Seismic performance of hybrid fiber reinforced polymer-concrete pier columns

As part of a multi-university research program funded by NSF, a comprehensive experimental and analytical study of seismic behavior of hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)-concrete column is presented in this dissertation. Experimental investigation includes cyclic tests of six large-scale concrete-filled FRP tube (CFFT) and RC columns followed by monotonic flexural tests, a nondestructive evaluation of damage using ultrasonic pulse velocity in between the two test sets and tension tests of sixty-five FRP coupons. Two analytical models using ANSYS and OpenSees were developed and favorably verified against both cyclic and monotonic flexural tests. The results of the two methods were compared. A parametric study was also carried out to investigate the effect of three main parameters on primary seismic response measures. The responses of typical CFFT columns to three representative earthquake records were also investigated. The study shows that only specimens with carbon FRP cracked, whereas specimens with glass or hybrid FRP did not show any visible cracks throughout cyclic tests. Further monotonic flexural tests showed that carbon specimens both experienced flexural cracks in tension and crumpling in compression. Glass or hybrid specimens, on the other hand, all showed local buckling of FRP tubes. Compared with conventional RC columns, CFFT column possesses higher flexural strength and energy dissipation with an extended plastic hinge region. Among all CFFT columns, the hybrid lay-up demonstrated the highest flexural strength and initial stiffness, mainly because of its high reinforcement index and FRP/concrete stiffness ratio, respectively. Moreover, at the same drift ratio, the hybrid lay-up was also considered as the best in term of energy dissipation. Specimens with glassfiber tubes, on the other hand, exhibited the highest ductility due to better flexibility of glass FRP composites. Furthermore, ductility of CFFTs showed a strong correlation with the rupture strain of FRP. Parametric study further showed that different FRP architecture and rebar types may lead to different failure modes for CFFT columns. Transient analysis of strong ground motions showed that the column with off-axis nonlinear filament-wound glass FRP tube exhibited a superior seismic performance to all other CFFTs. Moreover, higher FRP reinforcement ratios may lead to a brittle system failure, while a well-engineered FRP reinforcement configuration may significantly enhance the seismic performance of CFFT columns.

A digital signal processing approach for affective sensing of a computer user through pupil diameter monitoring

Recent research has indicated that the pupil diameter (PD) in humans varies with their affective states. However, this signal has not been fully investigated for affective sensing purposes in human-computer interaction systems. This may be due to the dominant separate effect of the pupillary light reflex (PLR), which shrinks the pupil when light intensity increases. In this dissertation, an adaptive interference canceller (AIC) system using the H∞ time-varying (HITV) adaptive algorithm was developed to minimize the impact of the PLR on the measured pupil diameter signal. The modified pupil diameter (MPD) signal, obtained from the AIC was expected to reflect primarily the pupillary affective responses (PAR) of the subject. Additional manipulations of the AIC output resulted in a processed MPD (PMPD) signal, from which a classification feature, PMPDmean, was extracted. This feature was used to train and test a support vector machine (SVM), for the identification of stress states in the subject from whom the pupil diameter signal was recorded, achieving an accuracy rate of 77.78%. The advantages of affective recognition through the PD signal were verified by comparatively investigating the classification of stress and relaxation states through features derived from the simultaneously recorded galvanic skin response (GSR) and blood volume pulse (BVP) signals, with and without the PD feature. The discriminating potential of each individual feature extracted from GSR, BVP and PD was studied by analysis of its receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The ROC curve found for the PMPDmean feature encompassed the largest area (0.8546) of all the single-feature ROCs investigated. The encouraging results seen in affective sensing based on pupil diameter monitoring were obtained in spite of intermittent illumination increases purposely introduced during the experiments. Therefore, these results confirmed the benefits of using the AIC implementation with the HITV adaptive algorithm to isolate the PAR and the potential of using PD monitoring to sense the evolving affective states of a computer user.

Seismic Performance of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Polymer-Concrete Pier Columns

As part of a multi-university research program funded by NSF, a comprehensive experimental and analytical study of seismic behavior of hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)-concrete column is presented in this dissertation. Experimental investigation includes cyclic tests of six large-scale concrete-filled FRP tube (CFFT) and RC columns followed by monotonic flexural tests, a nondestructive evaluation of damage using ultrasonic pulse velocity in between the two test sets and tension tests of sixty-five FRP coupons. Two analytical models using ANSYS and OpenSees were developed and favorably verified against both cyclic and monotonic flexural tests. The results of the two methods were compared. A parametric study was also carried out to investigate the effect of three main parameters on primary seismic response measures. The responses of typical CFFT columns to three representative earthquake records were also investigated. The study shows that only specimens with carbon FRP cracked, whereas specimens with glass or hybrid FRP did not show any visible cracks throughout cyclic tests. Further monotonic flexural tests showed that carbon specimens both experienced flexural cracks in tension and crumpling in compression. Glass or hybrid specimens, on the other hand, all showed local buckling of FRP tubes. Compared with conventional RC columns, CFFT column possesses higher flexural strength and energy dissipation with an extended plastic hinge region. Among all CFFT columns, the hybrid lay-up demonstrated the highest flexural strength and initial stiffness, mainly because of its high reinforcement index and FRP/concrete stiffness ratio, respectively. Moreover, at the same drift ratio, the hybrid lay-up was also considered as the best in term of energy dissipation. Specimens with glassfiber tubes, on the other hand, exhibited the highest ductility due to better flexibility of glass FRP composites. Furthermore, ductility of CFFTs showed a strong correlation with the rupture strain of FRP. Parametric study further showed that different FRP architecture and rebar types may lead to different failure modes for CFFT columns. Transient analysis of strong ground motions showed that the column with off-axis nonlinear filament-wound glass FRP tube exhibited a superior seismic performance to all other CFFTs. Moreover, higher FRP reinforcement ratios may lead to a brittle system failure, while a well-engineered FRP reinforcement configuration may significantly enhance the seismic performance of CFFT columns.

A Digital Signal Processing Approach for Affective Sensing of a Computer User through Pupil Diameter Monitoring

Recent research has indicated that the pupil diameter (PD) in humans varies with their affective states. However, this signal has not been fully investigated for affective sensing purposes in human-computer interaction systems. This may be due to the dominant separate effect of the pupillary light reflex (PLR), which shrinks the pupil when light intensity increases. In this dissertation, an adaptive interference canceller (AIC) system using the H∞ time-varying (HITV) adaptive algorithm was developed to minimize the impact of the PLR on the measured pupil diameter signal. The modified pupil diameter (MPD) signal, obtained from the AIC was expected to reflect primarily the pupillary affective responses (PAR) of the subject. Additional manipulations of the AIC output resulted in a processed MPD (PMPD) signal, from which a classification feature, PMPDmean, was extracted. This feature was used to train and test a support vector machine (SVM), for the identification of stress states in the subject from whom the pupil diameter signal was recorded, achieving an accuracy rate of 77.78%. The advantages of affective recognition through the PD signal were verified by comparatively investigating the classification of stress and relaxation states through features derived from the simultaneously recorded galvanic skin response (GSR) and blood volume pulse (BVP) signals, with and without the PD feature. The discriminating potential of each individual feature extracted from GSR, BVP and PD was studied by analysis of its receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The ROC curve found for the PMPDmean feature encompassed the largest area (0.8546) of all the single-feature ROCs investigated. The encouraging results seen in affective sensing based on pupil diameter monitoring were obtained in spite of intermittent illumination increases purposely introduced during the experiments. Therefore, these results confirmed the benefits of using the AIC implementation with the HITV adaptive algorithm to isolate the PAR and the potential of using PD monitoring to sense the evolving affective states of a computer user.

Lessons from monitoring the performance of highway bridges

Peer reviewed

Updating of an instrumented building model considering amplitude dependence of dynamic resonant properties extracted from seismic response records

The authors would like to express their gratitude to their supporters. Drs Jim Cousins, S.R. Uma and Ken Gledhill facilitated this research by providing access to GeoNet seismic data and structural building information. Piotr Omenzetter’s work within the Lloyd’s Register Foundation Centre for Safety and Reliability Engineering at the University of Aberdeen is supported by Lloyd’s Register Foundation. The Foundation helps to protect life and property by supporting engineering-related education, public engagement and the application of research.

Lessons from monitoring the performance of highway bridges

Peer reviewed

Updating of an instrumented building model considering amplitude dependence of dynamic resonant properties extracted from seismic response records

The authors would like to express their gratitude to their supporters. Drs Jim Cousins, S.R. Uma and Ken Gledhill facilitated this research by providing access to GeoNet seismic data and structural building information. Piotr Omenzetter’s work within the Lloyd’s Register Foundation Centre for Safety and Reliability Engineering at the University of Aberdeen is supported by Lloyd’s Register Foundation. The Foundation helps to protect life and property by supporting engineering-related education, public engagement and the application of research.

Temporal Coding of Volumetric Imagery

'Image volumes' refer to realizations of images in other dimensions such as time, spectrum, and focus. Recent advances in scientific, medical, and consumer applications demand improvements in image volume capture. Though image volume acquisition continues to advance, it maintains the same sampling mechanisms that have been used for decades; every voxel must be scanned and is presumed independent of its neighbors. Under these conditions, improving performance comes at the cost of increased system complexity, data rates, and power consumption.

This dissertation explores systems and methods capable of efficiently improving sensitivity and performance for image volume cameras, and specifically proposes several sampling strategies that utilize temporal coding to improve imaging system performance and enhance our awareness for a variety of dynamic applications.

Video cameras and camcorders sample the video volume (x,y,t) at fixed intervals to gain understanding of the volume's temporal evolution. Conventionally, one must reduce the spatial resolution to increase the framerate of such cameras. Using temporal coding via physical translation of an optical element known as a coded aperture, the compressive temporal imaging (CACTI) camera emonstrates a method which which to embed the temporal dimension of the video volume into spatial (x,y) measurements, thereby greatly improving temporal resolution with minimal loss of spatial resolution. This technique, which is among a family of compressive sampling strategies developed at Duke University, temporally codes the exposure readout functions at the pixel level.

Since video cameras nominally integrate the remaining image volume dimensions (e.g. spectrum and focus) at capture time, spectral (x,y,t,\lambda) and focal (x,y,t,z) image volumes are traditionally captured via sequential changes to the spectral and focal state of the system, respectively. The CACTI camera's ability to embed video volumes into images leads to exploration of other information within that video; namely, focal and spectral information. The next part of the thesis demonstrates derivative works of CACTI: compressive extended depth of field and compressive spectral-temporal imaging. These works successfully show the technique's extension of temporal coding to improve sensing performance in these other dimensions.

Geometrical optics-related tradeoffs, such as the classic challenges of wide-field-of-view and high resolution photography, have motivated the development of mulitscale camera arrays. The advent of such designs less than a decade ago heralds a new era of research- and engineering-related challenges. One significant challenge is that of managing the focal volume (x,y,z) over wide fields of view and resolutions. The fourth chapter shows advances on focus and image quality assessment for a class of multiscale gigapixel cameras developed at Duke.

Along the same line of work, we have explored methods for dynamic and adaptive addressing of focus via point spread function engineering. We demonstrate another form of temporal coding in the form of physical translation of the image plane from its nominal focal position. We demonstrate this technique's capability to generate arbitrary point spread functions.

Monitoring of Bridges using Computer Vision Methods

This paper is an overview of the development and application of Computer Vision for the Structural Health
Monitoring (SHM) of Bridges. A brief explanation of SHM is provided, followed by a breakdown of the stages of computer
vision techniques separated into laboratory and field trials. Qualitative evaluations and comparison of these methods have been
provided along with the proposal of guidelines for new vision-based SHM systems.

Development of functionalised multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyaniline composites for electrical applications

Combining intrinsically conducting polymers with carbon nanotubes (CNT) helps in creating composites with superior electrical and thermal characteristics. These composites are capable of replacing metals and semiconductors as they possess unique combination of electrical conductivity, flexibility, stretchability, softness and bio-compatibility. Their potential for use in various organic devices such as super capacitors, printable conductors, optoelectronic devices, sensors, actuators, electrochemical devices, electromagnetic interference shielding, field effect transistors, LEDs, thermoelectrics etc. makes them excellent substitutes for present day semiconductors.However, many of these potential applications have not been fully exploited because of various open–ended challenges. Composites meant for use in organic devices require highly stable conductivity for the longevity of the devices. CNT when incorporated at specific proportions, and with special methods contributes quite positively to this end.The increasing demand for energy and depleting fossil fuel reserves has broadened the scope for research into alternative energy sources. A unique and efficient method for harnessing energy is thermoelectric energy conversion method. Here, heat is converted directly into electricity using a class of materials known as thermoelectric materials. Though polymers have low electrical conductivity and thermo power, their low thermal conductivity favours use as a thermoelectric material. The thermally disconnected, but electrically connected carrier pathways in CNT/Polymer composites can satisfy the so-called “phonon-glass/electron-crystal” property required for thermoelectric materials. Strain sensing is commonly used for monitoring in engineering, medicine, space or ocean research. Polymeric composites are ideal candidates for the manufacture of strain sensors. Conducting elastomeric composites containing CNT are widely used for this application. These CNT/Polymer composites offer resistance change over a large strain range due to the low Young‟s modulus and higher elasticity. They are also capable of covering surfaces with arbitrary curvatures.Due to the high operating frequency and bandwidth of electronic equipments electromagnetic interference (EMI) has attained the tag of an „environmental pollutant‟, affecting other electronic devices as well as living organisms. Among the EMI shielding materials, polymer composites based on carbon nanotubes show great promise. High strength and stiffness, extremely high aspect ratio, and good electrical conductivity of CNT make it a filler of choice for shielding applications. A method for better dispersion, orientation and connectivity of the CNT in polymer matrix is required to enhance conductivity and EMI shielding. This thesis presents a detailed study on the synthesis of functionalised multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyaniline composites and their application in electronic devices. The major areas focused include DC conductivity retention at high temperature, thermoelectric, strain sensing and electromagnetic interference shielding properties, thermogravimetric, dynamic mechanical and tensile analysis in addition to structural and morphological studies.

Evaluación de tenacidad a la fractura e integridad estructural de tubos de generadores de vapor nucleares.

Dado el impacto negativo asociado a la ocurrencia de fallas en tubos de generadores de vapor (TGVs) en centrales nucleares, el estudio de la integridad estructural de éstos ha comenzado a recibir mayor atención recientemente. Diversas metodologías basadas en análisis de carga límite han sido propuestas para asegurar la integridad estructural de los tubos, según los requerimientos establecidos por las autoridades regulatorias. Éstas han conducido, sin embargo, a la definición de criterios de reparación o taponado de TGVs excesivamente conservativos. Por lo tanto, con el objetivo de reducir la cantidad de tubos innecesariamente removidos de servicio, nuevos criterios de evaluación de integridad han sido propuestos recientemente en la literatura. En este contexto, la mecánica de fractura elastoplástica se presenta como una alternativa para la evaluación de la integridad de TGVs, requiriéndose dos elementos para su aplicación: la estimación de la fuerza impulsora en términos del parámetro elastoplástico (por ejemplo, la integral J) y la medición experimental de la tenacidad a la fractura del material de los tubos (por ejemplo, a través de la curva de resistencia J-R). Este trabajo presenta el desarrollo de técnicas experimentales no normalizadas para la determinación de curvas J-R para TGVs con fisuras pasantes circunferenciales y longitudinales. Debido a las dimensiones reducidas de los TGVs, diferentes probetas no normalizadas fueron propuestas. Además, en los ensayos se utilizaron condiciones de carga de tracción y flexión con el objetivo de modelar más adecuadamente los estados tensionales y las condiciones de constraint reales en TGVs. Los valores de la integral J fueron estimados utilizando el método del factor η. La aptitud del método fue evaluada a partir de simulaciones numéricas de los ensayos propuestos mediante análisis elastoplásticos con la técnica de elementos finitos. Se encontró que condiciones de mayor constraint asociadas con fisuras profundas y cargas de flexión favorecen la validez del método del factor η, mientras que configuraciones de menor constraint dan como resultado factores η que exhiben una mayor dependencia con el nivel de carga aplicada. También se observó que los factores η basados en la apertura de la boca de la fisura (Crack Mouth Opening Displacement o CMOD) presentan una dependencia mucho menor con el nivel de carga respecto a los factores η definidos a partir del desplazamiento del punto de aplicación de la carga (Load Line Displacement o LLD). Se presentan los valores del factor η para las probetas estudiadas con fisuras profundas (a/W ≥ 0,40). Se realizaron ensayos de fractura a temperatura ambiente y 300 °C con probetas obtenidas de TGVs nucleares fabricados a partir de las aleaciones 690 (Ni: 61; Cr: 29; Fe: 8,95, % en peso) y 800 (Ni: 33; Cr: 21,6; Fe: 42,2, % en peso). Durante los ensayos de fractura a temperatura ambiente, la extensión estable de fisura fue medida mediante una técnica óptica utilizando un microscopio digital. Para estos ensayos también se aplicó el método de normalización que propone la norma ASTM E1820-15 en el Anexo 15, encontrándose una buena coincidencia entre las longitudes estimadas por éste y las medidas ópticamente. De esta manera, el método de normalización fue utilizado para los ensayos a alta temperatura. Los resultados experimentales mostraron que ambos materiales tienen elevadas tenacidades a la fractura, siendo la aleación 800 la que presentó curvas J-R más elevadas que la aleación 690 tanto para fisuras circunferenciales como longitudinales. Las curvas J-R para ambas aleaciones mostraron un efecto marcado con la orientación de la fisura, es decir que existe una importante anisotropía en las propiedades de fractura: las fisuras circunferenciales presentaron curvas J-R más elevadas que las fisuras longitudinales. El nivel de constraint desarrollado en los ensayos, dado por las condiciones de carga de tracción y flexión, evidenció poco efecto sobre las curvas J-R para probetas con fisuras profundas (a/W ~ 0,50). A su vez, la temperatura de ensayo (temperatura ambiente y 300 °C) presentó un efecto prácticamente nulo para ambas aleaciones. Usando las propiedades de fractura obtenidas en este trabajo, la metodología FAD (Failure Assessment Diagram) fue propuesta y utilizada para la predicción de las condiciones de falla de TGVs fisurados para diferentes geometrías de fisura y condiciones de carga. La comparación entre análisis teóricos y datos experimentales muestra la potencialidad del FAD como una metodología capaz de predecir adecuadamente las fallas de estos componentes.

IoT Based Pain Management using Physiological Parameters

The continuous technology evaluation is benefiting our lives to a great extent. The evolution of Internet of things and deployment of wireless sensor networks is making it possible to have more connectivity between people and devices used extensively in our daily lives. Almost every discipline of daily life including health sector, transportation, agriculture etc. is benefiting from these technologies. There is a great potential of research and refinement of health sector as the current system is very often dependent on manual evaluations conducted by the clinicians. There is no automatic system for patient health monitoring and assessment which results to incomplete and less reliable heath information. Internet of things has a great potential to benefit health care applications by automated and remote assessment, monitoring and identification of diseases. Acute pain is the main cause of people visiting to hospitals. An automatic pain detection system based on internet of things with wireless devices can make the assessment and redemption significantly more efficient. The contribution of this research work is proposing pain assessment method based on physiological parameters. The physiological parameters chosen for this study are heart rate, electrocardiography, breathing rate and galvanic skin response. As a first step, the relation between these physiological parameters and acute pain experienced by the test persons is evaluated. The electrocardiography data collected from the test persons is analyzed to extract interbeat intervals. This evaluation clearly demonstrates specific patterns and trends in these parameters as a consequence of pain. This parametric behavior is then used to assess and identify the pain intensity by implementing machine learning algorithms. Support vector machines are used for classifying these parameters influenced by different pain intensities and classification results are achieved. The classification results with good accuracy rates between two and three levels of pain intensities shows clear indication of pain and the feasibility of this pain assessment method. An improved approach on the basis of this research work can be implemented by using both physiological parameters and electromyography data of facial muscles for classification.

Evaluación de tenacidad a la fractura e integridad estructural de tubos de generadores de vapor nucleares.

Dado el impacto negativo asociado a la ocurrencia de fallas en tubos de generadores de vapor (TGVs) en centrales nucleares, el estudio de la integridad estructural de éstos ha comenzado a recibir mayor atención recientemente. Diversas metodologías basadas en análisis de carga límite han sido propuestas para asegurar la integridad estructural de los tubos, según los requerimientos establecidos por las autoridades regulatorias. Éstas han conducido, sin embargo, a la definición de criterios de reparación o taponado de TGVs excesivamente conservativos. Por lo tanto, con el objetivo de reducir la cantidad de tubos innecesariamente removidos de servicio, nuevos criterios de evaluación de integridad han sido propuestos recientemente en la literatura. En este contexto, la mecánica de fractura elastoplástica se presenta como una alternativa para la evaluación de la integridad de TGVs, requiriéndose dos elementos para su aplicación: la estimación de la fuerza impulsora en términos del parámetro elastoplástico (por ejemplo, la integral J) y la medición experimental de la tenacidad a la fractura del material de los tubos (por ejemplo, a través de la curva de resistencia J-R). Este trabajo presenta el desarrollo de técnicas experimentales no normalizadas para la determinación de curvas J-R para TGVs con fisuras pasantes circunferenciales y longitudinales. Debido a las dimensiones reducidas de los TGVs, diferentes probetas no normalizadas fueron propuestas. Además, en los ensayos se utilizaron condiciones de carga de tracción y flexión con el objetivo de modelar más adecuadamente los estados tensionales y las condiciones de constraint reales en TGVs. Los valores de la integral J fueron estimados utilizando el método del factor η. La aptitud del método fue evaluada a partir de simulaciones numéricas de los ensayos propuestos mediante análisis elastoplásticos con la técnica de elementos finitos. Se encontró que condiciones de mayor constraint asociadas con fisuras profundas y cargas de flexión favorecen la validez del método del factor η, mientras que configuraciones de menor constraint dan como resultado factores η que exhiben una mayor dependencia con el nivel de carga aplicada. También se observó que los factores η basados en la apertura de la boca de la fisura (Crack Mouth Opening Displacement o CMOD) presentan una dependencia mucho menor con el nivel de carga respecto a los factores η definidos a partir del desplazamiento del punto de aplicación de la carga (Load Line Displacement o LLD). Se presentan los valores del factor η para las probetas estudiadas con fisuras profundas (a/W ≥ 0,40). Se realizaron ensayos de fractura a temperatura ambiente y 300 °C con probetas obtenidas de TGVs nucleares fabricados a partir de las aleaciones 690 (Ni: 61; Cr: 29; Fe: 8,95, % en peso) y 800 (Ni: 33; Cr: 21,6; Fe: 42,2, % en peso). Durante los ensayos de fractura a temperatura ambiente, la extensión estable de fisura fue medida mediante una técnica óptica utilizando un microscopio digital. Para estos ensayos también se aplicó el método de normalización que propone la norma ASTM E1820-15 en el Anexo 15, encontrándose una buena coincidencia entre las longitudes estimadas por éste y las medidas ópticamente. De esta manera, el método de normalización fue utilizado para los ensayos a alta temperatura. Los resultados experimentales mostraron que ambos materiales tienen elevadas tenacidades a la fractura, siendo la aleación 800 la que presentó curvas J-R más elevadas que la aleación 690 tanto para fisuras circunferenciales como longitudinales. Las curvas J-R para ambas aleaciones mostraron un efecto marcado con la orientación de la fisura, es decir que existe una importante anisotropía en las propiedades de fractura: las fisuras circunferenciales presentaron curvas J-R más elevadas que las fisuras longitudinales. El nivel de constraint desarrollado en los ensayos, dado por las condiciones de carga de tracción y flexión, evidenció poco efecto sobre las curvas J-R para probetas con fisuras profundas (a/W ~ 0,50). A su vez, la temperatura de ensayo (temperatura ambiente y 300 °C) presentó un efecto prácticamente nulo para ambas aleaciones. Usando las propiedades de fractura obtenidas en este trabajo, la metodología FAD (Failure Assessment Diagram) fue propuesta y utilizada para la predicción de las condiciones de falla de TGVs fisurados para diferentes geometrías de fisura y condiciones de carga. La comparación entre análisis teóricos y datos experimentales muestra la potencialidad del FAD como una metodología capaz de predecir adecuadamente las fallas de estos componentes.

Satisfação profissional versus metodologia de trabalho

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciado em Enfermagem