Covalent cell surface functionalization of human fetal osteoblasts for tissue engineering.

The chemical functionalization of cell-surface proteins of human primary fetal bone cells with hydrophilic bioorthogonal intermediates was investigated. Toward this goal, chemical pathways were developed for click reaction-mediated coupling of alkyne derivatives with cellular azido-expressing proteins. The incorporation via a tetraethylene glycol linker of a dipeptide and a reporter biotin allowed the proof of concept for the introduction of cell-specific peptide ligands and to follow the reaction in living cells. Tuning the conditions of the click reaction resulted in chemical functionalization of living human fetal osteoblasts with excellent cell survival.

De Novo Production of Metabolites by Fungal Co-culture of Trichophyton rubrum and Bionectria ochroleuca.

The co-cultivation of fungi has recently been described as a promising strategy to induce the production of novel metabolites through possible gene activation. A large screening of fungal co-cultures in solid media has identified an unusual long-distance growth inhibition between Trichophyton rubrum and Bionectria ochroleuca. To study metabolite induction in this particular fungal interaction, differential LC-MS-based metabolomics was performed on pure strain cultures and on their co-cultures. The comparison of the resulting fingerprints highlighted five de novo induced compounds, which were purified using software-oriented semipreparative HPLC-MS. One metabolite was successfully identified as 4″-hydroxysulfoxy-2,2″-dimethylthielavin P (a substituted trimer of 3,5-dimethylorsellinic acid). The nonsulfated form, as well as three other related compounds, were found in the pure strain culture of B. ochroleuca.

Audit report on the City of Denison, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Denison, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Long-term and long-range migration of radioactive fallout in a Karst system.

Mountainous areas are often covered by little evolved soils from which deposited radionuclides can potentially leak into the vadose zone. In the Swiss Jura mountains, we observed unusual isotopic ratios of nuclear weapon test (NWTs) fallout with an apparent loss of NWTs plutonium relative to &supl;³⁷Cs of Chernobyl origin in thinner soils. Here, we studied the karstic watershed of a vauclusian spring to determine the residence times of plutonium, ²⁴&supl;Am, and ⁹⁰Sr deposited by global fallout and their respective mobility in carbonaceous soils. The results show that ⁹⁰Sr is washed most efficiently from the watershed with a residence time of several hundred years. The estimated plutonium residence time is more than 10 times higher (in the range of 5000-10,000 years), and the ²⁴&supl;Am residence time is double that of plutonium. The spring water ²⁴&supl;Am/²³⁹+²⁴⁰Pu isotopic ratio is lower (0.12 - 0.28) than found in watershed soils (0.382 ± 0.077). Similar differences are found in aquatic mosses (²⁴&supl;Am/²³⁹+²⁴⁰Pu isotopic ratio 0.05-0.12), which are permanently submerged in spring waters. In contrast to plutonium, ⁹⁰Sr is leached from these mosses with 0.5M HCl, demonstrating that strontium is probably associated with calcium carbonate precipitations on the mosses. The higher plutonium to americium isotopic ratio found in the samples of spring water and mosses at the outlet of the karst shows that plutonium mobility is enhanced.

Audit report on the City of Bondurant, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Bondurant, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Adel, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Adel, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Shenandoah, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Shenandoah, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Council Bluffs, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Council Bluffs, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report of the City of Nevada, Iowa, as of and for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report of the City of Nevada, Iowa, as of and for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Hiawatha, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Hiawatha, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Colfax, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Colfax, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Wapello, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Wapello, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of West Union, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of West Union, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Carlisle, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Carlisle, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Grimes, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015

Audit report on the City of Grimes, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2015