos de los pasos que se dieron durante la ejecución del crucero de evaluación de merluza en 1995 que intentan mejorar la aplicación de esta metodología.
Resumo:
Presenta las principales características del comportamiento de la red de arrastre de fondo tipo Granton 400/127 utilizada durante el crucero de evaluación del recurso merluza efectuada en otoño de 1995. Se analiza la captura por subáreas y por estrato de profundidad, observadas en 100 lances de comprobación. Se dan resultados de la geometría de la red de arrastre en sus diferentes niveles. Se obtiene la relación de la profundidad con la longitud del cable para cada estrato de profundidad; así mismo, de la ruptura por unidad de esfuerzo por subárea.
Resumo:
Se efectuó un crucero de evaluación del recurso merluza aplicando la metodología de Área Barrida, para determinar el nivel poblacional y la estructura por tamaños del stock disponible sobre la plataforma. Se estimó una biomasa de 244 mil toneladas con límites de confianza del 28 % para un nivel de significación del 90 %. El stock presentó una estructura por edades con una fuerte presencia de ejemplares de 1, 2 y 3 años de edad que en conjunto representaron más del 80 % de la biomasa. Las mayores concentraciones se presentaron en la subárea O (06"S). Se estima que este nivel poblacional es uno de los más bajos en los últimos años, pero dadas las características de la estructura por edades, se espera un reforzamiento del stock explotable en el corto plazo.