Extratos de sementes de gergelim preto (Sesamum indicum L) obtidos via CO2 supercrítico: isotermas de rendimento global, dados cinéticos e ajustes, ácidos graxos totais, fitosteróis e efeitos neuroprotetores

Na medicina popular brasileira, sementes de gergelim preto (Sesamum indicum L) é um dos mais importantes ingrediente presentes em um chá usado para tratar vítimas de acidente vascular encefálico (AVE). Porém, o isolamento de extratos de gergelim preto para fins medicinais usando a tecnologia do fluido supercrítico não foi realizado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar algumas variáveis de processo da extração com fluido supercrítico em sementes de gergelim preto para gerar extratos aplicáveis a pesquisa do AVE isquêmico focal. Duas isotermas (40 e 60 ºC) foram exploradas, combinadas com pressões de 200-400 bar, em vazão mássica de CO₂ constante de 5,9 x 10^-5 kg/s. Os rendimentos globais foram de 37-53% em base seca. O maior rendimento foi obtido em 60 ºC e 400 bar. A composição de ácidos graxos mostrou uma elevada razão de insaturados/ saturados. A análise de conteúdo de fitosteróis no extrato de maior rendimento revelou maiores quantidades de β-sitosterol + sitostanol, colesterol, campesterol + campestanol + 24-metileno colesterol, Δ-5 avenasterol and estigmasterol, enquanto que menores níveis de Δ-5,24 estigmastadienol, brassicasterol, clerosterol + Δ-5-23 estigmastadienol, Δ-7 avenasterol, eritrodiol and Δ-7 estigmastenol foram observados. As curvas de extração das extrações com fluido supercrítico no menor e maior rendimento mássico (200 e 400 bar a 60 ºC) foram ajustadas pelos modelos de Tan e Liou (1989), Martinez et al. (2003), Esquível et al. (1999), Goto et al. (1993) e Sovová (1994 e 2012). Os modelos de Tan e Liou (1989), Goto et al. (1993) e Sovová (1994 e 2012) apresentaram as melhores valores nominais de somas residuais dos quadrados. Experimentos pilotos sugerem que o extrato obtido via fluido supercrítico de gergelim preto é neuroprotetor em relação a isquemia focal por endotelina-1 no córtex motor de ratos machos adultos, observada a redução da área de infarto isquêmico.

Atividade antiinflamatória e neuroprotetora da Edaravona no córtex sensóriomotor primário de ratos adultos submetidos à isquemia focal experimental

O acidente vascular encefálico (AVENC) é uma desordem neural iniciada a partir da redução ou interrupção do fluxo sanguíneo, tornando inadequada a demanda energética para a região, promovendo assim um dano tecidual. O AVENC é classificado em hemorrágico ou isquêmico. O AVENC isquêmico tem maior prevalência e pode ocorrer por trombose ou embolismo. A patologia isquêmica tem múltiplos eventos interrelacionados como excitotoxicidade, despolarização periinfarto, estresse oxidativo e nitrosativo, inflamação e apoptose. Um elemento de fundamental importância na patologia isquêmica é a célula microglial, cuja atividade está intimamente ligada à progressão do ambiente lesivo. Uma alternativa terapêutica no tratamento do AVENC é um pirazolona denominada Edaravona. O presente trabalho avaliou a o efeito neuroprotetor da Edaravona na dose de 3mg/kg no córtex sensóriomotor primário após lesão isquêmica focal. A indução isquêmica foi induzida através da administração de 40pM do peptídeo vasoconstritor endotelina 1 diretamente sobre o córtex sensóriomotor primário. Foram avaliados animais tratados com Edaravona (N=10) e animais tratados com Água Destilada (N=10) nos tempos de sobrevida 1 e 7 dias após o evento isquêmico. O tratamento com edaravona evidenciou através da análise histopatológica com violeta de cresila uma redução de 49% e 66% na área de infarto nos animais nos tempo de sobrevida 1 e 7 dias respectivamente. Os estudos imunohistoquímicos para micróglia/macrófagos ativos (ED1⁺) demostraram uma redução na presença de células ED1⁺ em 35% e 41% para os tempos de sobrevida 1 e 7 dias respectivamente. A redução na presença de neutrófilos (MBS-1⁺) foi significativa apenas nos animais com tempo de sobrevida de 24h onde se observou a redução em 56% na presença dessas células. A análise estatística foi feita por análise de variância com correção a posteriori de Tukey com p <0,05.

A influência da música nas atividades físicas e sua impressão no corpo e nos estados de ânimo

Numerous studies in physical education and music's area have been conducted to improve the quality of life and health of people, all of them under physiological, psychological and social fields. Thus, when properly analyzed, both Areas are connected, because the movement itself, main subject of physical education, has a close proximity to the rhythm, an essential element of music. That's why it is important to discover the benefits of this relationship, because, in many of its practices, physical education makes use of music, for example, in aerobic gymnastic and dance classes. As a consequence, this study aims to investigate, through literature, the influence of music in physical activities and its imprinting in the states of mind and body of practitioners, as well as clarify the criteria for choice of songs that are used in such practice. This research occurred under literary explore, done through theoretical analysis of the thematic. At first place, a contextualization of the auditory system and its relationship with the music and the perception of sound were made, then the main theme was explored. The music, even before generate and influence motor and psychic movements in the human body, is already moving in space, because it is formed through vibrations of molecules. It is decoded first as a movement from the ears, and then decoded as sound, when in the brain. It is important to worry about sounds at high intensities and also with those which are outside the hearing thresholds within physical activities involving music, because they may be harmful to health and also to states of mind. As far as music and movement is concerned, they are closely linked, and the human being has an instinctive sense of rhythm that can be seen when listening to music, because the motor cortex is also activated. Therefore, it is important to work the sound and body movement together, because in practice they are inseparable and they contribute greatly to...

Transcranial DC Stimulation Coupled With TENS for the Treatment of Chronic Pain A Preliminary Study

Objective: Based on evidence showing that electrical stimulation of the nervous system is an effective method to decrease chronic neurogenic pain, we aimed to investigate whether the combination of 2 methods of electrical stimulation-a method of peripheral stimulation [transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)] and a method of noninvasive brain stimulation (transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)]-induces greater pain reduction as compared with tDCS alone and sham stimulation. Methods: We performed a preliminary, randomized, sham-controlled, crossover, clinical study in which 8 patients were randomized to receive active tDCS/active TENS (""tDCS/TENS"" group), active tDCS/sham TENS (""tDCS"" group), and sham tDCS/sham TENS (""sham"" group) stimulation. Assessments were performed immediately before and after each condition by a blinded rater. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in pain reduction across the conditions Of stimulation (P = 0.006). Post hoc tests showed significant pain reduction as compared with baseline after the tDCS/TENS condition [reduction by 36.5% (+/- 10.7), P = 0.004] and the tDCS condition [reduction by 15.5% (+/- 4.9), P = 0.014], but not after sham stimulation (P = 0.35). In addition, tDCS/TENS induced greater pain reduction than tDCS (P = 0.02). Conclusions: The results of this pilot study suggest that the combination of TENS with tDCS has a superior effect compared with tDCS alone.

Cumulative priming effects of cortical stimulation on smoking cue-induced craving

Smoking cue-provoked craving is an intricate behavior associated with strong changes in neural networks. Craving is one of the main reasons subjects continue to smoke; therefore interventions that can modify activity in neural networks associated with craving can be useful tools in future research investigating novel treatments for smoking cessation. The goal of this study was to use a neuromodulatory technique associated with a powerful effect on spontaneous neuronal firing - transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) - to modify cue-provoked smoking craving. Based on preliminary data showing that craving can be modified after a single tDCS session, here we investigated the effects of repeated tDCS sessions on craving behavior. Twenty-seven subjects were randomized to receive sham or active tDCS (anodal tDCS of the left DLPFC). Our results show a significant cumulative effect of tDCS on modifying smoking cue-provoked craving. In fact, in the group of active stimulation, smoking cues had an opposite effect on craving after stimulation - it decreased craving - as compared to sham stimulation in which there was a small decrease or increase on craving. In addition, during these 5 days of stimulation there was a small but significant decrease in the number of cigarettes smoked in the active as compared to sham tDCS group. Our findings extend the results of our previous study as they confirm the notion that tDCS has a specific effect on craving behavior and that the effects of several sessions can increase the magnitude of its effect. These results open avenues for the exploration of this method as a therapeutic alternative for smoking cessation and also as a mean to change stimulus-induced behavior. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Non-invasive brain stimulation for the management of arterial hypertension

The neural control of the cardiovascular system is a complex process that involves many structures at different levels of nervous system. Several cortical areas are involved in the control of systemic blood pressure, such as the sensorimotor cortex, the medial prefrontal cortex and the insular cortex. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques - repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) - induce sustained and prolonged functional changes of the human cerebral cortex. rTMS and tDCS has led to positive results in the treatment of some neurological and psychiatric disorders. Because experiments in animals show that cortical modulation can be an effective method to regulate the cardiovascular system, non-invasive brain stimulation might be a novel tool in the therapeutics of human arterial hypertension. We here review the experimental evidence that non-invasive brain stimulation can influence the autonomic nervous system and discuss the hypothesis that focal modulation of cortical excitability by rTMS or tDCS can influence sympathetic outflow and, eventually, blood pressure, thus providing a novel therapeutic tool for human arterial hypertension. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Cognitive, Mood, and Electroencephalographic Effects of Noninvasive Cortical Stimulation With Weak Electrical Currents

Objectives: The use of noninvasive cortical electrical stimulation with weak currents has significantly increased in basic and clinical human studies. Initial, preliminary studies with this technique have shown encouraging results; however, the safety and tolerability of this method of brain stimulation have not been sufficiently explored yet. The purpose of our study was to assess the effects of direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) stimulation at different intensities in order to measure their effects on cognition, mood, and electroencephalogram. Methods: Eighty-two healthy, right-handed subjects received active and sham stimulation in a randomized order. We conducted 164 ninety-minute sessions of electrical stimulation in 4 different protocols to assess safety of (1) anodal DC of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC); (2) cathodal DC of the DLPFC; (3) intermittent anodal DC of the DLPFC and; (4) AC on the zygomatic process. We used weak currents of 1 to 2 mA (for DC experiments) or 0.1 to 0.2 mA (for AC experiment). Results: We found no significant changes in electroencephalogram, cognition, mood, and pain between groups and a low prevalence of mild adverse effects (0.11% and 0.08% in the active and sham stimulation groups, respectively), mainly, sleepiness and mild headache that were equally distributed between groups. Conclusions: Here, we show no neurophysiological or behavioral signs that transcranial DC stimulation or AC stimulation with weak currents induce deleterious changes when comparing active and sham groups. This study provides therefore additional information for researchers and ethics committees, adding important results to the safety pool of studies assessing the effects of cortical stimulation using weak electrical currents. Further studies in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders are warranted.

Cortical mapping with navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation in low-grade glioma surgery

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising method for both investigation and therapeutic treatment of psychiatric and neurologic disorders and, more recently, for brain mapping. This study describes the application of navigated TMS for motor cortex mapping in patients with a brain tumor located close to the precentral gyrus. Materials and methods: In this prospective study, six patients with low-grade gliomas in or near the precentral gyrus underwent TMS, and their motor responses were correlated to locations in the cortex around the lesion, generating a functional map overlaid on three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain. To determine the accuracy of this new method, we compared TMS mapping with the gold standard mapping with direct cortical electrical stimulation in surgery. The same navigation system and TMS-generated map were used during the surgical resection procedure. Results: The motor cortex could be clearly mapped using both methods. The locations corresponding to the hand and forearm, found during intraoperative mapping, showed a close spatial relationship to the homotopic areas identified by TMS mapping. The mean distance between TMS and direct cortical electrical stimulation (DES) was 4.16 +/- 1.02 mm (range: 2.56-5.27 mm). Conclusion: Preoperative mapping of the motor cortex with navigated TMS prior to brain tumor resection is a useful presurgical planning tool with good accuracy.

Diskriminationsleistungen des Schmerzsinnes und deren Korrelate in Laser-evozierten Potenzialen

In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte die Fähigkeit untersucht werden, Schmerzreize auf der Haut zu lokalisieren und deren Intensität zu differenzieren. Während dieser Diskriminationsaufgaben wurde die elektrische Aktivität des Gehirns gemessen.Traditionell werden dem nozizeptiven System nur geringe Diskriminationsleistungen zugeschrieben. In einer ersten Versuchsreihe sollten daher die räumlichen Diskriminationsleistungen für nozizeptive und taktile Reize verglichen werden. Auf dem Handrücken konnten schmerzhaft Laserhitzereize genauso gut lokalisiert werden wie taktile Reize (von-Frey-Haar). Nur ein mechanischer Nadelreiz, der taktiles und nozizeptives System koaktivierte, konnte noch besser lokalisiert werden. In der zweiten Versuchsreihe wurden während verschiedener Diskriminationsaufgaben (räumliche Diskrimination, Intensitätsdiskrimination) und einer Ablenkungsaufgabe (mentale Arithmetik) Laser-evozierte Potenziale von der Kopfhaut abgeleitet. Eine Dipolquellenanalyse zeigte als erstes eine Aktivierung des frontalen Operculums, entsprechend einem zur Zeit noch umstrittenen Projektionsgebiet eines nozizeptiven Thalamuskerns (VMpo), gefolgt vom primären somatosensorische Kortex (SI) und dem Gyrus cinguli. Im Gegensatz zum taktilen System wurde SI signifikant später aktiviert als SII (bzw. das Operculum). Die Diskriminationsaufgaben erhöhten die Aktivität aller Quellen im Vergleich zu der Ablenkungsbedingung. Dies konnte sogar für die früheste Quelle im Operculum gezeigt werden.Die frühe sensorisch-diskriminative Komponente der Schmerzverarbeitung im Operculum zeigte eine Hemisphärenasymmetrie, mit stärkerer Aktivierung der linken Hemisphäre unabhängig von der Stimulationsseite.

Seeing and feeling the body

Recognizing one’s body as separate from the external world plays a crucial role in detecting external events, and thus in planning adequate reactions to them. In addition, recognizing one’s body as distinct from others’ bodies allows remapping the experiences of others onto one’s sensory system, providing improved social understanding. In line with these assumptions, two well-known multisensory mechanisms demonstrated modulations of somatosensation when viewing both one’s own and someone else’s body: the Visual Enhancement of Touch (VET) and the Visual Remapping of Touch (VRT) effects. Vision of the body, in the former, and vision of the body being touched, in the latter, enhance tactile processing. The present dissertation investigated the multisensory nature of these mechanisms and their neural bases. Further experiments compared these effects for viewing one’s own body or viewing another person’s body. These experiments showed important differences in multisensory processing for one’s own body, and for other bodies, and also highlighted interactions between VET and VRT effects. The present experimental evidence demonstrated that a multisensory representation of one’s body – underlie by a high order fronto-parietal network - sends rapid modulatory feedback to primary somatosensory cortex, thus functionally enhancing tactile processing. These effects were highly spatially-specific, and depended on current body position. In contrast, vision of another person’s body can drive mental representations able to modulate tactile perception without any spatial constraint. Finally, these modulatory effects seem sometimes to interact with high order information, such as emotional content of a face. This allows one’s somatosensory system to adequately modulate perception of external events on the body surface, as a function of its interaction with the emotional state expressed by another individual.

Sviluppo, Basi Neurali e Patologie del Sé corporeo

Il presente elaborato ha per oggetto la tematica del Sé, in particolar modo il Sé corporeo. Il primo capitolo illustrerà la cornice teorica degli studi sul riconoscimento del Sé corporeo, affrontando come avviene l’elaborazione del proprio corpo e del proprio volto rispetto alle parti corporee delle altre persone. Il secondo capitolo descriverà uno studio su soggetti sani che indaga l’eccitabilità della corteccia motoria nei processi di riconoscimento sé/altro. I risultati mostrano un incremento dell’eccitabilità corticospinale dell’emisfero destro in seguito alla presentazione di stimoli propri (mano e cellulare), a 600 e 900 ms dopo la presentazione dello stimolo, fornendo informazioni sulla specializzazione emisferica substrati neurali e sulla temporalità dei processi che sottendono all’elaborazione del sé. Il terzo capitolo indagherà il contributo del movimento nel riconoscimento del Sé corporeo in soggetti sani ed in pazienti con lesione cerebrale destra. Le evidenze mostrano come i pazienti, che avevano perso la facilitazione nell’elaborare le parti del proprio corpo statiche, presentano tale facilitazione in seguito alla presentazione di parti del proprio corpo in movimento. Il quarto capitolo si occuperà dello sviluppo del sé corporeo in bambini con sviluppo atipico, affetti da autismo, con riferimento al riconoscimento di posture emotive proprie ed altrui. Questo studio mostra come alcuni processi legati al sé possono essere preservati anche in bambini affetti da autismo. Inoltre i dati mostrano che il riconoscimento del sé corporeo è modulato dalle emozioni espresse dalle posture corporee sia in bambini con sviluppo tipico che in bambini affetti da autismo. Il quinto capitolo sarà dedicato al ruolo dei gesti nel riconoscimento del corpo proprio ed altrui. I dati di questo studio evidenziano come il contenuto comunicativo dei gesti possa facilitare l’elaborazione di parti del corpo altrui. Nella discussione generale i risultati dei diversi studi verranno considerati all’interno della loro cornice teorica.

Interhemispheric connections shape subjective experience of bistable motion

The right and left visual hemifields are represented in different cerebral hemispheres and are bound together by connections through the corpus callosum. Much has been learned on the functions of these connections from split-brain patients [1-4], but little is known about their contribution to conscious visual perception in healthy humans. We used diffusion tensor imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate which callosal connections contribute to the subjective experience of a visual motion stimulus that requires interhemispheric integration. The "motion quartet" is an ambiguous version of apparent motion that leads to perceptions of either horizontal or vertical motion [5]. Interestingly, observers are more likely to perceive vertical than horizontal motion when the stimulus is presented centrally in the visual field [6]. This asymmetry has been attributed to the fact that, with central fixation, perception of horizontal motion requires integration across hemispheres whereas perception of vertical motion requires only intrahemispheric processing [7]. We are able to show that the microstructure of individually tracked callosal segments connecting motion-sensitive areas of the human MT/V5 complex (hMT/V5+; [8]) can predict the conscious perception of observers. Neither connections between primary visual cortex (V1) nor other surrounding callosal regions exhibit a similar relationship.

Common mechanisms of auditory hallucinations-perfusion studies in epilepsy

Auditory hallucinations (AH) occur in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. In psychosis, increased neuronal activity in the primary auditory cortex (PAC) contributes to AH. We investigated functional neuroanatomy of epileptic hallucinations by measuring cerebral perfusion in three patients with AH during simple partial status epilepticus. Hyperperfusion in the temporal lobe covering the PAC occurred in all patients. Our perfusion data support the hypothesis of PAC being a constituting element in the genesis of AH independent of their aetiology.

Competition for neuronal resources: how hallucinations make themselves heard

BACKGROUND: Hallucinations are perceptions in the absence of a corresponding external sensory stimulus. However, during auditory verbal hallucinations, activation of the primary auditory cortex has been described. AIMS: The objective of this study was to investigate whether this activation of the auditory cortex contributes essentially to the character of hallucinations and attributes them to alien sources, or whether the auditory activation is a sign of increased general auditory attention to external sounds. METHOD: The responsiveness of the auditory cortex was investigated by auditory evoked potentials (N100) during the simultaneous occurrence of hallucinations and external stimuli. Evoked potentials were computed separately for periods with and without hallucinations; N100 power, topography and brain electrical sources were analysed. RESULTS: Hallucinations lowered the N100 amplitudes and changed the topography, presumably due to a reduced left temporal responsivity. CONCLUSIONS: This finding indicates competition between auditory stimuli and hallucinations for physiological resources in the primary auditory cortex. The abnormal activation of the primary auditory cortex may thus be a constituent of auditory hallucinations.

Perceptual Learning via Modification of Cortical Top-Down Signals

The primary visual cortex (V1) is pre-wired to facilitate the extraction of behaviorally important visual features. Collinear edge detectors in V1, for instance, mutually enhance each other to improve the perception of lines against a noisy background. The same pre-wiring that facilitates line extraction, however, is detrimental when subjects have to discriminate the brightness of different line segments. How is it possible to improve in one task by unsupervised practicing, without getting worse in the other task? The classical view of perceptual learning is that practicing modulates the feedforward input stream through synaptic modifications onto or within V1. However, any rewiring of V1 would deteriorate other perceptual abilities different from the trained one. We propose a general neuronal model showing that perceptual learning can modulate top-down input to V1 in a task-specific way while feedforward and lateral pathways remain intact. Consistent with biological data, the model explains how context-dependent brightness discrimination is improved by a top-down recruitment of recurrent inhibition and a top-down induced increase of the neuronal gain within V1. Both the top-down modulation of inhibition and of neuronal gain are suggested to be universal features of cortical microcircuits which enable perceptual learning.