Nuovi catalizzatori per l'idrogenazione, l'idrogenolisi/ring-opening di composti aromatici policiclici

The removal of aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel has received considerable attention after environmental regulations that require petroleum refiners to raise cetane number and to limit aromatics in diesel fuel in order to improve combustion efficiency and reduce particulate and NOx emissions. An alternative is blending with Fischer–Tropsch (FT) gas-to-liquid diesel fuel; however, this option may not be economically viable solution in case of extensive blend. Another alternative is to incorporate in the diesel pool a greater fraction of the so-called light cycle oil (LCO). Due to its high aromatics content and its low cetane number (typically between 20 and 30), the incorporation of LCO may have a negative impact on the quality of diesel. Current technologies for LCO improvement are based on hydrogenation to adjust both sulphur and cetane number but while an important fraction of the aromatics present in LCO can be saturated in a deep hydrogenation process, the cetane number may still be lower than the target values specified in diesel legislations, so further upgrading is needed. An interesting technology for improving the cetane number of diesels and maintaining meanwhile high diesel yields is achieved by combining a complete hydrogenation process with a selective ring opening (SRO) reaction of the naphthenic rings. The SRO can be defined as naphthene ring-opening to form compounds with high cetane number, but without any carbon losses. Controlling the interconversion of six- and five- membered rings via an acid-catalyzed ring-contraction step is also of great importance, since selective conversion of six-membered to five-membered naphthene rings greatly influences ring-opening rates and selectivity. High intrinsic activity may be enhanced by deposition of noble metals on acidic, high surface area supports, because it is possible to arrange close proximity of the metal and acid sites. Moreover, in large-pore supports, the diffusion resistance of liquid reactants into the pores is minimized. In addition to metal centres, the acid sites of support also plays role in aromatics hydrogenation. However, the functions of different kinds of acid sites (Brønsted vs. Lewis acidity), and their optimal concentrations and strengths, remain unclear. In the present study we investigated the upgrading of an aromatic-rich feedstock over different type of metal supported on mesoporous silica-alumina. The selective hydrogenolysis and ring opening of tetrahydronaphthalene (THN or tetralin) was carried out as representative of LCO fractions after deep hydrogenation process. In this regards the aim of this study is to evaluate both the effect of metals and that of the supports characterized by different acid distribution and strength, on conversion and selectivity. For this purpose a series of catalysts were prepared by impregnation. The catalysts were characterized and conversion tests of THN were performed in a lab-scale plant operating in the pressure range from 7.0-5.0 MPa and in the temperature range from 300 to 360°C.

Coil-ring-coil block copolymers as building blocks of supramolecular hollow cylindrical brushes

This work describes the synthesis of a new class of rod-coil block copolymers, oligosubstituted shape persistent macrocycles, (coil-ring-coil block copolymers), and their behavior in solution and in the solid state.The coil-ring-coil block copolymers are formed by nanometer sized shape persistent macrocycles based on the phenyl-ethynyl backbone as rigid block and oligomers of polystyrene or polydimethylsiloxane as flexible blocks. The strategy that has been followed is to synthesize the macrocycles with an alcoholic functionality and the polymer carboxylic acids independently, and then bind them together by esterification. The ester bond is stable and relatively easy to form.The synthesis of the shape persistent macrocycles is based on two separate steps. In the first step the building blocks of the macrocycles are connected by Hagiara-Sogonaschira coupling to form an 'half-ring' as precursor, that contains two free acetylenes. In the second step the half-ring is cyclized by forming two sp-sp bonds via a copper-catalyzed Glaser coupling under pseudo-high-dilution conditions. The polystyrene carboxylic acid was prepared directly by siphoning the living anionic polymer chain into a THF solution, saturated with CO2, while the polydimethylsiloxane carboxylic acid was obtained by hydrosilylating an unsaturated benzylester with an Si-H terminated polydimethylsiloxane, and cleavage of the ester. The carbodiimide coupling was found to be the best way to connect macrocycles and polymers in high yield and high purity.The polystyrene-ring-polystyrene block copolymers are, depending on the molecular weight of the polystyrene, lyotropic liquid crystals in cyclohexane. The aggregation behavior of the copolymers in solution was investigated in more detail using several technique. As a result it can be concluded that the polystyrene-ring-polystyrene block copolymers can aggregate into hollow cylinder-like objects with an average length of 700 nm by a combination of shape complementary and demixing of rigid and flexible polymer parts. The resulting structure can be described as supramolecular hollow cylindrical brush.If the lyotropic solution of the polystyrene-ring-polystyrene block copolymers are dried, they remain birefringent indicating that the solid state has an ordered structure. The polydimethylsiloxane-ring-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymers are more or less fluid at room temperature, and are all birefringent (termotropic liquid crystals) as well. This is a prove that the copolymers are ordered in the fluid state. By a careful investigation using electron diffraction and wide-angle X-ray scattering, it has been possible to derive a model for the 3D-order of the copolymers. The data indicate a lamella structure for both type of copolymers. The macrocycles are arranged in a layer of columns. These crystalline layers are separated by amorphous layers which contain the polymers substituents.

Motorisches Lernen in Drosophila melanogaster

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die durch Training induzierten motorischen Gedächtnisleistungen der Taufliege Drosophila melanogaster beim Überklettern von acht symmetrisch verteilten Lücken auf einem rotierenden Ring untersucht. Durch den auf sie einwirkenden optischen Fluss der vorbeiziehenden äußeren Umgebung wurden die Fliegen angeregt, diesem optomotorischen Reiz entgegenzuwirken und die Lücken laufend zu überqueren. Durch Training verbessert und langfristig gelernt wird die kompensatorische Lückenüberquerung X+ gegen die Rotation. In der aus diesem Training erhaltenen Lernkurve war eine überdurchschnittlich hohe Leistungsverbesserung nach einem einzigen Trainingslauf mit einem zeitlichen Bestand von ca. 40 Minuten abzulesen, um danach vom motorischen Gedächtnisspeicher trainierter Fliegen nicht mehr abgerufen werden zu können. Nach einer Ruhephase von einem bis mehreren Tagen wurden die Fliegen auf mögliche Langzeitlernleistungen untersucht und diese für verschiedene Intervalle nachgewiesen. Sowohl die Leistungsverbesserung während des Trainings, als auch der Lerneffekt nach 24h bleiben in mutanten rutabaga2080 sowie rut1 Fliegen aus. Betroffen ist das Gen der Adenylylzyklase I, ein Schlüsselprotein der cAMP-Signalkaskade, die u.a. im olfaktorischen und visuellen Lernen gebraucht wird. Damit ergab sich die Möglichkeit die motorischen Gedächtnisformen durch partielle Rettung zu kartieren. Die motorische Gedächtniskonsolidierung ist schlafabhängig. Wie sich herausstellte, benötigen WTB Fliegen nur eine Dunkelphase von 10h zwischen einem ersten Trainingslauf und einem Testlauf um signifikante Leistungssteigerungen zu erzielen. In weiterführenden Versuchen wurden die Fliegen nachts sowie tagsüber mit einer LED-Lampe oder in einer Dunkelkammer, mit einem Kreisschüttler oder einer Laborwippe depriviert, mit dem Ergebnis, dass nur jene Fliegen ihre Leistung signifikant gegenüber einem ersten Trainingslauf verbessern konnten, welche entweder ausschließlich der Dunkelheit ausgesetzt waren oder welchen die Möglichkeit gegeben wurde, ein Gedächtnis zunächst in einer natürlichen Schlafphase zu konsolidieren (21Uhr bis 7Uhr MEZ). In weiteren Experimenten wurden die experimentellen Bedingungen entweder während des Trainings oder des Tests auf eine Fliege und damit verbunden auf eine erst durch das Training mögliche motorische Gedächtniskonsolidierung einwirken zu können, untersucht. Dazu wurden die Experimentparameter Lückenweite, Rotationsrichtung des Lückenringes, Geschwindigkeit des Lückenringes sowie die Verteilung der acht Lücken auf dem Ring (symmetrisch, asymmetrisch) im Training oder beim Gedächtnisabruf im Testlauf verändert. Aus den Ergebnissen kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass die Lückenweite langzeitkonsolidiert wird, die Rotationsrichtung kurzzeitig abgespeichert wird und die Drehgeschwindigkeit motivierend auf die Fliegen wirkt. Die symmetrische Verteilung der Lücken auf dem Ring dient der Langzeitkonsolidierung und ist als Trainingseingang von hoher Wichtigkeit. Mit Hilfe verschiedener Paradigmen konnten die Leistungsverbesserungen der Fliegen bei Abruf eines Kurz- bzw. Langzeitgedächtnisses hochauflösend betrachtet werden (Transfer). Die Konzentration, mit der eine WTB Fliege eine motorische Aufgabe - die Überquerung von Lücken entgegengesetzt der Rotationsrichtung - durchführt, konnte mit Hilfe von Distraktoreizen bestimmt werden. Wie sich herausstellte, haben Distraktoren einen Einfluss auf die Erfolgsquote einer Überquerung, d.h. mit zunehmender Distraktionsstärke nahm die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Lückenüberquerung ab. Die Ablenkungsreize wirkten sich weiterhin auf die Vermessung einer Lücke aus, in dem entweder "peering"-artigen Bewegungen im Training durchgeführt wurden oder je nach Reizstärke ausschließlich nur jene Lücken vermessen wurden, welche auch überquert werden sollten.

Ein räumliches Orientierungsgedächtnis im Zentralkomplex von Drosophila melanogaster und die spezifische Rolle von ellipsoid-body-open

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden zwei Strukturmutationslinien von Drosophila melanogaster, grf und ebo, hinsichtlich ihres Lauf- und Orientierungsverhaltens im Buridanschen sowie im Detour-Paradigma untersucht. Als Kernthema der Arbeit entwickelte sich rasch die molekulare Analyse von ebo in Bezug auf das räumliche Orientierungsgedächtnis, da ebo-mutante Fliegen Letzteres nicht zeigen. Durch Wiederherstellen der EBO-Funktion kann der Verhaltensphänotyp der ebo-Mutante in jeder Ringneuronengruppe des Ellipsoidkörpers gerettet werden, jedoch nicht der Strukturdefekt. Zudem wird zur Ausbildung des Orientierungsgedächtnisses EBO nicht während der Entwicklung, sondern akut benötigt. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass ebo für das nukleäre Protein Exportin6 codiert, und selbiges für den Export von Aktin-Profilin-Komplexen aus dem Zellkern verantwortlich ist (STÜVEN ET AL., 2003), zeigen ebo-Tiere nukleäre Aktin-Akkumulationen sowohl während der Entwicklung in Speicheldrüsen als auch im adulten Gehirn, was mittels Expression eines Actin::GFP-Fusionsproteins gezeigt wurde. Die genetischen Interaktionsexperimente zeigen, dass der anatomische Defekt von ebo durch eine reduzierte Aktin-Polymerisation erfolgt, für den Verhaltensphänotyp jedoch die Aktin-Anreicherung in den Zellkernen von Ringneuronen des Ellipsoidkörpers ursächlich ist. Die erstaunliche Redundanz der Ringneurone in Bezug auf die Rettung des Verhaltensphänotyps legt nahe, dass diffusible Faktoren eine wichtige Rolle für die Ausbildung eines Orientierungsgedächtnisses spielen. Bezüglich dieser Hypothese konnte nachgeweisen werden, dass durch FMRFamid-RNAi in R2- und R4-Ringneuronen des Ellipsoidkörpers das Orientierungsgedächtnis zerstört wird. Eine daraufhin durchgeführte Antikörperfärbung gegen pro-FMRFa in wildtypischen und ebo-mutanten Gehirnen ergab jedoch keine Verschiedenheit die Menge oder Lokalisation betreffend. Die bei ebo vorhandene Anreicherung von Aktin im Zellkern bewirkt, dass die Aktin-Monomere im Nucleus an den Cofaktor dMRTF (Mrtf) binden und diesen somit inaktivieren. Dadurch kann der Transkriptionsfaktor dSRF (bs) nicht mehr durch dMRTF aktiviert werden, was den Orientierungsgedächtnis-Verlust bewirkt. Da es jedoch unwahrscheinlich ist, dass ein Gedächtnis, welches nur wenige Sekunden andauert, von Transkriptionsregulation abhängt, könnte dSRF auch die Genexpression von Molekülen, die schnelle Veränderungen synaptischer Transmission der Ringneurone vermitteln, modulieren. Für die Zukunft wäre es demnach von enormer Bedeutung, weitere Zielgene von dSRF aufzuklären und zu analysieren.

Influence of micro-site conditions and environmental gradients on tree-ring based climate reconstructions

Tree-ring chronologies are a powerful natural archive to reconstruct summer temperature variations of the late Holocene with an annual resolution. To develop these long-term proxy records tree-ring series are commonly extended back in time by combining samples from living trees with relict dead material preserved onshore or in lakes. Former studies showed that low frequency variations in such reconstructions can be biased if the relict and recent material is from different origins. A detailed analysis of the influence of various ecological (micro-) habitats representing the recent part is required to estimate potential errors in temperature estimates. The application of collective detrending methods, that comprise absolute growth rates, can produce errors in climate reconstructions and results in an underestimation of past temperatures. The appearance of these kind of micro-site effects is a wide-spread phenomenon that takes place all over Fennoscandia. Future research in this key region for dendroclimatology should take this issue into account. Especially the higher climate response at the lakeshore site is interesting to achieve smaller uncertainties when a tree-ring series is transformed to temperature anomalies. For new composite chronologies the main aim should be to minimize potential biases and this includes also micro-site effects.

In-situ detection of defect formation in organic flexible electronics by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy

Organic semiconductor technology has attracted considerable research interest in view of its great promise for large area, lightweight, and flexible electronics applications. Owing to their advantages in processing and unique physical properties, organic semiconductors can bring exciting new opportunities for broad-impact applications requiring large area coverage, mechanical flexibility, low-temperature processing, and low cost. In order to achieve highly flexible device architecture it is crucial to understand on a microscopic scale how mechanical deformation affects the electrical performance of organic thin film devices. Towards this aim, I established in this thesis the experimental technique of Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) as a tool to investigate the morphology and the surface potential of organic semiconducting thin films under mechanical strain. KPFM has been employed to investigate the strain response of two different Organic Thin Film Transistor with active layer made by 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)-pentacene (TIPS-Pentacene), and Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT). The results show that this technique allows to investigate on a microscopic scale failure of flexible TFT with this kind of materials during bending. I find that the abrupt reduction of TIPS-pentacene device performance at critical bending radii is related to the formation of nano-cracks in the microcrystal morphology, easily identified due to the abrupt variation in surface potential caused by local increase in resistance. Numerical simulation of the bending mechanics of the transistor structure further identifies the mechanical strain exerted on the TIPS-pentacene micro-crystals as the fundamental origin of fracture. Instead for P3HT based transistors no significant reduction in electrical performance is observed during bending. This finding is attributed to the amorphous nature of the polymer giving rise to an elastic response without the occurrence of crack formation.

Evidence of a Generalized Defect of Acinar Cell Function in Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome

: Because the acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas in patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) are severely depleted, we hypothesized that a similar deficiency may be present in acinar cells of the parotid gland.

Pulse or hyaline ring granuloma. Review of the literature on etiopathogenesis of oral and extraoral lesions

Since the late 1950s, reports on an unusual giant-cell granulomatous lesion affecting the jaws, lungs, stomach and intestines have been published. Histopathologically, the lesions showed the presence of structureless hyaline rings with multinucleated giant cells. The aim of this review was to summarize the literature on the etiopathogenesis of the so-called oral and extraoral pulse or hyaline ring granuloma. Literature was searched using PubMed and Medline. In addition, hand search was performed. Search words were oral and extraoral hyaline ring granuloma, giant-cell hyaline angiopathy, pulse granuloma and chronic periostitis. Numerous terms for hyaline ring granuloma have been introduced over time (1971-2008). One hundred seventy-three cases of oral hyaline ring granuloma have been retrieved from the literature. In the mandible, 72.3% occurred . Two theories for etiopathogenesis have been proposed: (1) the origin of the hyaline rings is due to a foreign material (pulse and legumes) having penetrated the oral mucosa or gastrointestinal tract and lungs (exogenous theory) and (2) the rings are due to hyaline degenerative changes in walls of blood vessels (endogenous theory). Experimental production of oral and extraoral hyaline ring granulomas is consistent with the exogenous origin. Particles or remains of leguminous cells having been implanted or aspirated into human tissues whether located to the oral cavity or throughout the entire digestive tract and respiratory system are thought to be causative. Pulse or hyaline ring granulomas are rare but are well-defined oral and extraoral lesions due to implantation of the cellulose moiety of plant foods in contrast to the starch components.

The effect of a slow mode of BMP-2 delivery on the inflammatory response provoked by bone-defect-filling polymeric scaffolds

We investigated the inflammatory response to, and the osteoinductive efficacies of, four polymers (collagen, Ethisorb, PLGA and Polyactive) that bore either an adsorbed (fast-release kinetics) or a calcium-phosphate-coating-incorporated (slow-release kinetics) depot of BMP-2. Titanium-plate-supported discs of each polymer (n = 6 per group) were implanted at an ectopic (subcutaneous) ossification site in rats (n = 48). Five weeks later, they were retrieved for a histomorphometric analysis of the volumes of ectopic bone and foreign-body giant cells (a gauge of inflammatory reactivity), and the degree of polymer degradation. For each polymer, the osteoinductive efficacy of BMP-2 was higher when it was incorporated into a coating than when it was directly adsorbed onto the material. This mode of BMP-2 carriage was consistently associated with an attenuation of the inflammatory response. For coated materials, the volume density of foreign-body giant cells was inversely correlated with the volume density of bone (r(2) = 0.96), and the volume density of bone was directly proportional to the surface-area density of the polymer (r(2) = 0.97). Following coating degradation, other competitive factors, such as the biocompatibility and the biodegradability of the polymer itself, came into play.

Plicated patch repair for acquired Gerbode defect involving the tricuspid valve

Gerbode's defect, a left ventricular-to-right atrial communication, with involvement of the tricuspid valve acquired after bacterial endocarditis can be challenging to repair. We report a modified technique for a shunt closure and reconstruction of the tricuspid valve using a plicated bovine pericardial patch. Combining such a repair with a left ventricular patch resulted in a complete defect closure and competent tricuspid valve without regurgitation.