Análise da (re) Configuração do Espaço Geográfico Estudo de Caso: Bairro de Lém-Cachorro – Cidade da Praia – Ilha de Santiago – Cabo Verde

Espaço geográfico é o objecto de estudo da Geografia. Ele é um conjunto constituído por objectos naturais - gerados pela natureza, objectos artificiais - produzidos pelo homem e pelas acções humanas impregnadas de objectivos e finalidades. Os objectos e as acções encontram-se interligados e, é dessa forma que orientam a reorganização espacial. Por isso, não são analisados de forma isolada pela Geografia: só os objectos ou só as acções. Considera-se que o perfil da sociedade encontra-se em constante alteração, como por exemplo, um modelo social de produção e consumo antes tido como padrão vem sendo substituído por modelos mais modernos com elevado grau de exigência e satisfação. Essa condição de modernidade é dada pelo contínuo desenvolvimento do meio científico e tecnológico. Assim, essa mudança no perfil de produção e de consumo permite ao ser humano desfrutar de práticas e conhecimentos antes considerados impossíveis. Por outro lado é importante observar que estas mudanças ocorrem e repercutem no espaço sob forma de elementos artificiais com ampla capacidade de comportar funções. Tal fato atribui novas configurações dentro do espaço urbano. Nessa perspectiva procura-se com este trabalho analisar a reconfiguração do espaço geográfico do bairro de Lém-Cachorro – cidade da Praia – Cabo Verde, contemplando o princípio da Geografia crítica, de não neutralidade dos aspectos políticos, sociais e económicos no estudo da realidade geográfica. Pois o engajamento de todos esses aspectos evitará contradições e enganos, além de favorecer uma leitura com elevado grau de aproximação da realidade do bairro de Lém-Cachorro. Espaço geográfico é o objecto de estudo da Geografia. Ele é um conjunto constituído por objectos naturais - gerados pela natureza, objectos artificiais - produzidos pelo homem e pelas acções humanas impregnadas de objectivos e finalidades. Os objectos e as acções encontram-se interligados e, é dessa forma que orientam a reorganização espacial. Por isso, não são analisados de forma isolada pela Geografia: só os objectos ou só as acções. Considera-se que o perfil da sociedade encontra-se em constante alteração, como por exemplo, um modelo social de produção e consumo antes tido como padrão vem sendo substituído por modelos mais modernos com elevado grau de exigência e satisfação. Essa condição de modernidade é dada pelo contínuo desenvolvimento do meio científico e tecnológico. Assim, essa mudança no perfil de produção e de consumo permite ao ser humano desfrutar de práticas e conhecimentos antes considerados impossíveis. Por outro lado é importante observar que estas mudanças ocorrem e repercutem no espaço sob forma de elementos artificiais com ampla capacidade de comportar funções. Tal fato atribui novas configurações dentro do espaço urbano. Nessa perspectiva procura-se com este trabalho analisar a reconfiguração do espaço geográfico do bairro de Lém-Cachorro – cidade da Praia – Cabo Verde, contemplando o princípio da Geografia crítica, de não neutralidade dos aspectos políticos, sociais e económicos no estudo da realidade geográfica. Pois o engajamento de todos esses aspectos evitará contradições e enganos, além de favorecer uma leitura com elevado grau de aproximação da realidade do bairro de Lém-Cachorro.Espaço geográfico é o objecto de estudo da Geografia. Ele é um conjunto constituído por objectos naturais - gerados pela natureza, objectos artificiais - produzidos pelo homem e pelas acções humanas impregnadas de objectivos e finalidades. Os objectos e as acções encontram-se interligados e, é dessa forma que orientam a reorganização espacial. Por isso, não são analisados de forma isolada pela Geografia: só os objectos ou só as acções. Considera-se que o perfil da sociedade encontra-se em constante alteração, como por exemplo, um modelo social de produção e consumo antes tido como padrão vem sendo substituído por modelos mais modernos com elevado grau de exigência e satisfação. Essa condição de modernidade é dada pelo contínuo desenvolvimento do meio científico e tecnológico. Assim, essa mudança no perfil de produção e de consumo permite ao ser humano desfrutar de práticas e conhecimentos antes considerados impossíveis. Por outro lado é importante observar que estas mudanças ocorrem e repercutem no espaço sob forma de elementos artificiais com ampla capacidade de comportar funções. Tal fato atribui novas configurações dentro do espaço urbano. Nessa perspectiva procura-se com este trabalho analisar a reconfiguração do espaço geográfico do bairro de Lém-Cachorro – cidade da Praia – Cabo Verde, contemplando o princípio da Geografia crítica, de não neutralidade dos aspectos políticos, sociais e económicos no estudo da realidade geográfica. Pois o engajamento de todos esses aspectos evitará contradições e enganos, além de favorecer uma leitura com elevado grau de aproximação da realidade do bairro de Lém-Cachorro. Assim, assume-se como metodologia o estudo de caso dentro de uma abordagem dedutiva. Optou-se por essa metodologia por permitir um elevado grau de detalhamento das condições geográficas do bairro e a construção de cadeias de raciocínio que conduzem a conclusões específicas. Com essa metodologia, tem-se a garantia do alcance do objectivo geral da pesquisa que é analisar a reconfiguração geográfica de Lém-Cachorro, bem como dos objectivos específicos que são: caracterizar a área de estudo, aplicar os conceitos relativos a espaço geográfico e analisar a reconfiguração da paisagem geográfica do bairro.

Do agglomeration economies reduce the sensitivity of firm location to tax differentials?

Low corporate taxes can help attract new firms. This is the main mechanism underpinning the standard 'race-to-the-bottom'view of tax competition. A recent theoretical literature has qualified this view by formalizing the argument that agglomeration forces can reduce firms' sensitivity to tax differentials across locations. We test this proposition using data on firm startups across Swiss municipalities. We find that, on average, high corporate income taxes do deter new firms, but that this relationship is significantly weaker in the most spatially concentrated sectors. Location choices of firms in sectors with an agglomeration intensity at the twentieth percentile of the sample distribution are estimated to be twice as responsive to a given difference in local corporate tax burdens as firms in sectors with an agglomeration intensity at the eightieth percentile. Hence, our analysis confirms the theoretical prediction: agglomeration economies can neutralize the impact of tax differentials on firms' location choices.

Crises and growth: A re-evaluation

We address the question of whether growth and welfare can be higher in crisis prone economies. First, we show that there is a robust empirical link between per-capita GDP growth and negative skewness of credit growth across countries with active financial markets. That is, countries that have experienced occasional crises have grown on average faster than countries with smooth credit conditions. We then present a two-sector endogenous growth model in which financial crises can occur, and analyze the relationship between financial fragility and growth. The underlying credit market imperfections generateborrowing constraints, bottlenecks and low growth. We show that under certain conditions endogenous real exchange rate risk arises and firms find it optimal to take on credit risk in the form of currency mismatch. Along such a risky path average growth is higher, but self-fulfilling crises occur occasionally. Furthermore, we establish conditions under which the adoption of credit risk is welfare improving and brings the allocation nearer to the Pareto optimal level. The design of the model is motivated by several features of recent crises: credit risk in the form of foreign currency denominated debt; costly crises that generate firesales and widespread bankruptcies; and asymmetric sectorial responses, wherethe nontradables sector falls more than the tradables sector in the wake of crises.

Consumer Advisory Bulletin, International Lottery Schemes: You're the Loser!, April 2004

The Attorney General’s Consumer Protection Division receives hundreds of calls and consumer complaints every year. Follow these tips to avoid unexpected expense and disappointments. This record is about: International Lottery Schemes: You're the Loser!

On optimal location with treshold requirements

The optimal location of services is one of the most important factors that affects service quality in terms of consumer access. On theother hand, services in general need to have a minimum catchment area so as to be efficient. In this paper a model is presented that locates the maximum number of services that can coexist in a given region without having losses, taking into account that they need a minimum catchment area to exist. The objective is to minimize average distance to the population. The formulation presented belongs to the class of discrete P--median--like models. A tabu heuristic method is presented to solve the problem. Finally, the model is applied to the location of pharmacies in a rural region of Spain.

Consumer Advisory Bulletin, International Lottery Schemes: You're the Loser!, April 2004

The Attorney General’s Consumer Protection Division receives hundreds of calls and consumer complaints every year. Follow these tips to avoid unexpected expense and disappointments. This record is about: International Lottery Schemes: You're the Loser!

Supermarket key attributes and location decisions: A comparative study between British and Spanish consumers

The Maximum Capture problem (MAXCAP) is a decision model that addresses the issue of location in a competitive environment. This paper presents a new approach to determine which store s attributes (other than distance) should be included in the newMarket Capture Models and how they ought to be reflected using the Multiplicative Competitive Interaction model. The methodology involves the design and development of a survey; and the application of factor analysis and ordinary least squares. Themethodology has been applied to the supermarket sector in two different scenarios: Milton Keynes (Great Britain) and Barcelona (Spain).

Location of hubs in a competitive environment

We offer a formulation that locates hubs on a network in a competitiveenvironment; that is, customer capture is sought, which happenswhenever the location of a new hub results in a reduction of thecurrent cost (time, distance) needed by the traffic that goes from thespecified origin to the specified destination.The formulation presented here reduces the number of variables andconstraints as compared to existing covering models. This model issuited for both air passenger and cargo transportation.In this model, each origin-destination flow can go through either oneor two hubs, and each demand point can be assigned to more than a hub,depending on the different destinations of its traffic. Links(``spokes'' have no capacity limit. Computational experience is provided.

Swiss consensus statement: Recommendations for optimising re-treatment with MabThera (rituximab) in rheumatoid arthritis.

Rituximab is an effective treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which has been approved for the treatment of moderate to severe disease in patients with an inadequate response to anti-TNF therapies. Rituximab differs from other available biological agents for RA by way of its unique mode of action and unrivalled long dosing interval. The efficacy of rituximab subsides progressively over time and re-therapy is generally required to maintain long term disease control. The timing of re-treatment is currently not well established and varies widely in clinical practice. The present document is a concise recommendation regarding re-treatment with rituximab, based on validated outcomes such as the DAS28 and the EULAR response criteria. The recommendation was established through consensus between practitioners familiar with rituximab therapy in RA. Optimisation of the rituximab re-treatment schedule may improve patient outcomes and balance risks and benefits for the individual patient.

Government spending and re-election: Quasi-experimental evidence from Brazilian municipalities

Does additional government spending improve the electoral chances of incumbent politicalparties? This paper provides the first quasi-experimental evidence on this question. Our researchdesign exploits discontinuities in federal funding to local governments in Brazil around severalpopulation cutoffs over the period 1982-1985. We show that extra fiscal transfers resulted in a20% increase in local government spending per capita, and an increase of about 10 percentagepoints in the re-election probability of local incumbent parties. In the context of an agency modelof electoral accountability, as well as existing results indicating that the revenue jumps studiedhere had positive impacts on education outcomes and earnings, these results suggest that expectedelectoral rewards encouraged incumbents to spend additional funds in ways that were valued byvoters.

Locating emergency services with different priorities: The priority queuing covering location problem

Previous covering models for emergency service consider all the calls to be of the sameimportance and impose the same waiting time constraints independently of the service's priority.This type of constraint is clearly inappropriate in many contexts. For example, in urban medicalemergency services, calls that involve danger to human life deserve higher priority over calls formore routine incidents. A realistic model in such a context should allow prioritizing the calls forservice.In this paper a covering model which considers different priority levels is formulated andsolved. The model heritages its formulation from previous research on Maximum CoverageModels and incorporates results from Queuing Theory, in particular Priority Queuing. Theadditional complexity incorporated in the model justifies the use of a heuristic procedure.

Probabilistic maximal covering location-allocation models with constrained waiting time or queue length for congested systems

When dealing with the design of service networks, such as healthand EMS services, banking or distributed ticket selling services, thelocation of service centers has a strong influence on the congestion ateach of them, and consequently, on the quality of service. In this paper,several models are presented to consider service congestion. The firstmodel addresses the issue of the location of the least number of single--servercenters such that all the population is served within a standard distance,and nobody stands in line for a time longer than a given time--limit, or withmore than a predetermined number of other clients. We then formulateseveral maximal coverage models, with one or more servers per service center.A new heuristic is developed to solve the models and tested in a 30--nodesnetwork.

Location models in the public sector

The past four decades have witnessed an explosive growth in the field of networkbased facilitylocation modeling. This is not at all surprising since location policy is one of the mostprofitable areas of applied systems analysis in regional science and ample theoretical andapplied challenges are offered. Location-allocation models seek the location of facilitiesand/or services (e.g., schools, hospitals, and warehouses) so as to optimize one or severalobjectives generally related to the efficiency of the system or to the allocation of resources.This paper concerns the location of facilities or services in discrete space or networks, thatare related to the public sector, such as emergency services (ambulances, fire stations, andpolice units), school systems and postal facilities. The paper is structured as follows: first,we will focus on public facility location models that use some type of coverage criterion,with special emphasis in emergency services. The second section will examine models based onthe P-Median problem and some of the issues faced by planners when implementing thisformulation in real world locational decisions. Finally, the last section will examine newtrends in public sector facility location modeling.