Suomalaisten jäte- ja jätevesialan yritysten yhteistyömahdollisuudet sekä uudet tuotekonseptit koti- ja ulkomaisen liiketoiminnan kehittämisessä

Diplomityö on tehty osana InnoEnvi-hanketta, joka on Etelä-Suomen ympäristöalan verkostoitumiseen ja tietoyhteiskunnan kehittymiseen tähtäävä toimintakokonaisuus. InnoEnvi on osa Etelä-Suomen maakuntien valmistelemaa InnoElli-ohjelmaa. InnoEnvi-hankkeen päätavoitteena on kehittyvän ympäristöklusterin luominen Etelä-Suomeen. Monet suomalaiset ympäristöalalle erikoistuneet yritykset ovat vielä tänä päivänä pieniä, nuoria ja pirstaleisia, minkä vuoksi ne tarvitsevat tukea ja yhteistyötä varsinkin vientimarkkinoille pyrkiessään. Tämän työn oleellisimpana tavoitteena oli kartoittaa Etelä-Suomen jäte- ja jätehuoltoalan yritysten yhteistyön mahdollisuuksia ja etuja, sekä yhteistyön tuomaa vaikutusta koti- ja ulkomaiseen liiketoimintaan. Tutkimusongelmaa lähestyttiin kartoittamalla Suomen tämänhetkistä jäte- ja jätevesihuollon tilaa ja käytössä olevaa teknologiaa sekä ympäristöliiketoimintaan vaikuttavia ohjauskeinoja. Ympäristöalan liiketoimintakenttään syvennyttiin tutkimalla alan verkostoitumista ja uusia verkostoitumisen mahdollisuuksia. Verkostoituneita yrityksiä ja yhteistyön lisätarvetta selvitettiin InnoEnvissä tehtyjen aiempien tutkimustulosten sekä tässä tutkimuksessa tehtyjen yrityshaastattelujen avulla. Uudet EU-maat panostavat tiukentuvien ympäristösäädösten takia ympäristönsuojeluun, mikä tekee niistä houkuttelevan ympäristöteknologian vientikohteen. Tässä työssä valittiin tutkimuksen kohteiksi Latvia ja Puola, joiden ympäristöteknologian tasoa ja kehitystarpeita selvitettiin vientipotentiaalin hahmottamiseksi. Molempien maiden jätevesi- ja varsinkin jätehuollossa on paljon kehitettävää, ja maissa panostetaankin kehitystoimiin monin erilaisin valtiollisin ohjelmin. Kotimaisen ympäristöliiketoiminnan kehittämiseksi työssä käsiteltiin neljää tuote- ja palvelukonseptia, jotka valittiin InnoEnvi-hankkeessa tehdystä ajankohtaisesta ympäristöalan investointihankekartoituksesta. Valitut konseptit ovat: REF-valmistuslaitos, jätevesilietteen käsittelylaitteisto, pilaantuneiden maiden käsittelytoimet sekä kaatopaikan lopettaminen. Tuotekonseptit jaettiin osatuotteisiin ja –palveluihin, joita verkostoituneet yritykset voisivat yhdessä tuottaa. Työkaluiksi yritysten kontakteihin nähtiin InnoEnvi-hankkeessa muodostetut miniklusterit ja niiden sisällä kehittyvä toiminta sekä hankkeessa rakennettu www-pohjainen Matching-palvelu. Tutkimuksessa löydettiin uusia mahdollisuuksia yhteistyötoiminnalle. Verkostoitumisessa nähdään haastattelujen mukaan monia etuja: tiedonsaanti, taloudelliset edut, toiminnan luotettavuus sekä uudet virikkeet markkinointiin ja tuotekehitykseen. Lisäyhteistyökumppaneille on haastattelujen mukaan tarvetta. Verkostoituminen tuo vientitoimintaa aloitteleville pk-sektorin yrityksille mahdollisuuden saavuttaa kansainvälistymiseen tarvittavia resursseja. Niin koti- kuin ulkomaisessakin liiketoiminnassa verkoston tärkeimmäksi tekijäksi osoittautui veturiyritys, joka voi vastata verkostossa muun muassa markkinoinnista ja tuotekehityksestä Vientitoiminnassa kohdemaan lainsäädännön ja yleisien toimintatapojen tunteminen on tärkeää. Paikalliset kohdemaan suunnittelu- ja urakointiyritykset ovat tärkeitä yhteistyökumppaneita vientihankkeessa. Latviassa jätehuoltoteknologian kehittämisen tarve on niin yhdyskunta-, ongelma- kuin teollisuusjätteidenkin osalta merkittävä. Puolassa jätesektorin ajankohtaisia aiheita ovat muun muassa kaatopaikkojen vähentäminen ja pakkausjätteen käsittely. Molempien esimerkkimaiden kohdalla jätevesihuollossa tullaan keskittymään lietteiden käsittelyn vaatimiin teknologian tarpeisiin. Vientiosiossa tehtiin vientiyhteistyöesimerkki, jossa tutkittiin kuvitteellista rakennusjätteen käsittelylaitoksen toimittamisprojektia Puolaan. Esimerkkiin saatiin tietoja InnoEnvissä tehdystä Puolan markkinatutkimuksesta. Tulokseksi saatiin viitteitä mahdollisista suomalaisista laitetoimittajista, viisi potentiaalista puolalaista suunnitteluyritystä sekä viisi puolalaista urakoitsijaa. On tärkeää, että kotimaisella yritysryppäällä on kokemusta sujuvasta yhteistyöstä ennen vientiprojektin toteuttamista. Tuotekonseptiesimerkkeihin kartoitettiin pääosa eteläsuomalaisista tuotteiden ja palvelujen tarjoajista. Tarkasteluun otettiin mukaan myös yrityksiä, joiden tuotteet tai palvelut olivat lähellä käsiteltyä konseptia. Tehtyjen yrityslistojen avulla on tarkoitus antaa virikkeitä uusien yritysryppäiden muodostamisesta sekä uusista tuote- ja palveluideoista, joille on nähtävissä markkinapotentiaalia. InnoEnvi-hankkeessa valmisteltujen työkalujen avulla eteläsuomalaiset yhteistyöstä kiinnostuneet yritykset voivat luoda kontakteja ja kokoontua miettimään tulevien investointihankkeiden toteuttamista kotimaassa ja myöhemmin jopa ulkomailla. Työn tuloksia esitellään InnoEnvi-hankkeen toimijoiden kautta jäteminiklusterissa toimiville eteläsuomalaisille yrityksille.

Use of social networks for academic purposes: a case study

Purpose- This paper aims to analyse various aspects of an academic social network: the profile of users, the reasons for its use, its perceived benefits and the use of other social media for scholarly purposes. Design/methodology/approach- The authors examined the profiles of the users of an academic social network. The users were affiliated with 12 universities. The following were recorded for each user: sex, the number of documents uploaded, the number of followers, and the number of people being followed. In addition, a survey was sent to the individuals who had an email address in their profile. Findings- Half of the users of the social network were academics and a third were PhD students. Social sciences scholars accounted for nearly half of all users. Academics used the service to get in touch with other scholars, disseminate research results and follow other scholars. Other widely employed social media included citation indexes, document creation, edition and sharing tools and communication tools. Users complained about the lack of support for the utilisation of these tools. Research limitations/implications- The results are based on a single case study. Originality/value- This study provides new insights on the impact of social media in academic contexts by analysing the user profiles and benefits of a social network service that is specifically targeted at the academic community.

Baltian maihin ja Puolaan suuntautuvan merirahtiliikenteen tulevaisuusskenaarioita

Työssä käsitellään Itämeren rahtiliikennettä ja sen kehitykseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Työn ajankohtaisuutta on lisännyt Euroopan unionin laajentuminen toukokuussa 2004, jolloin Viro, Latvia, Liettua ja Puola liittyivät kaikki EU:hun. Työn teoriaosuus painottuu tulevaisuudentutkimukseen ja erityisesti skenaariotutkimukseen. Työssä on esitetty kahdenlaisia skenaarioita. Toisissa käsitellä Suomesta ja Ruotsista Baltian maihin suuntautuvaa rahtiliikennettä. Skenaariot on ulottuvat aina vuoteen 2011 asti. Toiset skenaariot puolestaan käsittelevät Suomen ja Puolan välisen rahtiliikenteen tulevaisuutta. Baltian skenaarioissa korostuu Venäjän suuri rooli. Venäjälle suuntautuva transitoliikenne on kaikille Baltian maille hyvin tärkeää. Sen määrän kehitys kuitenkin riippuu hyvin paljon Venäjän omien satamien sekä Venäjän talouden kehityksestä. Venäjän taloudellinen kehitys säätelee myös hyvin paljon ympäristön kehitystä. Baltian liikenteen kehittymistä säätelee myös vahvasti koko Itä-Euroopan sekä Valko-Venäjän ja Ukrainan liikenteen kehitys. Euroopan unionin jäsenyys tuo omat lisänsä kehityksen suunnille erilaisten tukien ja kehitysprojektien mukana. Puolan skenaarioissa korostuu Puolan maantieteellisen sijainnin merkitys keskellä Eurooppaa. Paineet Saksan ruuhkaongelmien purkamisen ja itäisen Euroopan nopean talouskasvun myötä keskittyvät Puolan liikenteeseen. Puolan maaliikenneinfrastruktuuri vaatii suuria kehitysprojekteja, joita rahoittamaan tarvitaan etenkin Euroopan Unionia. Puolan valtion suuri asukaspotentiaali tekee siitä myös erityisen kiinnostavan sijoituskohteen ulkomaisille investoijille. Myös tämä osaltaan lisää Puolan liikennettä. Sekä Puolassa, että Baltiassa eletään vahvan kasvun aikaa. Tämä tekee molemmista mielenkiintoisen vaihtoehdon liikennöintikohteeksi.

Better-quasi-order : ideals and spaces

This thesis deals with combinatorics, order theory and descriptive set theory. The first contribution is to the theory of well-quasi-orders (wqo) and better-quasi-orders (bqo). The main result is the proof of a conjecture made by Maurice Pouzet in 1978 his thèse d'état which states that any wqo whose ideal completion remainder is bqo is actually bqo. Our proof relies on new results with both a combinatorial and a topological flavour concerning maps from a front into a compact metric space. The second contribution is of a more applied nature and deals with topological spaces. We define a quasi-order on the subsets of every second countable To topological space in a way that generalises the Wadge quasi-order on the Baire space, while extending its nice properties to virtually all these topological spaces. The Wadge quasi-order of reducibility by continuous functions is wqo on Borei subsets of the Baire space, this quasi-order is however far less satisfactory for other important topological spaces such as the real line, as Hertling, Ikegami and Schlicht notably observed. Some authors have therefore studied reducibility with respect to some classes of discontinuous functions to remedy this situation. We propose instead to keep continuity but to weaken the notion of function to that of relation. Using the notion of admissible representation studied in Type-2 theory of effectivity, we define the quasi-order of reducibility by relatively continuous relations. We show that this quasi-order both refines the classical hierarchies of complexity and is wqo on the Borei subsets of virtually every second countable To space - including every (quasi-)Polish space. -- Cette thèse se situe dans les domaines de la combinatoire, de la théorie des ordres et de la théorie descriptive. La première contribution concerne la théorie des bons quasi-ordres (wqo) et des meilleurs quasi-ordres (bqo). Le résultat principal est la preuve d'une conjecture, énoncée par Pouzet en 1978 dans sa thèse d'état, qui établit que tout wqo dont l'ensemble des idéaux non principaux ordonnés par inclusion forme un bqo est alors lui-même un bqo. La preuve repose sur de nouveaux résultats, qui allient la combinatoire et la topologie, au sujet des fonctions d'un front vers un espace métrique compact. La seconde contribution de cette thèse traite de la complexité topologique dans le cadre des espaces To à base dénombrable. Dans le cas de l'espace de Baire, le quasi-ordre de Wadge est un wqo sur les sous-ensembles Boréliens qui a suscité énormément d'intérêt. Cependant cette relation de réduction par fonctions continues s'avère bien moins satisfaisante pour d'autres espaces d'importance tels que la droite réelle, comme l'ont fait notamment remarquer Hertling, Schlicht et Ikegami. Nous proposons de conserver la continuité et d'affaiblir la notion de fonction pour celle de relation. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons la notion de représentation admissible étudiée en « Type-2 theory of effectivity » initiée par Weihrauch. Nous introduisons alors le quasi-ordre de réduction par relations relativement continues et montrons que celui-ci à la fois raffine les hiérarchies classiques de complexité topologique et forme un wqo sur les sous-ensembles Boréliens de chaque espace quasi-Polonais.

The present state of aragonese

How much Aragonese is still spoken remains largely an unknown quantity. Naturally, establishing the number of speakers of any variety begs the question of what speaking a language actually means, and the picture is often clouded by the political interests of particular groups, as is the case in Aragon. The strong claim to the continued widespread use of Aragonese made by such associations as the Consello d"a Fabla in Huesca is counterbalanced by that of the more reactionary, sceptical academics at the University of Saragossa, who maintain that Aragonese varieties, ignoring the Catalan of Aragon spoken right down La Franja, the transition area between Aragon and Catalonia, now only survive in certain pockets of resistance across the north of Huesca. This paper will attempt to provide a summary of the available facts and report on some of the author"s own findings during his more recent trips to Aragon. Keywords Spanish dialectology, Aragonese, standardization of Aragonese, vitality of Aragonese

Entre culture du consensus et critique sociale : les intellectuels de gauche dans la Suisse de l'après-guerre (1945-1968)

Cette thèse étudie l'engagement des intellectuels de gauche dans la vie politique suisse, de 1945 à 1968. D'une part, il s'agit de retracer l'évolution du statut des intellectuels, que ce soit dans ou hors des partis. D'autre part, il est question d'analyser les débats politiques au sein desquels ces intellectuels furent impliqués, et la manière dont ces débats suscitèrent des clivages entre eux. De ce point de vue, nous mettons en lumière les différents courants et groupes formés par les intellectuels progressistes, souvent structurés autour de revues ; il s'agit aussi bien d'étudier l'engagement de personnalités sociales-démocrates que des communistes prosoviétiques, sans oublier les chrétiens pacifistes ou les intellectuels proches de la gauche radicale antistalinienne. S'agissant de l'évolution du statut des acteurs étudiés, ce travail souligne le déclin de la figure de l'intellectuel de gauche organiquement lié à son parti, souvent issu du milieu ouvrier, au profit d'intellectuels critiques, généralement au bénéfice d'une formation académique et revendiquant une certaine autonomie par rapport aux organisations politiques. Du point de vue des débats politiques, l'engagement des intellectuels de gauche est envisagé à la lumière de trois périodes. Tout d'abord, nous étudions la phase de l'immédiat après-guerre (1945-1949), marquée par une poussée de la gauche, y compris prosoviétique, qui met en cause le conservatisme politique issu des années de Mobilisation. Nous étudions ensuite les années les plus tendues de la guerre froide, entre 1950 et 1962, durant lesquelles la vie politique et intellectuelle en Suisse est dominée par un fort anticommunisme, auquel se rallient les dirigeants du Parti socialiste. Pourtant, l'engagement de certains intellectuels progressistes, en particulier dans le mouvement pacifiste, met en cause le consensus politique de guerre froide. Enfin, dans une troisième partie, nous montrons comment la critique intellectuelle de gauche se renforce après 1962, à la faveur de la détente Est-Ouest sur le plan international, et avec l'essor, en Suisse même, du mouvement des « non- conformistes ». Ce mouvement est animé par des intellectuels qui dénoncent le conservatisme helvétique, les excès de l'anticommunisme ou qui affirment leur solidarité avec les travailleurs immigrés en Suisse, aussi bien qu'avec les mouvements sociaux dans les pays du tiers-monde. Nous montrons en particulier comment l'engagement de ces intellectuels progressistes contribue à préparer le terrain pour les mobilisations de la jeunesse qui surviendront dans les « années 1968 ». -- This thesis adresses the political commitment of left-wing intellectuals in Switzerland between 1945 and 1968. It aims, on the one hand, to examine how the status of intellectuals developed within and outside of political parties. On the other hand, it endeavours to understand the political debates that involved and sometimes split these intellectuals. In this intent, we examine the various political orientations and formations that brought left-wing intellectuals together - often around dedicated periodicals - such as the Social-democratic, the Communist, the Christian Progressist or the anti-Stalinist Marxist movements. Regarding the evolving status of left-wing opinion leaders, we observe the decline of the organic, party-affiliated intellectuals - often from a working class background. By contrast, critical academics - left-wing oriented but.not directly linked to a political formation - became prevailing figures. Concerning left-wing intellectuals' involvement in the political debate, we differentiate three historical periods. Firstly, the immediate postwar years (1945-1949) were characterised by the strengthening of a left-wing faction, including pro-Soviet forces, which criticized the conservative political consensus built up during the War. Secondly, during the most tense years of the Cold War (1950-1962), the Swiss political and intellectual life became widely dominated by a strong anticommunism, supported by the Social-Democratic leaders. Still, the commitment of certain progressist intellectuals, particularly in the pacifist movement, called into question the political consensus resulting from the Cold War. This questioning strengthened after 1962, in the context of the Détente, corresponding to the rise of the "non-conformist" movement. This movement stemmed from progressist intellectuals, who criticized the Swiss conservatism, and the excesses of official anticommunism, while declaring their solidarity with immigrant workers or with the social movements in the Third World. We show in particular how these intellectuals paved the way for the youth mobilization due to occur in the "1968 years".

Economic Methodology: A Historical Introduction.

Ever since the inception of economics over two hundred years ago, the tools at the discipline's disposal have grown more and more more sophisticated. This book provides a historical introduction to the methodology of economics through the eyes of economists. The story begins with John Stuart Mill's seminal essay from 1836 on the definition and method of political economy, which is then followed by an examination of how the actual practices of economists changed over time to such an extent that they not only altered their methods of enquiry, but also their self-perception as economists. Beginning as intellectuals and journalists operating to a large extent in the public sphere, they then transformed into experts who developed their tools of research increasingly behind the scenes. No longer did they try to influence policy agendas through public discourse; rather they targeted policymakers directly and with instruments that showed them as independent and objective policy advisors, the tools of the trade changing all the while. In order to shed light on this evolution of economic methodology, this book takes carefully selected snapshots from the discipline's history. It tracks the process of development through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, analysing the growth of empirical and mathematical modelling. It also looks at the emergence of the experiment in economics, in addition to the similarities and differences between modelling and experimentation. This book will be relevant reading for students and academics in the fields of economic methodology, history of economics, and history and philosophy of the social sciences.

Accounting research: a critical view of the present situation and prospects

In this study we critically review the internal procedures of the accounting community for generating and disseminating knowledge. We contend that academic journals on accounting research are scarce, publish few articles and apply high rejection rates, and the review process is lengthy and expensive. Additionally, an academic elite has unparalleled predominance in comparison to other business disciplines, reflected in an unusual share of published articles with authors affiliated to a small number of academic institutions, and the predominance of certain topics and methodologies. The discipline does not allow the collaborative, iterative and flexible features of innovative knowledge communities. The discipline¿s internal procedures favour restriction, control, slowness, and expiration, rather than participation, speed and renewal. They are ill suited for advancing knowledge and bode badly for successful research. As a result, accounting academics present low research performance and the discipline is facing steady decline. More importantly, the discipline is handicapped in producing innovative knowledge able to contribute to critical research and long term social well-being. We also focus on the Spanish institutional situation, arguing that Spanish requirements for reaching tenured positions are difficult for accountants to meet. We highlight the need to raise awareness of the problem and change the procedures.

e-Justice in Spain

Technology has had a prevalent impact on nearly all social domains, one being the judicial system. Advancements such as computer-generated demonstrations and electronic filing can enhance presentations and give a clearer, well-organized case.E-Justice: Using Information Communication Technologies in the Court System presents the most relevant experiences and best practices concerning the use and impact of ICTs in the courtroom. This groundbreaking title draws upon the leading academic and practicing perspectives from around the globe to provide academics and professionals throughout the legal system with the most comprehensive overview of present developments in e-justice.

El Turisme de memòria a Catalunya: realitat i perspectives d'un model incipient

Catalunya disposa a l’actualitat de nombrosos equipaments culturals destinats a la difusió memorial mitjançant la pràctica turística creant-se, tanmateix, les primeres estructures en xarxa per tal de fer que aquests espais disposin d’un relat conjunt, element indispensable en el qual recolzar-se a l’hora d’emprendre qualsevol estratègia de difusió. El model català, però, pot dir-se que està en fase embrionària, i des d’aquest moment en endavant ens correspon als professionals i acadèmics treballar de cara a la seva consolidació. Aquest estudi posa les bases per a la investigació en clau turística sobre els Espais de Memòria

Uptake and factors that influence the use of ‘sit less, move more’ occupational intervention strategies in Spanish office employees

Background Little is known about the types of ‘sit less, move more’ strategies that appeal to office employees, or what factors influence their use. This study assessed the uptake of strategies in Spanish university office employees engaged in an intervention, and those factors that enabled or limited strategy uptake. Methods The study used a mixed method design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with academics and administrators (n = 12; 44 ± 12 mean SD age; 6 women) at three points across the five-month intervention, and data used to identify factors that influenced the uptake of strategies. Employees who finished the intervention then completed a survey rating (n = 88; 42 ± 8 mean SD age; 51 women) the extent to which strategies were used [never (1) to usually (4)]; additional survey items (generated from interviewee data) rated the impact of factors that enabled or limited strategy uptake [no influence (1) to very strong influence (4)]. Survey score distributions and averages were calculated and findings triangulated with interview data. Results Relative to baseline, 67% of the sample increased step counts post intervention (n = 59); 60% decreased occupational sitting (n = 53). ‘Active work tasks’ and ‘increases in walking intensity’ were the strategies most frequently used by employees (89% and 94% sometimes or usually utilised these strategies); ‘walk-talk meetings’ and ‘lunchtime walking groups’ were the least used (80% and 96% hardly ever or never utilised these strategies). ‘Sitting time and step count logging’ was the most important enabler of behaviour change (mean survey score of 3.1 ± 0.8); interviewees highlighted the motivational value of being able to view logged data through visual graphics in a dedicated website, and gain feedback on progress against set goals. ‘Screen based work’ (mean survey score of 3.2 ± 0.8) was the most significant barrier limiting the uptake of strategies. Inherent time pressures and cultural norms that dictated sedentary work practices limited the adoption of ‘walk-talk meetings’ and ‘lunch time walking groups’. Conclusions The findings provide practical insights into which strategies and influences practitioners need to target to maximise the impact of ‘sit less, move more’ occupational intervention strategies.

Trust in inter-organizational relationships

Trust in inter-organizational collaborative relationships has attracted substantial research interest among academics and practitioners. Previous studies have concentrated on the benefits of trust to business outcomes and economic performance, as it is considered to be a source of competitive advantage. Despite this increased level of interest, there is no consensus, much less overall agreement, about how it should be conceptualized or about the number of dimensions it incorporates. On the inter-organizational level there is an obvious challenge in defining both the trusting party and the objects of trust. Thus, the notion of trust as an under-theorized and poorly understood phenomenon still holds. Hence, the motivation of this study was fuelled by the need to increase our knowledge and understanding of the role and nature of trust in inter-organizational collaborative relationships. It is posited that there is a call for more understanding about its antecedents and consequences, as well as about the very concept in inter-organizational collaborative relationships. The study is divided into two parts. The first part gives a general overview, and the second part comprises four research publications. Both qualitative and quantitative research methodology is utilized. A multi-method research design was used because it provides different levels of data and different perspectives on the phenomenon. The results of this study reveal that trust incorporates three dimensions on both the individual and the organizational level: capability, goodwill, and self-reference. Trust develops from the reputation and behavior of the trusted party. It appears from this study that trust is clearly directed towards both individual boundary spanners and the counterpart company itself – i.e. not only to one or the other. The trusting party, on the other hand, is always an individual, and not the organization per se. Trust increases collaboration benefits and lowers collaboration drawbacks, thus having a positive effect on relationship performance. The major contribution of this study lies in uncovering the critical points and drawbacks in prior research and thereby in responding to the highlighted challenges. The way in which these challenges were addressed offers contributions to three major issues in the emerging theory of trust in the inter-organizational context: firstly, this study clarifies the trustor-trustee discussion; secondly, it conceptualizes trust as existing on both individual and organizational levels; and thirdly, it provides more information about the antecedents of trust and the ways in which it affects relationship performance.

Public and Private Production in a Mixed Delivery System: Regulation, Competition and Costs

Academics and policy makers are increasingly shifting the debate concerning the best form of public service provision beyond the traditional dilemma between pure public and pure private delivery modes, because, among other reasons, there is a growing body of evidence that casts doubt on the existence of systematic cost savings from privatization, while any competition seems to be eroded over time. In this paper we compare the relative merits of public and private delivery within a mixed delivery system. We study the role played by ownership, transaction costs, and competition on local public service delivery within the same jurisdiction. Using a stochastic cost frontier, we analyze the public-private urban bus system in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. Our results suggest that private firms tendering the service have higher delivery costs than those incurred by the public firm, especially when transaction costs are taken into account. Tenders, therefore, do not help to reduce delivery costs. Our results suggest that under a mixed delivery scheme, which permits the co-existence of public and private production, the metropolitan government and the regulator can use private delivery to contain costs in the public firm and, at the same time, benefit from the greater flexibility of private firms for dealing with events not provided for under contract.

Macroautophagic process was differentially modulated by long-term moderate exercise in rat brain and peripheral tissues

The autophagic process is a lysosomal degradation pathway, which is activated during stress conditions, such as starvation or exercise. Regular exercise has beneficial effects on human health, including neuroprotection. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying these effects are incompletely understood. Endurance and a single bout of exercise induce autophagy not only in brain but also in peripheral tissues. However, little is known whether autophagy could be modulated in brain and peripheral tissues by long-term moderate exercise. Here, we examined the effects on macroautophagy process of long-term moderate treadmill training (36 weeks) in adult rats both in brain (hippocampus and cerebral cortex) and peripheral tissues (skeletal muscle, liver and heart). We assessed mTOR activation and the autophagic proteins Beclin 1, p62, LC3B (LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratio) and the lysosomal protein LAMP1, as well as the ubiquitinated proteins. Our results showed in the cortex of exercised rats an inactivation of mTOR, greater autophagy flux (increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and reduced p62) besides increased LAMP1. Related with these effects a reduction in the ubiquitinated proteins was observed. No significant changes in the autophagic pathway were found either in hippocampus or in skeletal and cardiac muscle by exercise. Only in the liver of exercised rats mTOR phosphorylation and p62 levels increased, which could be related with beneficial metabolic effects in this organ induced by exercise. Thus, our findings suggest that long-term moderate exercise induces autophagy specifically in the cortex